Ongororo iyi inopa mazano ekugadzira masisitimu emapaipi akachengeteka ekugovera hydrogen.
Hydrogen imvura inoshanduka-shanduka ine katsika kekudonhedza mvura. Imusanganiswa wemaitiro ane njodzi uye anouraya, mvura inoshanduka-shanduka inonetsa kudzora. Aya ndiwo maitiro ekufunga nezvawo pakusarudza zvinhu, magaskets uye zvisimbiso, pamwe chete nehunhu hwemagadzirirwo emasisitimu akadaro. Nyaya idzi pamusoro pekupararira kweH2 ine gasi ndidzo dziri kukurukurwa, kwete kugadzirwa kweH2, H2 yemvura, kana H2 yemvura (ona kurudyi).
Heano mamwe mapoinzi akakosha ekukubatsira kunzwisisa musanganiswa wehydrogen neH2-air. Hydrogen inopisa nenzira mbiri: deflagration uye kuputika.
Kudzima moto. Kudzima moto inzira inowanzo shandiswa pakupisa moto umo marimi anofamba nemumusanganiswa nekumhanya kwepasi pesimba. Izvi zvinoitika, semuenzaniso, kana gore rakasununguka remusanganiswa wehydrogen-air rakabatidzwa nechinhu chidiki chinobatidza moto. Muchiitiko ichi, murazvo unofamba nekumhanya kwemamita gumi kusvika mazana akati wandei pasekondi. Kuwedzera nekukurumidza kwegasi rinopisa kunogadzira mafungu ekumanikidza ane simba rinoenderana nehukuru hwegore. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, simba remafungu ekuvhunduka rinogona kukwana kukuvadza zvivakwa nezvimwe zvinhu zviri munzira yaro uye kukonzera kukuvara.
kuputika. Payakaputika, marimi emoto nemafungu emoto zvakapfuura nemumusanganiswa nekumhanya kwesupersonic. Chiyero chekumanikidzwa mumafungu ekuputika chakakura zvikuru pane mukuputika. Nekuda kwesimba rakawedzerwa, kuputika kwacho kune njodzi kuvanhu, zvivakwa nezvinhu zviri pedyo. Kubviswa kweflag kwakajairika kunokonzera kuputika kana kwabatidzwa munzvimbo yakamanikana. Munzvimbo yakamanikana kudaro, kupiswa kunogona kukonzerwa nesimba diki. Asi pakuputika kwemusanganiswa wehydrogen-air munzvimbo isina muganho, panodiwa sosi yekupisa ine simba.
Chiyero chekumanikidzwa pakati pemafungu ekuputika mumusanganiswa wehydrogen-air chinenge 20. Pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo, chiyero che20 i300 psi. Kana mafungu aya echisimba akasangana nechinhu chisina kumira, chiyero chekumanikidzwa chinowedzera kusvika 40-60. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuratidzwa kwemafungu echisimba kubva pachipingamupinyi chisina kumira.
Kuda kubuda kwemvura. Nekuda kwekusviba kwayo kwakaderera uye huremu hushoma hwemamorekuru, gasi reH2 rine katsika kekubuda kwemvura uye kutopinda kana kupinda muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Hydrogen yakareruka ka8 pane gasi rechisikigo, yakareruka ka14 pane mhepo, yakareruka ka22 pane propane uye yakareruka ka57 pane utsi hwepeturu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana ikaiswa panze, gasi reH2 richakurumidza kusimuka uye kunyangarika, zvichideredza zviratidzo zvekubuda kwemvura zvakaenzana. Asi rinogona kuva bakatwa rinocheka nemativi maviri. Kuputika kunogona kuitika kana welding ichizoitwa pakuisa kunze pamusoro kana pasi pemhepo yekudonha kwemvura yeH2 pasina kudzidza kuona kubuda kwemvura usati waisa welding. Munzvimbo yakavharirwa, gasi reH2 rinogona kukwira nekuungana kubva padenga richidzika, mamiriro ezvinhu anoribvumira kuti riungane kusvika pahuwandu hwakawanda risati rasangana nezvinobvira pamoto pedyo nepasi.
Moto unoitika netsaona. Kuzvibatidza pachako chiitiko umo musanganiswa wemagasi kana utsi hunobatidza pasina chikonzero chekunze chekubatidza. Zvinozivikanwawo se "kupisa kwega" kana "kupisa kwega". Kuzvibatidza kunoenderana nekupisa, kwete kumanikidzwa.
Tembiricha yekuzvibatidza ndiyo tembiricha shoma iyo mafuta anobatidza oga asati abatidza kana pasina chinhu chekunze chinobatidza kana asangana nemhepo kana chinhu chinobatidza okisijeni. Tembiricha yekuzvibatidza yega yehupfu humwe chete ndiyo tembiricha iyo inobatidza yoga kana pasina chinhu chinobatidza okisijeni. Tembiricha yekuzvibatidza yega yeH2 gasi mumhepo i585°C.
Simba rekubatidza ndiro simba rinodiwa kuti murazvo utange kupararira kuburikidza nemusanganiswa unobvira. Simba rekubatidza shoma ndiro simba shoma rinodiwa kuti musanganiswa unobvira patembiricha yakatarwa uye kumanikidzwa. Simba rekubatidza shoma remoto weH2 mumhepo ine gasi mu1 atm = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Miganhu yekuputika ndiyo huwandu hwakanyanya uye hushoma hweutsi, mhute kana guruva mumhepo kana okisijeni apo kuputika kunoitika. Hukuru uye geometry yenharaunda, pamwe nehuwandu hwemafuta, zvinodzora miganhu. "Muganho wekuputika" dzimwe nguva unoshandiswa sechirevo che "muganho wekuputika".
Miganhu inoputika yemusanganiswa weH2 mumhepo ndeye 18.3 vol.% (muganhu wakaderera) uye 59 vol.% (muganhu wepamusoro).
Pakugadzira masisitimu emapaipi (Mufananidzo 1), danho rekutanga nderekuona zvinhu zvekuvaka zvinodiwa pamhando yega yega yemvura. Uye mvura yega yega ichaiswa muzvikamu zvinoenderana neASME B31.3 ndima. 300(b)(1) inoti, "Muridzi ane basa rekuona kirasi D, M, pressure yakakwira, uye kuchena kwakanyanya, uye kuona kana sisitimu yemhando yepamusoro inofanira kushandiswa."
Kupatsanurana kwemvura kunotsanangura mwero wekuyedza uye rudzi rwekuyedza kunodiwa, pamwe nezvimwe zvinodiwa zvichibva pachikamu chemvura. Mutoro wemuridzi weizvi unowanzo kuve wedhipatimendi reinjiniya remuridzi kana mainjiniya akapihwa basa.
Kunyange zvazvo B31.3 Process Piping Code isingaudzi muridzi wechinhu chekushandisa pamvura yakati, inopa gwara pamusoro pesimba, ukobvu, uye zvinodiwa pakubatanidza zvinhu. Kunewo zvirevo zviviri musumo yekodhi zvinotaura zvakajeka:
Uye wedzerai ndima yekutanga iri pamusoro apa, ndima B31.3. 300(b)(1) inotiwo: "Muridzi wepombi yekuisa ndiye chete ane mutoro wekutevedzera Mutemo uyu uye wekusimbisa dhizaini, kuvaka, kuongorora, kuongorora, uye zvinodiwa zvekuongorora zvinotonga kubata kwese kwemvura kana maitiro ayo pombi iri chikamu chayo. Kuisa." Saka, mushure mekuisa mitemo yekutonga uye zvinodiwa zvekutsanangura mapoka ebasa remvura, ngationei kuti gasi rehydrogen rinokwana papi.
Nekuti gasi rehydrogen rinoshanda semvura inoputika ine maburi, gasi rehydrogen rinogona kunzi mvura yakajairika kana mvura yeClass M pasi pechikamu cheB31.3 chebasa remvura. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kupatsanurwa kwekubata mvura inodiwa nemuridzi, chero bedzi ichienderana nemirairo yezvikamu zvakasarudzwa zvakatsanangurwa muB31.3, ndima 3. 300.2 Tsanangudzo dziri muchikamu che "Masevhisi eHydraulic". Idzi dzinotevera itsananguro dzebasa remvura yakajairika uye basa remvura yeClass M:
"Basa reKuyerera Kwemvura Kwakajairika: Basa remvura rinoshandiswa pamichina yakawanda yekuisa mvura pasi pemutemo uyu, kureva kuti harisi pasi pemitemo yekirasi D, M, tembiricha yakakwira, kumanikidzwa kwakakwira, kana kuchena kwemvura yakakwira."
(1) Chepfu yemvura yacho yakakura zvekuti kusangana kamwe chete nemvura diki inokonzerwa nekubuda kwemvura kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba kwechigarire kune avo vanofema kana kubata nayo, kunyangwe matanho ekupora akatorwa nekukurumidza.
(2) Mushure mekufunga nezvekugadzirwa kwepombi, ruzivo, mamiriro ekushanda, uye nzvimbo, muridzi anoona kuti zvinodiwa pakushandiswa kwemvura nguva dzose hazvina kukwana kupa kusimba kunodiwa kudzivirira vashandi kubva pakusangana nenjodzi.
Mutsanangudzo iri pamusoro apa yeM, gasi rehydrogen harina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa mundima (1) nekuti harionekwe semvura ine chepfu. Zvisinei, nekushandisa chikamu (2), Mutemo unobvumidza kupatsanurwa kwema hydraulic systems mukirasi M mushure mekunyatsoongorora "... dhizaini yemapaipi, ruzivo, mamiriro ekushanda nenzvimbo…" Muridzi anobvumidza kusarudzwa kwekubata mvura kwakajairika. Zvinodiwa hazvina kukwana kuti zvizadzise kudiwa kwehupamhi hwepamusoro mukugadzira, kuvaka, kuongorora, kuongorora uye kuyedza masisitimu emapaipi ehydrogen gas.
Ndapota tarisai Tafura 1 musati makurukura nezveHigh Temperature Hydrogen Corrosion (HTHA). Makodhi, zviyero, nemitemo zvakanyorwa mutafura iyi, iyo inosanganisira magwaro matanhatu pamusoro penyaya yehydrogen embrittlement (HE), chirwere chinowanzoitika chekuora chinosanganisira HTHA. OH inogona kuitika pakupisa kwakaderera uye kwakakwira. Ichionekwa semhando yekuora, inogona kutangwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye kukanganisawo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
HE ine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinogona kukamurwa kuita hydrogen cracking (HAC), hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen corrosion cracking (HACC), hydrogen bubbling (HB), hydrogen cracking (HIC). )), stress oriented hydrogen cracking (SOHIC), progressive cracking (SWC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), soft zone cracking (SZC), uye high temperature hydrogen corrosion (HTHA).
Muchimiro chayo chiri nyore, hydrogen embrittlement inzira yekuparadza miganhu yesimbi, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwe ductility nekuda kwekupinda kweatomu hydrogen. Nzira dzinoitika izvi dzakasiyana uye dzinotsanangurwa zvishoma nemazita adzo, akadai seHTHA, uko tembiricha yakakwira uye hydrogen yekumanikidzwa kwakakwira inodiwa kuti brittle itsvedze, uye SSC, uko atomu hydrogen inogadzirwa semagasi akavharwa uye hydrogen. nekuda kwe acid corrosion, inonyura muzvikamu zvesimbi, izvo zvinogona kutungamira ku brittleness. Asi mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana neyezviitiko zvese zve hydrogen embrittlement zvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, uko simba resimbi rinoderedzwa neku brittlement pasi penzvimbo yayo yekumanikidzwa inobvumidzwa, izvo zvinozogadzira nzira yechiitiko chinogona kuva nenjodzi zvichipiwa kusagadzikana kwemvura.
Pamusoro pekukora kwemadziro uye mashandiro emakanika, pane zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvekufunga nezvazvo pakusarudza zvinhu zveH2 gas service: 1. Kusangana nehydrogen inodziya zvakanyanya (HTHA) uye 2. Kunetseka kukuru nezvekubuda kwemvura. Nyaya dzese dziri kukurukurwa parizvino.
Kusiyana nehydrogen yemamorekuru, hydrogen yemaatomu inogona kukura, ichiisa hydrogen pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa, zvichigadzira hwaro hweHTHA inogona kuitika. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, hydrogen yemaatomu inokwanisa kupararira muzvinhu zvesimbi yekabhoni kana michina, uko inosangana nekabhoni mumhinduro yesimbi kuti igadzire gasi remethane pamiganhu yezviyo. Isingakwanise kubuda, gasi rinokura, richigadzira mitswe nematombo mumadziro emapombi kana midziyo - iyi ndiyo HTGA. Unogona kuona zvakajeka mhedzisiro yeHTHA muMufananidzo 2 apo mitswe nematombo zvinoonekwa mumadziro e8″. Chikamu chepombi yehukuru hwezita (NPS) chinokundikana pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Simbi yekabhoni inogona kushandiswa pabasa rehydrogen kana tembiricha yekushanda iri pasi pe500°F. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, HTHA inoitika kana gasi rehydrogen rakachengetwa padanho repamusoro uye padanho repamusoro. Simbi yekabhoni haikurudzirwi kana hydrogen padanho repamusoro inotarisirwa kunge iri pa3000 psi uye tembiricha iri pamusoro pe450°F (inova ndiyo mamiriro etsaona ari muMufananidzo 2).
Sezvatinoona kubva pamufananidzo wakagadziridzwa waNelson muMufananidzo 3, wakatorwa kubva kuAPI 941, tembiricha yepamusoro ine simba guru pakumanikidza hydrogen. Kumanikidzwa kwegasi rehydrogen kunogona kudarika 1000 psi kana ikashandiswa nesimbi dzekabhoni dzinoshanda patembiricha inosvika 500°F.
Mufananidzo 3. Chati iyi yakagadziridzwa yaNelson (yakagadziridzwa kubva kuAPI 941) inogona kushandiswa kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvekushandisa hydrogen pakupisa kwakasiyana-siyana.
Pamufananidzo 3 panoratidza sarudzo yesimbi dzinovimbiswa kudzivirira kurwiswa kwehydrogen, zvichienderana nekupisa kwekushanda uye kumanikidzwa kwehydrogen zvishoma. Simbi dzisina ngura dzeAustenitic hadzina hanya neHTHA uye zvinhu zvinogutsa pakupisa kwese nekumanikidzwa.
Simbi isingatsvindi yeAustenitic 316/316L ndiyo inonyanya kushanda pakushandisa hydrogen uye ine rekodhi yakasimbiswa. Kunyange zvazvo kurapwa kwekupisa mushure mekuweld (PWHT) kuchikurudzirwa kuti simbi dzekabhoni dziwedzere hydrogen yakasara panguva yekuweld uye kuderedza kuomarara kwenzvimbo yakabatwa nekupisa (HAZ) mushure mekuweld, hazvidiwi kune simbi dzisingatsvindi dzeaustenitic.
Migumisiro yekupisa inokonzerwa nekupisa uye welding haina simba guru pahunhu hwesimbi dzisina ngura dzinoshandiswa ne austenitic. Zvisinei, kushanda nechando kunogona kuvandudza hunhu hwesimbi dzisina ngura dzinoshandiswa ne austenitic, dzakadai sekusimba uye kuomarara. Pakukombama nekugadzira mapaipi kubva ku austenitic stainless steel, hunhu hwadzo hwemuchina hunochinja, kusanganisira kudzikira kwe plasticity yezvinhu.
Kana simbi isingatsvinda ye austenitic ichida kuumbwa kwechando, kunyungudutsa kwemvura (kudziyisa kusvika pa1045°C zvichiteverwa nekudzima kana kutonhora nekukurumidza) kuchadzorera hunhu hwemuchina hwechinhu ichi kuhunhu hwacho hwepakutanga. Izvi zvichabvisawo kupatsanurwa kwe alloy, sensitization uye sigma phase inowanikwa mushure mekushanda kwechando. Paunenge uchiita kunyungudutsa kwemvura, ziva kuti kutonhora nekukurumidza kunogona kudzosera kushushikana kwakasara muchinhu chacho kana chikasabatwa nemazvo.
Tarisa matafura eGR-2.1.1-1 Piping and Tubing Assembly Material Specification Index uye GR-2.1.1-2 Piping Material Specification Index muASME B31 kuti uwane sarudzo dzezvinhu zvinogamuchirwa zveH2 service. Mapaipi inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga.
Nehuremu hweatomu hwe1.008 atomic mass units (amu), hydrogen ndiyo chinhu chidiki uye chakareruka pane periodic table, saka ine mukana wekuti idonhedze mvura, uye inogona kukonzera migumisiro yakaipa, ndinogona kuwedzera. Nokudaro, sisitimu yepayipi yegesi inofanira kugadzirwa nenzira yekuti iganhurira kubatana kwemhando yemakanika uye kuvandudza kubatana kunodiwa chaizvo.
Pakuderedza nzvimbo dzinogona kudonha, sisitimu inofanira kunge yakasungirirwa zvizere, kunze kwekubatanidza kwakapinza pamidziyo, zvinhu zvepombi uye zvinosungirirwa. Kubatanidza kwakapinza kunofanira kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, kana kusiri zvachose. Kana kubatana kwakapinza kusingakwanise kudzivirirwa nechero chikonzero, zvinokurudzirwa kuabatanidza zvizere pasina chivharo cheshinda wobva wavhara weld. Paunenge uchishandisa pombi yesimbi yekabhoni, majoini epombi anofanira kunge akasungirirwa butt uye mushure mekusungirirwa kupisa (PWHT). Mushure mekusungirirwa, mapaipi ari munzvimbo ine kupisa (HAZ) anobatwa nehydrogen kunyangwe pakupisa kwemhepo. Kunyange hazvo kurwiswa kwehydrogen kuchiitika zvakanyanya pakupisa kwakanyanya, danho rePWHT richaderedza zvachose, kana risingabvisi, mukana uyu kunyangwe mumamiriro ekunze.
Nzvimbo isina kusimba yehurongwa hwakasungirirwa zvese ndeyekubatana kweflange. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti flange dzakabatana dzakasimba zvakanyanya, magasket eKammprofile (mufananidzo 4) kana imwe mhando yemagaskets anofanira kushandiswa. Yakagadzirwa nenzira imwechete nevagadziri vakati wandei, pad iyi inoregerera zvikuru. Ine mhete dzesimbi dzine meno dzakasungirirwa pakati pezvinhu zvakapfava, zvinochinjika. Mazino anoisa mutoro webhaudhi munzvimbo diki kuti ikwanise kugadzikana zvishoma. Yakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti inogona kutsiva nzvimbo dzisina kuenzana dzeflange pamwe nemamiriro ekushanda anochinja-chinja.
Mufananidzo 4. Magasket eKammprofile ane simbi yakasungirirwa kumativi ese nechinhu chinozadza chakapfava.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kwehurongwa ivharuvhu. Kubuda kwemvura kwakatenderedza chisimbiso chesimbi nemabhandi emuviri idambudziko guru. Kuti udzivise izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kusarudza vharuvhu ine chisimbiso chebellows.
Shandisa pombi yesimbi yesimbi yeSchool 80 inch, mumuenzaniso wedu uri pazasi, tichifunga nezve manufacturing tolerances, corrosion uye mechanical tolerances zvichienderana neASTM A106 Gr B, maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) inogona kuverengerwa mumatanho maviri patembiricha inosvika 300°F (Cherechedza: Chikonzero che "...chetembiricha inosvika 300ºF..." ndechekuti allowable stress (S) yezvinhu zveASTM A106 Gr B inotanga kuora kana tembiricha ikadarika 300ºF. (S), saka Equation (1) inoda kuti Chinja kune tembiricha dziri pamusoro pe300ºF.)
Tichitarisa fomura (1), danho rekutanga nderekuverenga kumanikidzwa kwekuputika kwepombi.
T = ukobvu hwemadziro epombi pasina kushivirira kwemakanika, ngura uye kugadzirwa, mumainji.
Chikamu chechipiri chemaitiro acho ndechekuverenga simba guru rekushanda rinobvumirwa Pa repaipi nekushandisa chinhu chekuchengetedza S f kumhedzisiro P zvichienderana ne equation (2):
Saka, kana uchishandisa zvinhu zve 1″ chikoro 80, kumanikidzwa kwekuputika kunoverengerwa seizvi:
Sf yekuchengetedza ye4 inobva yashandiswa zvichienderana neASME Pressure Vessel Recommendations Section VIII-1 2019, Paragrafu 8. UG-101 yakaverengerwa seinotevera:
MAWP kukosha kwayo i810 psi. inch zvinoreva pombi chete. Kubatana kweflange kana chikamu chine chiyero chakaderera musystem ndicho chichava chinhu chinosarudza pakuona kumanikidzwa kunobvumirwa musystem.
Pa ASME B16.5, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunobvumirwa kwe 150 carbon steel flange fittings i285 psi. inch kubva -20°F kusvika 100°F. Kirasi 300 ine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunobvumidzwa kwe740 psi. Iyi ichave iyo pressure limit factor yesystem zvichienderana nemuenzaniso wezvinhu zviri pazasi. Zvakare, mu hydrostatic tests chete, idzi kukosha dzinogona kudarika 1.5 times.
Semuenzaniso wechinhu chesimbi yekabhoni, chinhu cheH2 gas service line chinoshanda patembiricha iri pasi pedhizaini ye740 psi. inch, chinogona kunge chine zvinodiwa nezvinhu zvinoratidzwa muTafura 2. Idzi ndidzo mhando dzingada kutariswa kuti dzibatanidzwe muchinhu ichi:
Kunze kwepombi pachayo, kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoumba sisitimu yepombi zvakaita sezvibatiso, mavharuvhu, michina yemagetsi, nezvimwewo. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu izvi zvakawanda zvichabatanidzwa pamwe chete kuti zvikurukurwe zvakadzama, izvi zvinoda mapeji akawanda kupfuura anogona kugadziriswa. Chinyorwa chino.