Olu shwankathelo lubonelela ngeengcebiso malunga noyilo olukhuselekileyo lweenkqubo zemibhobho zokusasazwa kwe-hydrogen.
I-Hydrogen lulwelo oluguquguqukayo kakhulu olunokuvuza kakhulu. Luyindibaniselwano eyingozi kakhulu nebulalayo yemikhwa, ulwelo oluguquguqukayo olunzima ukululawula. Ezi ziindlela ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha izinto, ii-gaskets kunye nezitywini, kunye neempawu zoyilo lweenkqubo ezinjalo. Ezi zihloko malunga nokusasazwa kwe-H2 yegesi zizinto ekugxilwe kuzo kule ngxoxo, kungekhona ukuveliswa kwe-H2, ulwelo lwe-H2, okanye ulwelo lwe-H2 (jonga kwicala lasekunene).
Nazi iingongoma ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo zokukunceda uqonde umxube we-hydrogen kunye nomoya we-H2. I-hydrogen iyatsha ngeendlela ezimbini: ukucinywa kunye nokuqhuma.
ukucinywa komoya. Ukucinywa komoya yindlela eqhelekileyo yokutsha apho amalangatye ahamba khona kumxube ngesantya esingaphantsi komoya. Oku kwenzeka, umzekelo, xa ilifu elikhululekileyo lomxube we-hydrogen-air livuthelwa ngumthombo omncinci wokucinywa komoya. Kwimeko enjalo, ilangatye liya kuhamba ngesantya seenyawo ezilishumi ukuya kweziningana ngomzuzwana. Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwegesi eshushu kudala amaza oxinzelelo anamandla alingana nobukhulu belifu. Kwezinye iimeko, amandla e-shock wave anokwanela ukonakalisa izakhiwo zesakhiwo kunye nezinye izinto ezisendleleni yalo kwaye kubangele ukwenzakala.
Iqhuma. Xa iqhuma, amalangatye kunye namaza okutshayisa adlula kumxube ngesantya esiphezulu. Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo kwi-detonation wave mkhulu kakhulu kunakwi-detonation. Ngenxa yamandla anyukileyo, uqhushumbo luyingozi ngakumbi ebantwini, kwizakhiwo nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Ukuphela kwe-flagship eqhelekileyo kubangela ukuqhuma xa kutsha kwindawo exineneyo. Kwindawo encinci kangaka, ukutshayisa kunokubangelwa ngamandla amancinci. Kodwa ukuze kutshayelwe umxube we-hydrogen-air kwindawo engenamda, kufuneka umthombo onamandla ngakumbi wokutshayisa.
Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo kulo lonke igagasi lokuqhekeka kumxube we-hydrogen-air umalunga nama-20. Xa uxinzelelo lomoya luphezulu, umlinganiselo wama-20 yi-300 psi. Xa eli gagasi loxinzelelo lingqubana nento engashukumiyo, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo uyanda uye kuma-40-60. Oku kungenxa yokubonakaliswa kwegagasi loxinzelelo oluvela kwisithintelo esingashukumiyo.
Ukuthambekela kokuvuza. Ngenxa yokuba incinci kakhulu kwaye inobunzima obuphantsi beemolekyuli, igesi ye-H2 inomdla omkhulu wokuvuza kwaye ide ingene okanye ingene kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.
I-hydrogen ikhaphukhaphu ngokuphindwe kasibhozo kunegesi yendalo, ikhaphukhaphu ngokuphindwe kalishumi elinesine kunomoya, ikhaphukhaphu ngokuphindwe kangama-22 kunepropane kwaye ikhaphukhaphu ngokuphindwe kangama-57 kunomphunga wepetroli. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa ifakelwe ngaphandle, igesi ye-H2 iya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza ize iphele, inciphise naziphi na iimpawu zokuvuza okulinganayo. Kodwa inokuba likrele elibukhali kabini. Ukuqhuma kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuwelda kuza kwenziwa kwindawo yangaphandle engaphezulu okanye umoya ophantsi kokuvuza kwe-H2 ngaphandle kophando lokufumanisa ukuvuza ngaphambi kokuwelda. Kwindawo evalekileyo, igesi ye-H2 inokunyuka ize iqokeleleke ukusuka eluphahleni ukuya ezantsi, imeko evumela ukuba iqokeleleke ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuba ikwazi ukudibana nemithombo yokutsha kufutshane nomhlaba.
Umlilo ozenzekela ngengozi. Ukuzitshisa yinto apho umxube weegesi okanye umphunga uvutha ngokungazinzanga ngaphandle komthombo wangaphandle wokutsha. Ikwaziwa nangokuba “kukutsha okuzenzekelayo” okanye “ukutsha okuzenzekelayo”. Ukuzitshisa kuxhomekeke kubushushu, hayi kuxinzelelo.
Ubushushu bokutsha ngokuzenzekelayo bubushushu obuncinci apho ipetroli iya kutsha ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphambi kokuba itshaye xa kungekho mthombo wangaphandle wokutsha xa idibana nomoya okanye iarhente yokutshaya. Ubushushu bokutshaya ngokuzenzekelayo bomgubo omnye bubushushu apho itshaya ngokuzenzekelayo xa kungekho arhente yokutshaya. Ubushushu bokutshaya ngokuzenzekelayo bomoya we-H2 emoyeni yi-585°C.
Amandla okutsha ngamandla afunekayo ukuqalisa ukusasazwa kwelilangatye ngomxube otshayo. Amandla okutsha amancinci ngamandla afunekayo ukutshisa umxube othile otshayo kubushushu obuthile kunye noxinzelelo oluthile. Amandla okutsha amancinci e-spark kwi-H2 yegesi kwi-atm e-1 yomoya = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Imida yokuqhuma yimilinganiselo ephezulu neyona iphantsi yomphunga, inkungu okanye uthuli emoyeni okanye kwioksijini apho kwenzeka khona ukuqhuma. Ubungakanani kunye nejometri yokusingqongileyo, kunye noxinzelelo lwepetroli, zilawula imida. Igama elithi "umda wokuqhuma" ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziswa njengegama elifanayo nelithi "umda wokuqhuma".
Imida eqhumayo yemixube ye-H2 emoyeni yi-18.3 vol.% (umda ophantsi) kunye ne-59 vol.% (umda ophezulu).
Xa kuyilwa iinkqubo zombhobho (Umfanekiso 1), inyathelo lokuqala kukufumanisa izixhobo zokwakha ezifunekayo kuhlobo ngalunye lolwelo. Kwaye ulwelo ngalunye luya kwahlulwa ngokwesiqendu se-ASME B31.3. Isiqendu 300(b)(1) sithi, “Umnini ukwanoxanduva lokumisela udidi D, M, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nolwelo oluphezulu, kunye nokumisela ukuba inkqubo ethile yomgangatho kufuneka isetyenziswe na.”
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kolwelo kuchaza inqanaba lovavanyo kunye nohlobo lovavanyo olufunekayo, kunye nezinye iimfuno ezininzi ezisekelwe kudidi lolwelo. Uxanduva lomnini koku luhlala luwela kwicandelo lobunjineli lomnini okanye injineli eqeshwa ngaphandle.
Nangona iKhowudi yeMibhobho yeNkqubo ye-B31.3 ingaxeleli umnini ukuba zeziphi izinto anokuzisebenzisa kulwelo oluthile, inika isikhokelo malunga namandla, ubukhulu, kunye neemfuno zoqhagamshelo lwezinto. Kukwakho neengxelo ezimbini kwintshayelelo yekhowudi ezichaza ngokucacileyo:
Kwaye wandise isiqendu sokuqala esingentla, isiqendu B31.3. 300(b)(1) sikwathi: “Umnini wofakelo lombhobho unoxanduva lokuthobela le Khowudi kunye nokuseka uyilo, ulwakhiwo, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, kunye neemfuno zovavanyo ezilawula ukuphathwa kolwelo okanye inkqubo apho umbhobho uyinxalenye yawo. Ufakelo.” Ngoko ke, emva kokubeka imithetho ethile yoxanduva kunye neemfuno zokuchaza iindidi zeenkonzo zolwelo, makhe sibone ukuba igesi yehydrogen ingena phi.
Ngenxa yokuba igesi yehydrogen isebenza njengolwelo oluguquguqukayo olunokuvuza, igesi yehydrogen ingathathwa njengolwelo oluqhelekileyo okanye ulwelo lweKlasi M phantsi kodidi B31.3 lwenkonzo yolwelo. Njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, ukuhlelwa kokuphathwa kolwelo kuyimfuneko yomnini, ukuba nje kuyahlangabezana nezikhokelo zeendidi ezikhethiweyo ezichazwe kwiB31.3, isiqendu 3. 300.2 Iinkcazo kwicandelo elithi “Iinkonzo zeHydraulic”. Ezi zilandelayo ziinkcazo zenkonzo yolwelo oluqhelekileyo kunye nenkonzo yolwelo lweKlasi M:
"Inkonzo yoLwakhiwo oluQhelekileyo: Inkonzo yoLwakhiwo olusebenzayo kwiipayipi ezininzi phantsi kwalo mgaqo, oko kukuthi, ayithotyelwanga yimigaqo yeeklasi D, M, ubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, okanye ucoceko oluphezulu lolwelo."
(1) Ubuthi bolwelo bukhulu kangangokuba ukuvezwa kube kanye kulwelo oluncinci kakhulu olubangelwa kukuvuza kunokubangela ukwenzakala okukhulu okungapheliyo kwabo baphefumlayo okanye abadibana nalo, nokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo okubuyisela impilo ngokukhawuleza.
(2) Emva kokuqwalasela uyilo lombhobho, amava, iimeko zokusebenza, kunye nendawo, umnini ugqiba kwelokuba iimfuno zokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kolwelo azanelanga ukubonelela ngokuqina okufunekayo ukukhusela abasebenzi ekubeni bachaphazeleke.
Kwinkcazo engasentla ye-M, igesi ye-hydrogen ayifikeleli kwiikhrayitheriya zomhlathi (1) kuba ayithathwa njengolwelo olunobuthi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa icandelo elingaphantsi (2), iKhowudi ivumela ukuhlelwa kweenkqubo ze-hydraulic kwiklasi M emva kokuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo "...uyilo lwemibhobho, amava, iimeko zokusebenza kunye nendawo ..." Umnini uvumela ukugqitywa kokuphathwa kolwelo oluqhelekileyo. Iimfuneko azanele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo somgangatho ophezulu wokuthembeka kuyilo, ulwakhiwo, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kunye nokuvavanywa kweenkqubo zemibhobho yegesi ye-hydrogen.
Nceda ujonge kwiTheyibhile 1 ngaphambi kokuba uxoxe ngeHigh Temperature Hydrogen Corrosion (HTHA). Iikhowudi, imigangatho, kunye nemigaqo zidweliswe kule theyibhile, equka amaxwebhu amathandathu ngesihloko sehydrogen embrittlement (HE), into eqhelekileyo yokugqwala equka iHTHA. I-OH inokwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi naphezulu. Ithathwa njengohlobo lokugqwala, inokuqaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ichaphazele uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto.
I-HE ineendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe yi-hydrogen cracking (HAC), i-hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), i-stress corrosion cracking (SCC), i-hydrogen corrosion cracking (HACC), i-hydrogen bubbling (HB), i-hydrogen cracking (HIC). )), i-hydrogen cracking ejolise kuxinzelelo (SOHIC), i-progressive cracking (SWC), i-sulfide stress cracking (SSC), i-soft zone cracking (SZC), kunye ne-high temperature hydrogen corrosion (HTHA).
Kwimo yayo elula, ukubhitya kwe-hydrogen yindlela yokutshabalalisa imida yeenkozo zesinyithi, nto leyo ebangela ukuncipha kokuguquguquka ngenxa yokungena kwe-hydrogen yeathomu. Iindlela ezenzeka ngazo oku zahlukile kwaye zichazwa ngokuyinxenye ngamagama azo, njenge-HTHA, apho kufuneka khona ubushushu obuphezulu ngaxeshanye kunye ne-hydrogen yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuze kubhityaniswe, kunye ne-SSC, apho i-hydrogen yeathomu iveliswa njengeegesi ezivaliweyo kunye ne-hydrogen. ngenxa yokubola kwe-asidi, zingena kwiikheyiphu zesinyithi, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba zibhityane. Kodwa isiphumo siphela sifana naso kuzo zonke iimeko zokubhitya kwe-hydrogen ezichazwe apha ngasentla, apho amandla esinyithi ancitshiswa kukubhityana ngaphantsi koluhlu lwaso oluvumelekileyo loxinzelelo, nto leyo ebeka isiseko sesiganeko esinokuba yintlekele ngenxa yokuguquguquka kolwelo.
Ukongeza kubukhulu bodonga kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamalungu oomatshini, kukho izinto ezimbini eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha izinto zenkonzo yegesi ye-H2: 1. Ukuvezwa kwi-hydrogen yobushushu obuphezulu (i-HTHA) kunye 2. Iinkxalabo ezinzulu malunga nokuvuza okunokwenzeka. Zombini ezi zihloko ziyaxoxwa ngoku.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-hydrogen yemolekyuli, i-hydrogen yeathomu inokwanda, iveze i-hydrogen kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, idale isiseko se-HTHA enokubakho. Phantsi kwezi meko, i-hydrogen yeathomu iyakwazi ukusasaza kwizinto okanye izixhobo zepayipi zentsimbi yekhabhoni, apho isabela khona nekhabhoni kwisisombululo sesinyithi ukwenza igesi ye-methane kwimida yeenkozo. Ayikwazi ukuphuma, igesi iyakhula, idale imingxunya kunye neengxondorha kwiindonga zemibhobho okanye iinqanawa - le yi-HTGA. Ungayibona ngokucacileyo iziphumo ze-HTHA kuMfanekiso 2 apho imingxunya kunye nemingxunya ibonakala eludongeni lwe-8″. Inxalenye yombhobho wobukhulu obuqhelekileyo (NPS) ohlulekayo phantsi kwezi meko.
Intsimbi yekhabhoni ingasetyenziselwa inkonzo ye-hydrogen xa ubushushu bokusebenza bugcinwe bungaphantsi kwama-500°F. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i-HTHA yenzeka xa igesi ye-hydrogen ibanjwe kuxinzelelo oluphezulu oluyinxenye kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Intsimbi yekhabhoni ayikhuthazwa xa uxinzelelo oluyinxenye ye-hydrogen kulindeleke ukuba lube malunga nama-3000 psi kwaye ubushushu bungaphezulu kwama-450°F (okuyimeko yengozi kuMfanekiso 2).
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiploti kaNelson eguquliweyo kuMfanekiso 3, ngokuyinxenye ethathwe kwi-API 941, ubushushu obuphezulu bunefuthe elikhulu ekunyanzeleni i-hydrogen. Uxinzelelo olungaphelelanga lwegesi ye-hydrogen lunokudlula i-1000 psi xa lusetyenziswa neentsimbi zekhabhoni ezisebenza kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-500°F.
Umfanekiso 3. Le tshathi kaNelson eguquliweyo (ehlengahlengisiweyo kwi-API 941) ingasetyenziselwa ukukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo zenkonzo ye-hydrogen kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo.
Kumfanekiso 3 ubonisa ukhetho lweentsimbi eziqinisekisiweyo ukuba ziya kuphepha ukuhlaselwa yihydrogen, kuxhomekeke kubushushu bokusebenza kunye noxinzelelo oluncinci lwehydrogen. Iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic azinangxaki kwi-HTHA kwaye zizinto ezanelisayo kuzo zonke iiqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-Austenitic 316/316L yeyona nto isebenzayo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-hydrogen kwaye inembali eqinisekisiweyo. Nangona unyango lobushushu emva kokuwelda (PWHT) lucetyiswa ukuba iintsimbi zekhabhoni zikwazi ukugaya i-hydrogen eseleyo ngexesha lokuwelda kwaye zinciphise ubunzima be-heat affected zone (HAZ) emva kokuwelda, ayifuneki kwiintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ze-austenitic.
Iziphumo ze-thermothermal ezibangelwa kunyango lobushushu kunye nokuwelda azinampembelelo ingako kwiimpawu zoomatshini zeentsimbi ezingasebenziyo ze-austenitic. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza ngokubandayo kunokuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini zeentsimbi ezingasebenziyo ze-austenitic, njengokuqina kunye nobunzima. Xa zigoba kwaye zenze imibhobho evela kwintsimbi engasebenziyo ye-austenitic, iimpawu zazo zoomatshini ziyatshintsha, kubandakanya nokuncipha kwe-plasticity yezinto.
Ukuba intsimbi engagqwaliyo e-austenitic ifuna ukwenziwa kobushushu, ukufuthwa kwesisombululo (ukufudumeza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1045°C kulandele ukucinywa okanye ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza) kuya kubuyisela iipropati zoomatshini zezinto kwixabiso lazo lokuqala. Kuya kuphelisa ukwahlulwahlulwa kwe-alloy, ukuziva kunye nesigaba se-sigma esifunyenwe emva kokusebenza kobushushu. Xa usenza ukufuthwa kwesisombululo, qaphela ukuba ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunokubuyisela uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kwizinto ukuba aluphathwanga kakuhle.
Jonga iitheyibhile ze-GR-2.1.1-1 Piping and Tubing Assembly Material Specification Index kunye ne-GR-2.1.1-2 Piping Material Specification Index kwi-ASME B31 ukuze ufumane ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwezinto zenkonzo ye-H2. Imibhobho yindawo elungileyo yokuqala.
Ngobunzima obuqhelekileyo beathomu obuziiyunithi zobunzima beathomu eziyi-1.008 (amu), ihydrogen yeyona nto ilula neyona incinci kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, kwaye ngenxa yoko inomdla omkhulu wokuvuza, enemiphumo emibi kakhulu, ndingongeza. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yepayipi yegesi kufuneka iyilwe ngendlela yokuba inciphise uqhagamshelo lohlobo lwemechanical kwaye iphucule ezo qhagamshelo zifunekayo ngokwenene.
Xa kunciphisa iindawo ezinokuthi zivuthe, inkqubo kufuneka idityaniswe ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle koqhagamshelo olujijekileyo kwizixhobo, izinto zombhobho kunye nezinto ezifakelwayo. Uqhagamshelo olujijekileyo kufuneka luthintelwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuba aluyi kuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba uqhagamshelo olujijekileyo alunakuthintelwa nangasiphi na isizathu, kucetyiswa ukuba ludityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwe-thread sealant uze uvale i-weld. Xa usebenzisa umbhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni, amalungu ombhobho kufuneka adityaniswe ngeempundu aze aphathwe ngobushushu emva kwe-weld (PWHT). Emva kokudibanisa, imibhobho ekwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu (HAZ) ichaphazeleka kuhlaselo lwe-hydrogen nokuba kubushushu obuphakathi. Ngelixa uhlaselo lwe-hydrogen lwenzeka ikakhulu kubushushu obuphakathi, inqanaba le-PWHT liya kunciphisa ngokupheleleyo, ukuba aliyi kuyisusa, le nto inokwenzeka naphantsi kweemeko ezingqongileyo.
Ingongoma ebuthathaka yenkqubo edibeneyo kukunxibelelana kweflange. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu lokuqina kwiintambo zeflange, ii-gaskets zeKammprofile (umfanekiso 4) okanye olunye uhlobo lwee-gaskets kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Zenziwe phantse ngendlela efanayo ngabavelisi abaliqela, le pad ikhululekile kakhulu. Iqulathe iindandatho zesinyithi ezinamazinyo ezifakwe phakathi kwezinto ezithambileyo neziguquguqukayo zokutywina. Amazinyo agxininisa umthwalo webholiti kwindawo encinci ukubonelela ngokulingana okuqinileyo ngoxinzelelo oluncinci. Yenzelwe ngendlela yokuba inokuhlawula iindawo zeflange ezingalinganiyo kunye neemeko zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Umfanekiso 4. Iigasket zeKammprofile zinombindi wesinyithi obotshelelwe kumacala omabini nge-filler ethambileyo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekugqibeleleni kwenkqubo yivalvu. Ukuvuza okujikeleze isitywini sesiqu kunye neeflange zomzimba yingxaki yokwenyani. Ukuthintela oku, kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ivalvu enesiciko sokugquma.
Sebenzisa i-intshi eyi-1. Ipayipi yentsimbi yekhabhoni yesikolo engama-80, kumzekelo wethu ongezantsi, xa sijonga ukunyamezelana kokuvelisa, ukugqwala kunye nokunyamezelana koomatshini ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM A106 Gr B, uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza (MAWP) lunokubalwa ngamanyathelo amabini kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-300°F (Qaphela: Isizathu "...kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-300ºF..." kukuba uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo (S) lwezinto ze-ASTM A106 Gr B luqala ukonakala xa amaqondo obushushu edlula kwi-300ºF. (S), ngoko ke iSilinganiso (1) sifuna uLungiselelo kumaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwe-300ºF.)
Ngokubhekiselele kwifomula (1), inyathelo lokuqala kukubala uxinzelelo lwethiyori lokuqhuma kombhobho.
T = ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho ngaphandle kokunyamezelana koomatshini, ukugqwala kunye nokuveliswa, ngee-intshi.
Inxalenye yesibini yenkqubo kukubala uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza lwe-Pa yombhobho ngokusebenzisa i-safety factor S f kwisiphumo P ngokwe-equation (2):
Ngoko ke, xa usebenzisa izinto zesikolo ezingama-80 eziyi-1″, uxinzelelo oluqhumayo lubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Emva koko kusetyenziswa i-Safety Sf ye-4 ngokuhambelana ne-ASME Pressure Vessel Recommendations Section VIII-1 2019, iSiqendu 8. UG-101 ibalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ixabiso le-MAWP eliphumayo yi-810 psi. intshi libhekisa kumbhobho kuphela. Uqhagamshelo lweflange okanye icandelo elinereyithingi ephantsi kwinkqubo liya kuba yinto egqibayo ekumiseleni uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo kwinkqubo.
Ngokwe-ASME B16.5, uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza kwi-150 carbon steel flange fittings yi-285 psi. intshi kwi--20°F ukuya kwi-100°F. Iklasi 300 inoxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza lwe-740 psi. Oku kuya kuba yi-pressure limit factor yenkqubo ngokwemizekelo yeenkcukacha zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ngezantsi. Kwakhona, kuphela kuvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic, la maxabiso anokudlula amaxesha ali-1.5.
Njengomzekelo wenkcazo yesiseko sezinto zentsimbi yekhabhoni, inkcazelo yomgca wenkonzo yegesi ye-H2 esebenza kubushushu obuphantsi koxinzelelo loyilo lwe-740 psi. intshi, inokuba neemfuno zezinto eziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 2. Ezi zilandelayo ziintlobo ezinokufuna ingqalelo ukuba zifakwe kwinkcazo:
Ngaphandle kwemibhobho ngokwayo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezenza inkqubo yemibhobho ezifana nezixhobo, iivalvu, izixhobo zomgca, njl. Nangona uninzi lwezi zinto luza kuhlanganiswa ukuze kuxoxwe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha, oku kuya kufuna amaphepha amaninzi kunokuba anokuqwalaselwa. Eli nqaku.