Ongororo iyi inopa kurudziro yedhizaini yakachengeteka yemapombi masisitimu ekugovera hydrogen.
Hydrogen imvura inoputika zvakanyanya uye ine tsika yakakura yekudonha.Musanganiswa une njodzi uye unouraya wemaitiro, mvura inoputika yakaoma kudzora.Aya ndiwo maitiro ekutarisisa pakusarudza zvinhu, gaskets uye zvisimbiso, pamwe chete nemaitiro ekugadzira masisitimu akadaro.Iyi misoro yekugovera gasi H2 ndiyo yakanangana nenhaurirano iyi, kwete kugadzirwa kweH2, mvura H2, kana mvura H2 (ona padivi pekurudyi).
Heano mashoma akakosha mapoinzi ekukubatsira iwe kunzwisisa musanganiswa wehydrogen neH2-mhepo.Hydrogen inopisa nenzira mbiri: deflagration uye kuputika.
deflagration.Deflagration yakajairika combustion modhi umo marimi anofamba nemusanganiswa nekumhanya kwe subsonic.Izvi zvinoitika, semuenzaniso, kana gore rakasununguka remusanganiswa wehydrogen-mhepo rinobatidzwa nediki rinopisa sosi.Muchiitiko ichi, murazvo uchafamba nekumhanya kwemamita gumi kusvika kumazana akati wandei pasekondi.Kukurumidzira kuwedzera kwegasi rinopisa kunogadzira masaisai ekumanikidza ane simba rinoenderana nehukuru hwegore.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, simba rekuvhunduka rinogona kukwana kukuvadza zvivakwa zvekuvaka uye zvimwe zvinhu munzira yayo uye kukonzera kukuvara.
putika.Payakaputika, marimi omoto nemafungu anovhundutsa zvakafamba nomuvhenganiswa wacho nokumhanya kukuru.The pressure ratio in detonation wave yakakura zvikuru pane detonation.Nekuda kwesimba rakawedzera, kuputika kwacho kune ngozi kune vanhu, zvivakwa uye zvinhu zviri pedyo.Normal deflagration inokonzera kuputika kana yabatidzwa munzvimbo yakavharirwa.Munzvimbo yakamanikana kudaro, kubatidza kunogona kukonzerwa nehuwandu hushoma hwesimba.Asi pakuputika kwehydrogen-mhepo musanganiswa munzvimbo isina muganho, kune simba rinopisa rinodiwa sosi.
The pressure ratio mhiri detonation wave mumusanganiswa wehydrogen-air inenge 20. Pamhepo yemhepo, chiyero chemakumi maviri i300 psi.Kana iyi pressure wave ichidhumhana nechinhu chakamira, pressure ratio inowedzera kusvika 40-60.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuratidzira kwemhepo yekumanikidza kubva pachipingamupinyi chakamira.
Tsika yekudonha.Nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo uye kuderera kwema molecular huremu, H2 gasi ine tsika yakakwira yekudonha uye kunyange kupinda kana kupinda mukati mezvinhu zvakasiyana.
Hydrogen yakareruka kasere pane gasi rechisikigo, ka14 yakareruka pane mhepo, 22 yakareruka pane propane uye 57 yakareruka kupfuura peturu mhute.Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana yaiswa panze, gasi reH2 rinokurumidza kusimuka nekuparara, richideredza chero zviratidzo zvekutobuda.Asi rinogona kuva bakatwa rinocheka nekwose.Kuputika kunogona kuitika kana welding ichizoitwa pachigadziko chekunze pamusoro kana mhepo yekudonha kweH2 pasina ongororo yekuona inodonha isati yaiswa.Munzvimbo yakavharirwa, H2 gasi inogona kusimuka uye kuungana kubva padenga zvichidzika, mamiriro anobvumira kuti ivake kusvika mavhoriyamu mahombe isati yanyanya kusangana neinobatidza masosi padyo nepasi.
Moto wetsaona.Self-ignition chiitiko chekuti musanganiswa wemagasi kana mhute unobatidza woga pasina chinobatidza kunze.Iyo inozivikanwawo se "kupisa kwepakarepo" kana "kupisa kunongoerekana kwaitika".Kuzvipisa kunoenderana nekupisa, kwete kumanikidza.
Iyo autoignition tembiricha ishoma tembiricha iyo mafuta inongobatidza moto isati yabatidza kana pasina chekubuda kunze kwekubatidza pakubata nemhepo kana oxidizing agent.Kupisa kwe autoignition yehupfu imwe chete ndiyo tembiricha iyo inongobatidza yega pasina iyo oxidizing agent.Kudziya kwegasi H2 mumhepo i585°C.
Simba rekudzima isimba rinodiwa kutanga kupararira kwemurazvo nemusanganiswa unobvira.Minimum ignition energy isimba shoma rinodiwa kubatidza imwe musanganiswa unobvira pane imwe tembiricha uye kumanikidza.Minimum spark ignition simba regaseous H2 mu 1 atm yemhepo = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Miganho inoputika ndiyo yakanyanya uye kushomeka kwehuwandu hwemhute, mhute kana huruva mumhepo kana oxygen panoputika.Ukuru uye geometry yezvakatipoteredza, pamwe chete nekusangana kwemafuta, inodzora miganhu."Explosion limit" dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa sechirevo che "explosion limit".
Miganho inoputika yeH2 musanganiswa mumhepo ndeye 18.3 vol.% (yakaderera muganho) uye 59 vol.% (yepamusoro muganhu).
Paunenge uchigadzira masisitimu epombi (Mufananidzo 1), danho rekutanga nderekuona zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvinodiwa pamhando yega yega yemvura.Uye mvura yega yega ichave yakarongedzwa zvinoenderana neASME B31.3 ndima.300 (b) (1) inoti, "Muridzi ane basa rekuona kirasi D, M, high pressure, uye high purity piping, nekuona kana imwe mhando yemhando inofanira kushandiswa."
Fluid categorization inotsanangura dhigirii rekuyedza uye rudzi rweyedzo inodiwa, pamwe nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nechikamu chemvura.Basa remuridzi weizvi rinowanzowira kune dhipatimendi reinjiniya remuridzi kana injinjiniya anobuda kunze.
Nepo iyo B31.3 process Piping Code isingaudzi muridzi wezvinhu zvekushandisa kune imwe mvura, inopa gwara pane simba, ukobvu, uye zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvekubatanidza.Kune zvakare zvirevo zviviri munhanganyaya yekodhi inotaura zvakajeka:
Uye wedzera pandima yekutanga pamusoro, ndima B31.3.300(b)(1) inotiwo: “Muridzi wepombi yekumisikidza ndiye oga ane basa rekutevedzera Mutemo uyu uye nekuona magadzirirwo, kuvaka, kuongorora, kuongorora, uye kuyedza zvinodiwa zvinotonga mabatirwo ese emvura kana maitirwo ayo paipi iri chikamu.Installation."Saka, mushure mekuisa mimwe mitemo yezvipo uye zvinodiwa pakutsanangura zvikamu zvebasa remvura, ngationei panopinda gasi rehydrogen.
Nekuti gasi rehaidhirojeni rinoita semvura inovhuvhuta ine inobuda, gasi rehydrogen rinogona kunzi semvura yakajairika kana yeKirasi M yemvura iri pasi pechikamu B31.3 chesevhisi.Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, kurongeka kwekubata kwemvura ndeyemuridzi anodiwa, kunze kwekuti inosangana nemirayiridzo yezvikamu zvakasarudzwa zvinotsanangurwa muB31.3, ndima 3. 300.2 Tsanangudzo muchikamu che "Hydraulic services".Izvi zvinotevera tsananguro yeyakajairika fluid service uye Kirasi M fluid sevhisi:
"Yakajairwa Fluid Service: Fluid sevhisi inoshanda kune akawanda pombi pasi pekodhi iyi, kureva isingaenderane nemirairo yemakirasi D, M, tembiricha yepamusoro, kudzvanywa, kana kuchena kwemvura zhinji.
(1) Muchetura wemvura yacho wakakura kwazvo zvokuti kuratidzwa kamwe chete kuchikamu chiduku zvikuru chemvura inokonzerwa nokudonha kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba kwechigarire kune avo vanofema kana kuti vanosangana nazvo, kunyange kana matanho okupora nokukurumidza akatorwa.kutorwa
(2) Mushure mekufunga nezve dhizaini yepombi, ruzivo, mamiriro ekushanda, uye nzvimbo, muridzi anoona kuti zvinodiwa zvekushandisa zvakajairika zvemvura hazvina kukwana kupa kusimba kunodiwa kuchengetedza vashandi kubva pakufumurwa.”
Mutsanangudzo iri pamusoro yeM, gasi rehydrogen harizadzise maitiro endima (1) nekuti harionekwe semvura ine muchetura.Zvakadaro, nekushandisa chikamu chidiki (2), iyo Kodhi inobvumidza kurongwa kwema hydraulic masisitimu mukirasi M mushure mekutarisisa kwakakodzera kwe "... pombi dhizaini, ruzivo, mamiriro ekushanda uye nzvimbo..." Muridzi anobvumira kutsunga kwezvakajairwa kushandiswa kwemvura.Zvinodiwa hazvina kukwana kuzadzisa kudiwa kwechiyero chepamusoro chekuvimbika mukugadzira, kuvaka, kuongorora, kuongorora uye kuyedzwa kwehydrogen gasi pombi masisitimu.
Ndokumbira utarise kuTable 1 usati wakurukura High Temperature Hydrogen Corrosion (HTHA).Makodhi, zviyero, uye mirau zvakanyorwa mutafura ino, iyo inosanganisira magwaro matanhatu pamusoro peiyo hydrogen embrittlement (HE), yakajairika corrosion anomaly inosanganisira HTHA.OH inogona kuitika kune yakaderera uye yakakwirira tembiricha.Inofungidzirwa semhando yekuora, inogona kutangwa munzira dzinoverengeka uye zvakare inokanganisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu.
HE ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana, anogona kukamurwa kuva hydrogen kutsemuka (HAC), hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen corrosion cracking (HACC), hydrogen bubbling (HB), hydrogen cracking (HIC).)), stress oriented hydrogen cracking (SOHIC), progressive cracking (SWC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), soft zone cracking (SZC), uye high temperature ye hydrogen corrosion (HTHA).
Muchimiro chayo chakareruka, hydrogen embrittlement inzira yekuparadza miganhu yezviyo zvesimbi, zvichikonzera kuderedzwa ductility nekuda kwekupinda kweatomu yehydrogen.Nzira dzinoitika nadzo idzi dzakasiyana uye dzine chikamu chinotsanangurwa nemazita adzo, akadai seHTHA, apo panguva imwe chete tembiricha yakakwira uye yakanyanya kudzvanywa haidrojeni inodiwa pakuputira, uye SSC, apo atomic hydrogen inogadzirwa seyakavharwa-gasi uye hydrogen.nekuda kwekuora kweasidhi, vanopinda mumakesi esimbi, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune brittleness.Asi mugumisiro wose wakafanana nezviitiko zvose zvehydrogen embrittlement zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, apo kusimba kwesimbi kunoderedzwa nekuputira pasi pesimba rayo rinobvumirwa, izvo zvinogadzirisa danho rechiitiko chinogona kukuvadza chinopiwa kushanduka kwemvura.
Mukuwedzera kune kukora kwemadziro uye mechanical joint performance, pane zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvekufunga nezvazvo pakusarudza zvinhu zveH2 gasi sevhisi: 1. Kuratidzwa kune yakakwirira tembiricha hydrogen (HTHA) uye 2. Kunetseka kwakanyanya pamusoro pekugona kubuda.Misoro miviri iri kukurukurwa iye zvino.
Kusiyana nemolecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen inogona kuwedzera, ichifumura iyo hydrogen kune yakanyanya tembiricha uye kumanikidza, ichigadzira hwaro hwekugona HTHA.Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, atomic hydrogen inokwanisa kupararira kuita kabhoni simbi pombi zvinhu kana midziyo, uko inopindirana nekabhoni mune simbi mhinduro kuumba methane gasi pamiganhu yezviyo.Kusakwanisa kupukunyuka, gasi rinowedzera, richigadzira kuputika uye kuputika mumadziro epombi kana midziyo - iyi ndiyo HTGA.Iwe unogona kuona zvakajeka iyo HTHA mhedzisiro muFigure 2 apo makatsemuka uye makatsemuka zvinoonekwa mu8 ″ madziro.Chikamu chezita rezita (NPS) pombi inokundikana pasi pemamiriro aya.
Simbi yekabhoni inogona kushandiswa sevhisi yehydrogen kana tembiricha yekushanda yakachengetwa iri pasi pe500°F.Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, HTHA inoitika kana gasi rehydrogen richibatwa pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha yakakwira.Carbon simbi haikurudzirwe kana hydrogen partial pressure inotarisirwa kunge iri 3000 psi uye tembiricha iri pamusoro pe450°F (inova ndiyo tsaona paMufananidzo 2).
Sezvinoonekwa kubva pane yakagadziridzwa Nelson chirongwa muMufananidzo 3, chikamu chakatorwa kubva kuAPI 941, tembiricha yepamusoro ine mhedzisiro yakakura pakumanikidza haidrojeni.Hydrogen gasi partial pressure inogona kudarika 1000 psi kana ikashandiswa necarbon steels inoshanda patembiricha inosvika 500°F.
Mufananidzo 3. Iyi yakagadziridzwa Nelson chati (yakatorwa kubva ku API 941) inogona kushandiswa kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zve hydrogen sevhisi pane tembiricha dzakasiyana.
Pamusoro pemuonde.3 inoratidza kusarudzwa kwesimbi dzakavimbiswa kudzivirira hydrogen kurwiswa, zvichienderana nekushisa kwekushanda uye chikamu chekumanikidzwa kwehydrogen.Austenitic Stainless simbi hadzina hanya neHTHA uye zvinhu zvinogutsa patembiricha uye kumanikidza.
Austenitic 316/316L simbi isina tsvina ndiyo inonyanya kushanda yehydrogen application uye ine rekodhi rekodhi.Nepo post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) inokurudzirwa kuti carbon steels calcinate residual hydrogen panguva yewelding uye kuderedza kupisa kunokanganisa nzvimbo (HAZ) kuoma mushure mewelding, hazvidiwi kune austenitic stainless steels.
Thermothermal mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nekupisa kurapwa uye welding haina mhedzisiro pamichina yeaustenitic simbi isina tsvina.Nekudaro, kushanda kunotonhora kunogona kuvandudza michina yeaustenitic simbi isina tsvina, senge simba uye kuoma.Pakukotama uye kugadzira mapaipi kubva kune austenitic simbi isina tsvina, maitiro avo emagetsi anoshanduka, kusanganisira kuderera kwepurasitiki yezvinhu.
Kana austenitic Stainless simbi inoda kutonhora kuumbwa, mhinduro annealing (kupisa kusvika kunosvika 1045 ° C ichiteverwa nekudzima kana kutonhora nekukurumidza) inodzoreredza mashandiro emuchina wechinhu kutsika dzayo dzepakutanga.Iyo zvakare ichabvisa iyo alloy segregation, sensitization uye sigma chikamu chinowanikwa mushure mekutonhora kushanda.Paunenge uchiita kugadzirisa annealing, ziva kuti kutonhora nekukurumidza kunogona kudzosera kushushikana kwasara muchinhu kana kukasabatwa nemazvo.
Tarisa kune matafura GR-2.1.1-1 Piping uye Tubing Assembly Material Specification Index uye GR-2.1.1-2 Piping Material Specification Index muASME B31 kune zvinogamuchirwa zvinhu zvakasarudzwa zveH2 sevhisi.mapaipi inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga.
Iine huremu hweatomu hwe1.008 atomic mass units (amu), haidrojeni ndicho chinhu chakareruka uye chidiki patafura yeperiodic, uye nekudaro ine huremu hwepamusoro hwekudonha, nemhedzisiro inoparadza, ndinogona kuwedzera.Naizvozvo, iyo gasi pombi system inofanirwa kugadzirwa nenzira yekudzikamisa mechanical mhando yekubatanidza uye kugadzirisa izvo zvinongedzo zvinonyatsodiwa.
Kana uchidzikamisa mapoinzi anogona kuvuza, sisitimu yacho inofanirwa kunge yakasungwa zvizere, kunze kwekunge yakabatikana yekubatanidza pamidziyo, pombi zvinhu uye mafittings.Zvisungo zvakabatanidzwa zvinofanira kudziviswa sezvinobvira, kana zvisina kukwana.Kana tambo dzakabatanidzwa dzisingakwanise kudziviswa chero chikonzero, zvinokurudzirwa kuti uzvibatanidze zvizere pasina tambo sealant wobva wasimbisa weld.Paunenge uchishandisa kabhoni simbi pombi, majoini epombi anofanirwa kunge akasungwa neshure uye nekuisa weld heat kurapwa (PWHT).Mushure mekuputira, mapaipi ari munzvimbo yakakanganiswa nekupisa (HAZ) anooneswa kurwiswa kwehydrogen kunyangwe kune tembiricha.Nepo kurwisa kwehydrogen kunoitika zvakanyanya pakupisa kwakanyanya, iyo PWHT nhanho ichadzikisa zvachose, kana ikasabvisa, mukana uyu kunyangwe pasi pemamiriro ekunze.
Iyo isina simba point yeese-welded system ndeye flange yekubatanidza.Kuti ave nechokwadi chepamusoro-soro mukubatana kweflange, Kammprofile gaskets (fig. 4) kana imwe nzira yegaskets inofanira kushandiswa.Yakagadzirwa nenzira yakada kufanana nevagadziri vakati wandei, padhi iyi inoregerera zvikuru.Iyo ine mazino ese-esimbi mhete akaiswa pakati pezvakapfava, zvinoremara zvekuisa chisimbiso.Mazino anotarisa mutoro webhoti munzvimbo diki kuti ape kusimba kwakasimba nekunetseka kudiki.Yakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti inogona kutsiva nzvimbo dzisina kuenzana dzeflange pamwe nekuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekushanda.
Mufananidzo 4. Kammprofile gaskets ine simbi yesimbi yakasungirirwa kumativi ose neine soft filler.
Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukutendeseka kwegadziriro ndiyo valve.Kudonha kwakatenderedza chisimbiso che stem uye maflange emuviri idambudziko chairo.Kuti udzivise izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kusarudza valve ine bellows seal.
Shandisa 1 inch.Chikoro 80 kabhoni simbi pombi, mumuenzaniso wedu pazasi, yakapihwa kushivirira kwekugadzira, ngura uye kushivirira kwemagetsi zvinoenderana neASTM A106 Gr B, iyo yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kushanda kumanikidza (MAWP) inogona kuverengerwa mumatanho maviri pakupisa kusvika ku300 ° F (Cherechedza: Chikonzero che "… mwero kana tembiricha yadarika 300ºF.(S), saka Equation (1) inoda Chinja kumatembiricha ari pamusoro pe300ºF.)
Tichitaura nezve formula (1), danho rekutanga kuverenga pombi yetioretical burst pressure.
T = pombi madziro ukobvu minus mechanic, ngura uye kushivirira kwekugadzira, mumainji.
Chikamu chechipiri chemaitiro ndechekuverenga iyo yakanyanya kubvumirwa kushanda kumanikidza Pa yepombi nekushandisa iyo yekuchengetedza chinhu S f kune mhedzisiro P maererano equation (2):
Saka, kana uchishandisa 1 ″ chikoro 80 zvinhu, kuputika kudzvanywa kunoverengerwa sezvizvi:
Chengetedzo Sf ye4 inozoiswa zvinoenderana neASME Pressure Vessel Recommendations Chikamu VIII-1 2019, Ndima 8. UG-101 yakaverengerwa seizvi:
Iyo inokonzeresa MAWP kukosha ndeye 810 psi.inch inoreva pombi chete.Iyo flange yekubatanidza kana chikamu chine yakaderera rating muhurongwa ichava iyo inotaridza chinhu pakuona inotenderwa kudzvanywa muhurongwa.
Per ASME B16.5, iyo yakanyanya kubvumirwa kushanda kumanikidza kwe150 kabhoni simbi flange fittings ndeye 285 psi.inch pa -20°F kusvika 100°F.Kirasi 300 ine yakanyanya kubvumirwa kushanda kumanikidza kwe740 psi.Iyi ichave iyo yekumanikidza muganho chinhu cheiyo sisitimu zvinoenderana neyakaomeswa zvinhu muenzaniso pazasi.Zvakare, chete mune hydrostatic bvunzo, izvi zvakakosha zvinogona kudarika 1.5 nguva.
Semuenzaniso weiyo basic carbon steel material specification, iyo H2 gasi sevhisi mutsara mutsara unoshanda pane ambient tembiricha pazasi pedhizaini yedhizaini ye740 psi.inch, inogona kunge iine zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvinoratidzwa muTebhurari 2. Aya anotevera ndiwo marudzi angada kutariswa kuti abatanidzwe mune zvakatemwa:
Kunze kwepombi pachayo, kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoumba pombi system yakadai sefittings, valves, line equipment, etc. Kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvichaiswa pamwe chete mupombi kuti zvikurukure zvakadzama, izvi zvinoda mapeji akawanda kupfuura anogona kugadziriswa.Ichi chinyorwa.