Kei roto i tēnei tirohanga whānui ngā taunakitanga mō te hoahoa haumaru o ngā pūnaha paipa mō te tohatoha hauwai.
He wai tino pūngāwerewere te hauwai, he nui te tūponotanga ki te turuturu. He huinga tino morearea, he whakamate hoki o ngā tūponotanga, he wai pūngāwerewere e uaua ana ki te whakahaere. Koinei ngā au hei whakaaroaro māu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi, i ngā gasket me ngā hiri, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga hoahoa o aua pūnaha. Ko ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te tohatoha o te H2 hau te kaupapa matua o tēnei kōrero, ehara i te whakaputanga o te H2, te H2 wai, te H2 wai rānei (tirohia te paetaha matau).
Anei ētahi kōrero matua hei āwhina i a koe ki te mārama ki te ranunga o te hauwai me te hau-H2. E rua ngā huarahi e tahuna ai te hauwai: te whakangawari me te pahūtanga.
te whakakā. Ko te whakakā he momo tahunga noa e rere ai ngā mura i roto i te ranunga i ngā tere subsonic. Hei tauira, ka puta tēnei ina tahuna he kapua kore utu o te ranunga hauwai-hau e tētahi pūtake mura iti. I tēnei wā, ka neke te mura i te tere tekau ki te rau putu ia hekona. Ko te horapa tere o te hau wera ka hanga i ngā ngaru pēhanga he rite te kaha ki te rahi o te kapua. I ētahi wā, ka nui te kaha o te ngaru ru ki te kino i ngā hanganga whare me ētahi atu mea i tōna ara, ā, ka whara.
pahū. I te wā i pahū ai, ka tere te rere o ngā mura me ngā ngaru ru i roto i te ranunga i ngā tere tere. He nui ake te ōwehenga pēhanga i roto i te ngaru pahū i te pahū. Nā te kaha kua piki ake, he morearea ake te pahūtanga mō te tangata, ngā whare me ngā taonga tata. Ka puta he pahūtanga i te wā e tahuna ana i roto i te wāhi kuiti mā te deflagration noa. I roto i tētahi wāhi whaiti pēnei, ka taea te mura mā te iti rawa o te pūngao. Engari mō te pahūtanga o te ranunga hauwai-hau i roto i te wāhi mutunga kore, me hiahiatia he pūtake mura kaha ake.
Ko te ōwehenga pēhanga puta noa i te ngaru pahūtanga i roto i te ranunga hauwai-hau e tata ana ki te 20. I te pēhanga hauātea, ko te ōwehenga o te 20 he 300 psi. Ina tukinga tēnei ngaru pēhanga ki tētahi mea tūmau, ka piki te ōwehenga pēhanga ki te 40-60. Nā te whakaata o tētahi ngaru pēhanga mai i tētahi arai tūmau tēnei.
Te turuturu. Nā te iti o te matotoru me te iti o te taumaha ngota, he nui te turuturu o te hau H2, tae noa ki te uru ki roto i ngā rauemi maha.
E waru ngā wā e māmā ake ai te hauwai i te hau māori, tekau mā whā ngā wā e māmā ake ai i te hau, e rua tekau mā rua ngā wā e māmā ake ai i te propane, ā, e rima tekau mā whitu ngā wā e māmā ake ai i te kohu penehīni. Ko te tikanga tēnei, ina tāutahia ki waho, ka tere te piki me te memeha o te hau H2, ka whakaiti i ngā tohu o ngā turuturu. Engari he hoari mata rua pea. Tērā pea ka puta he pahūtanga mēnā ka mahia he whakarewa i runga i tētahi tāutanga o waho i runga ake, i raro rānei i te hau o te turuturu H2, me te kore he rangahau kimi turuturu i mua i te whakarewa. I roto i tētahi wāhi kua kati, ka taea e te hau H2 te piki me te kohikohi mai i te tuanui ki raro, he āhuatanga e āhei ai te hanga ki ngā rahinga nui i mua i te tūponotanga ka pā atu ki ngā pūtake mura e tata ana ki te whenua.
Ahi tūpono. Ko te mura-ā-koe he āhuatanga e mura noa ai te ranunga o ngā hau, o ngā kohu rānei, me te kore he pūtake mura o waho. E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te "mura-ā-koe" te "mura-ā-koe" rānei. Ko te mura-ā-koe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana, ehara i te pēhanga.
Ko te pāmahana mura-ā-roto ko te pāmahana iti rawa e mura ai te wahie i mua i te mura i te korenga o tētahi pūtake mura o waho ina pā ki te hau, ki tētahi matū whakahāora rānei. Ko te pāmahana mura-ā-roto o tētahi paura kotahi ko te pāmahana e mura ai i te korenga o tētahi matū whakahāora. Ko te pāmahana mura-ā-roto o te hau H2 i te hau he 585°C.
Ko te pūngao mura ko te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei tīmata i te horapa o te mura i roto i te ranunga mura. Ko te pūngao mura iti rawa ko te pūngao iti rawa e hiahiatia ana hei mura i tētahi ranunga mura motuhake i tētahi pāmahana me te pēhanga motuhake. Ko te pūngao mura iti rawa mō te hau H2 i roto i te 1 atm o te hau = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Ko ngā rohe pahūtanga ko ngā kukū mōrahi me te iti rawa o ngā kohu, ngā kohu, ngā puehu rānei i roto i te hau, i te hāora rānei e puta ai te pahūtanga. Ko te rahi me te āhua o te taiao, tae atu ki te kukū o te wahie, hei whakahaere i ngā rohe. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia te "rohe pahūtanga" hei kupu taurite mō te "rohe pahūtanga".
Ko ngā rohe pahūtanga mō ngā ranunga H2 i te hau ko 18.3 vol.% (rohenga raro) me te 59 vol.% (rohenga runga).
I te wā e hoahoa ana i ngā pūnaha paipa (Pikitia 1), ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakatau i ngā rauemi hanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia momo wai. Ā, ka whakarōpūtia ia wai kia rite ki te pararāfu ASME B31.3. E kī ana te 300(b)(1), "Ko te rangatira anō hoki te kawenga mō te whakatau i ngā paipa akomanga D, M, pēhanga teitei, me te parakore teitei, me te whakatau mēnā me whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha kounga motuhake."
Mā te whakarōpūtanga wai e tautuhi te taumata o te whakamātautau me te momo whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana, me ētahi atu whakaritenga maha atu anō hoki i runga i te kāwai wai. Ko te kawenga a te rangatira mō tēnei mea ka taka ki te tari hangarau o te rangatira, ki tētahi miihini rānei i tukuna ki waho.
Ahakoa kāore te Ture Paipa Tukanga B31.3 e kī ana ki te rangatira ko tēhea rauemi hei whakamahi mō tētahi wai, e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu mō te kaha, te matotoru, me ngā whakaritenga hononga rauemi. E rua anō ngā kōrero i roto i te kupu whakataki o te ture e kī mārama ana:
Ā, whakawhānui ake i te paraka tuatahi i runga ake nei, ko te paraka B31.3. E kī ana hoki te 300(b)(1): "Ko te rangatira o tētahi whakaurunga paipa anake te kawenga mō te whakatutuki i tēnei Ture me te whakatū i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, hanganga, tirotiro, tirotiro, me te whakamātautau e whakahaere ana i ngā whakahaerenga wai katoa, i ngā tukanga rānei e whai wāhi ana te paipa. Te Tāutanga." Nō reira, i muri i te whakatakoto i ētahi ture whenua mō te kawenga me ngā whakaritenga mō te tautuhi i ngā kāwai ratonga wai, me titiro tātou ki te wāhi e uru ai te hau hauwai.
Nā te mea he wai pūngāwerewere te hau hauwai, ā, he turuturu te mahi a te hau hauwai, ka taea te kī he wai noa, he wai Akomanga M rānei i raro i te kāwai B31.3 mō te ratonga wai. E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te whakarōpūtanga o te whakahaere wai he whakaritenga a te rangatira, mena ka tutuki i ngā aratohu mō ngā kāwai kua tohua kua whakaahuatia i roto i te B31.3, pararāfu 3. 300.2 Ngā whakamāramatanga i te wāhanga "Ngā ratonga waipēhi". Ko ngā whakamāramatanga e whai ake nei mō te ratonga wai noa me te ratonga wai Akomanga M:
"Ratonga Wai Noa: Ko te ratonga wai e pā ana ki te nuinga o ngā paipa e pā ana ki tēnei waehere, arā, kāore e pā ana ki ngā ture mō ngā akomanga D, M, pāmahana teitei, pēhanga teitei, te ma o te wai teitei rānei."
(1) He nui rawa te paitini o te wai, ā, mā te pānga kotahi ki tētahi iti noa o te wai i puta mai i te turuturu ka pā he whara kino tuturu ki te hunga e manawa ana, e pā atu rānei ki taua wai, ahakoa kua tangohia ngā mahi whakaora tere tonu.
(2) Whai muri i te whakaaro ki te hoahoa o ngā paipa, te wheako, ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, me te wāhi, ka whakatau te rangatira kāore e ranea ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga noa o te wai hei whakarato i te pūmau e tika ana hei tiaki i ngā kaimahi mai i te pānga.
I roto i te whakamāramatanga o M i runga ake nei, kāore te hau hauwai e tutuki i ngā paearu o te pararāfu (1) nā te mea kāore i te kiia he wai paitini. Heoi, mā te whakamahi i te wāhanga iti (2), ka whakaaetia e te Ture te whakarōpūtanga o ngā pūnaha waipēhi ki te akomanga M i muri i te whakaaroaro ki "...te hoahoa paipa, te wheako, ngā āhuatanga whakahaere me te tauwāhi..." Ka whakaaetia e te rangatira te whakatau i te whakahaere wai noa. Kāore i te rawaka ngā whakaritenga hei whakatutuki i te hiahia mō te taumata teitei ake o te pono i roto i te hoahoa, te hanga, te tirotiro, te tirotiro me te whakamātautau i ngā pūnaha paipa hau hauwai.
Tirohia te Ripanga 1 i mua i te kōrero mō te Waikura Hauwai Pāmahana Teitei (HTHA). Kua whakarārangihia ngā waehere, ngā paerewa, me ngā ture i roto i tēnei ripanga, kei roto ko ngā tuhinga e ono mō te kaupapa o te pakarukaru hauwai (HE), he āhuatanga waikura noa e uru ana ki te HTHA. Ka puta te OH i ngā pāmahana iti me te pāmahana teitei. E kiia ana he momo waikura, ka taea te tīmata i roto i ngā huarahi maha, ā, ka pā hoki ki te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi.
He maha ngā āhua o te HE, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei ki te pakaru hauwai (HAC), te pakaru ahotea hauwai (HSC), te pakaru waikura ahotea (SCC), te pakaru waikura hauwai (HACC), te pupuhi hauwai (HB), te pakaru hauwai (HIC). )), te pakaru hauwai aro-ahotea (SOHIC), te pakaru haere whakamua (SWC), te pakaru ahotea whanariki (SSC), te pakaru rohe ngohengohe (SZC), me te waikura hauwai pāmahana teitei (HTHA).
I tōna āhua māmā noa iho, ko te pakarukaru hauwai he tikanga mō te whakangaro i ngā rohe o te konganuku whakarewa, ka hua ake te ngoikore o te ngohe nā te urunga o te hauwai ngota. He rerekē ngā huarahi e puta ai tēnei, ā, kua tautuhia ētahi wāhanga e ō rātou ingoa, pērā i te HTHA, e hiahiatia ana te hauwai pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei i te wā kotahi mō te pakarukaru, me te SSC, e puta ai te hauwai ngota hei hau kati me te hauwai. Nā te waikura waikawa, ka mimiti ki roto i ngā kēhi whakarewa, ka arahi pea ki te pakarukaru. Engari ko te hua whānui he rite tonu ki ngā take katoa o te pakarukaru hauwai kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei, e whakaitihia ana te kaha o te whakarewa e te pakarukaru i raro i tōna awhe ahotea e whakaaetia ana, e whakatakoto ana i te atamira mō tētahi huihuinga kino pea i runga i te pōturi o te wai.
Haunga te matotoru o te pakitara me te mahi a te hononga miihini, e rua ngā mea matua hei whakaaroaro māu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi mō te ratonga hau H2: 1. Te pānga ki te hauwai pāmahana teitei (HTHA) me te 2. Ngā āwangawanga nui mō te turuturu pea. Kei te kōrerohia ngā kaupapa e rua i tēnei wā.
Kāore i rite ki te hauwai ngota, ka taea e te hauwai ngota te whakawhanui, ka whakaatuhia te hauwai ki ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei, ka hangaia te pūtake mō te HTHA pea. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e te hauwai ngota te horapa ki roto i ngā rauemi paipa maitai waro, ki ngā taputapu rānei, ka tauhohe ki te waro i roto i te otinga whakarewa hei hanga hau methane i ngā rohe kōhatu. Nā te kore e taea te puta, ka whakawhanui te hau, ka hanga he kapiti me ngā āputa i roto i ngā pakitara o ngā paipa, o ngā oko rānei – koinei te HTGA. Ka kitea mārama ngā hua HTHA i te Pikitia 2 kei reira ngā kapiti me ngā pakaru e kitea ana i roto i te pakitara 8 inihi. Ko te wāhanga o te paipa rahi ingoa (NPS) e pakaru ana i raro i ēnei āhuatanga.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te maitai waro mō te mahi hauwai ina mau tonu te pāmahana whakahaere i raro i te 500°F. E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ka puta te HTHA ina puritia te hau hauwai i te pēhanga ā-wāhanga teitei me te pāmahana teitei. Kāore i te tūtohutia te maitai waro ina e whakaarohia ana ko te pēhanga ā-wāhanga hauwai kei te 3000 psi, ā, kei runga ake te pāmahana i te 450°F (koinei te āhua o te aituā i te Pikitia 2).
E kitea ana i te kauwhata Nelson kua whakarerekētia i te Pikitia 3, i tangohia mai i te API 941, ko te pāmahana teitei te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te kaha o te hauwai. Ka taea e te pēhanga wāhanga o te hau hauwai te neke ake i te 1000 psi ina whakamahia me ngā maitai waro e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 500°F.
Pikitia 3. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tūtohi Nelson kua whakarerekētia (i ahu mai i te API 941) hei whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi e tika ana mō te mahi hauwai i ngā pāmahana rerekē.
Kei te pikitia 3 te kōwhiringa o ngā maitai e kī taurangi ana ka kore e pāngia e te hauwai, i runga i te pāmahana whakahaere me te pēhanga wāhanga o te hauwai. Kāore ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic e pāngia e te HTHA, ā, he rauemi pai i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga katoa.
Ko te maitai kore waikura Austenitic 316/316L te rauemi tino whai hua mō ngā tono hauwai, ā, kua whakamātauhia hoki tōna hītori mahi. Ahakoa e taunakihia ana te maimoatanga wera i muri i te whakarewanga (PWHT) mō ngā maitai waro hei whakapūkara i te hauwai toenga i te wā whakarewa me te whakaiti i te pakeketanga o te rohe kua pāngia e te wera (HAZ) i muri i te whakarewanga, kāore e hiahiatia mō ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic.
He iti noa te pānga o ngā pānga werawera i puta mai i te maimoatanga wera me te whakarewa ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic. Heoi, ka taea e te mahi matao te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic, pērā i te kaha me te pakeke. I te piko me te hanga paipa mai i te maitai kore waikura austenitic, ka rerekē ō rātou āhuatanga ā-pūkaha, tae atu ki te hekenga o te kirihou o te rauemi.
Mena me hanga matao te maitai kore waikura austenitic, mā te whakamahana i te wairewa (te whakamahana ki te 1045°C pea, ā, muri iho ka tinei, ka whakamatao tere rānei) ka whakahokia ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te rauemi ki ō rātou uara taketake. Ka whakakorea hoki te wehenga koranu, te whakaōrite me te wāhanga sigma i tutuki i muri i te mahi matao. I te wā e mahi ana i te whakamahana i te wairewa, kia mōhio koe ka taea e te whakamatao tere te whakahoki i te ahotea toenga ki roto i te rauemi mena kāore e tika te whakahaere.
Tirohia ngā ripanga GR-2.1.1-1 Piping and Tubing Assembly Material Specification Index me te GR-2.1.1-2 Piping Material Specification Index i roto i te ASME B31 mō ngā kōwhiringa rauemi e whakaaetia ana mō te ratonga H2. He wāhi pai ngā paipa hei tīmatanga.
Me te taumaha ngota paerewa o te 1.008 ngā waeine papatipu ngota (amu), ko te hauwai te huānga māmā rawa atu, iti rawa hoki i runga i te ripanga ā-pūmotu, nō reira he nui te tūponotanga ki te turuturu, me ngā hua kino pea, e ai ki taku whakaaro. Nō reira, me hoahoa te pūnaha paipa hau i roto i tētahi huarahi hei whakawhāiti i ngā hononga momo miihini, hei whakapai ake hoki i ngā hononga e tino hiahiatia ana.
I te wā e whakawhāitihia ana ngā wāhi turuturu pea, me whakapiri katoa te pūnaha, engari ko ngā hononga flanged o ngā taputapu, ngā wāhanga paipa me ngā hononga. Me karohia ngā hononga miro i te mea ka taea, ki te kore e tino pai. Mena kāore e taea te karo i ngā hononga miro mō tētahi take, me hono katoa ki a rātou me te kore he hiri miro, kātahi ka hiritia te whakapiri. I te wā e whakamahi ana i te paipa maitai waro, me whakapiri ngā hononga paipa ki te pūtake me te whakamahana i muri i te whakapiri (PWHT). I muri i te whakapiri, ka pāngia ngā paipa i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera (HAZ) e te whakaekenga hauwai ahakoa i te pāmahana taiao. Ahakoa ka puta te whakaekenga hauwai i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka whakaitihia katoatia e te wāhanga PWHT, ki te kore e whakakorea, tēnei tūponotanga ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao.
Ko te ngoikore o te pūnaha whakarewa katoa ko te hononga flange. Hei whakarite i te kaha o ngā hononga flange, me whakamahi ngā gasket Kammprofile (pikitia 4) me ētahi atu momo gasket rānei. He rite tonu te hanga o tēnei papa ki te āhua o ētahi kaihanga, ā, he tino ngāwari. He mowhiti whakarewa katoa he niho kei roto, he mea whakanoho ki waenganui i ngā rauemi hiri ngohengohe, ka taea te whakarerekē. Ka whakawhāitihia e ngā niho te kawenga o te pūtu ki tētahi wāhi iti ake hei whakarato i te urunga piri me te iti o te ahotea. Kua hangaia kia taea ai te whakakapi i ngā mata flange kāore i te ōrite me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere e rerekē ana.
Pikitia 4. He matua whakarewa kei ngā gaskets Kammprofile e herea ana ki tētahi whakakī ngohengohe i ngā taha e rua.
Ko tētahi atu mea nui mō te pai o te pūnaha ko te takirere. He tino raruraru ngā turuturu huri noa i te hiri o te kakau me ngā parirau o te tinana. Hei ārai i tēnei, he mea pai kia whiriwhiria he takirere he hiri pupuhi.
Whakamahia te paipa maitai waro 1 inihi. Kura 80, i roto i tā mātou tauira i raro nei, i runga i ngā ātete hanga, te waikura me ngā ātete miihini e ai ki te ASTM A106 Gr B, ka taea te tatau i te pēhanga mahi mōrahi e whakaaetia ana (MAWP) i roto i ngā taahiraa e rua i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 300°F (Tuhipoka: Ko te take mō te "...mō ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 300ºF..." nā te mea ka tīmata te heke o te ahotea e whakaaetia ana (S) o te rauemi ASTM A106 Gr B ina neke atu te pāmahana i te 300ºF.(S), nō reira me Whakatikatika te Whārite (1) ki ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te 300ºF.)
E pā ana ki te tauira (1), ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tatau i te pēhanga pakaru ariā o te paipa.
T = te matotoru o te pakitara paipa me te tango i ngā ātete ā-mīhini, te waikura me te hanganga, i roto i ngā inihi.
Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te tukanga ko te tatau i te pēhanga mahi mōrahi e whakaaetia ana Pa o te paipa mā te whakamahi i te tauwehenga haumaru S f ki te hua P e ai ki te whārite (2):
Nō reira, ina whakamahia ana te rauemi kura 80 1 inihi, ka tatauhia te pēhanga pahū penei:
Kātahi ka whakamahia he Sf haumaru o te 4 i runga anō i te Wāhanga VIII-1 2019, Paraka 8 o ngā Taunakitanga Ipu Pēhanga ASME. Ko te UG-101 i tatauhia penei:
Ko te uara MAWP ka puta ko te 810 psi. Ko te inihi e pā ana ki te paipa anake. Ko te hononga flange, te wāhanga rānei me te whakatauranga iti rawa i roto i te pūnaha te mea whakatau i te pēhanga whakaaetia i roto i te pūnaha.
E ai ki te ASME B16.5, ko te pēhanga mahi mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō ngā hononga maitai waro 150 he 285 psi. inihi i te -20°F ki te 100°F. Ko te pēhanga mahi mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō te Akomanga 300 he 740 psi. Koinei te tauwehenga pehanga o te pūnaha e ai ki te tauira whakatakotoranga rauemi i raro nei. Waihoki, i roto i ngā whakamātautau wai-pūmau anake, ka taea e ēnei uara te neke ake i te 1.5 ngā wā.
Hei tauira mō te whakatakotoranga rauemi maitai waro taketake, ko te whakatakotoranga raina ratonga hau H2 e mahi ana i te pāmahana taiao i raro iho i te pēhanga hoahoa o te 740 psi. inihi, kei roto pea ngā whakaritenga rauemi e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 2. Ko ngā momo e whai ake nei me aro atu pea ki roto i te whakatakotoranga:
Haunga ngā paipa tonu, he maha ngā wāhanga e hanga ana i te pūnaha paipa pērā i ngā hononga, ngā takirere, ngā taputapu raina, me ētahi atu. Ahakoa he maha o ēnei wāhanga ka huihuia ki roto i tētahi paipa hei matapaki taipitopito i ēnei, ka nui ake ngā whārangi e hiahiatia ana e kore e taea te whakauru. Tēnei tuhinga.