Wannan bayyani yana ba da shawarwari don amintaccen ƙirar tsarin bututu don rarraba hydrogen.
Hydrogen ruwa ne mai saurin canzawa tare da babban hali na zubewa.Haɗari ne mai hatsarin gaske kuma mai saurin kisa na dabi'u, ruwa mai canzawa wanda ke da wahalar sarrafawa.Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su lokacin zabar kayan, gaskets da hatimi, da kuma halayen ƙirar irin waɗannan tsarin.Waɗannan batutuwa game da rarraba H2 gaseous su ne abin da wannan tattaunawa ta mayar da hankali, ba samar da H2, ruwa H2, ko ruwa H2 (duba gefen dama).
Anan akwai wasu mahimman mahimman bayanai don taimaka muku fahimtar cakuda hydrogen da H2-iska.Hydrogen yana ƙone ta hanyoyi biyu: lalata da fashewa.
deflagration.Deflagration wani yanayi ne na konewa na gama gari wanda harshen wuta ke tafiya ta cikin cakuduwar cikin saurin subsonic.Wannan yana faruwa, alal misali, lokacin da gajimare kyauta na cakuda hydrogen-iska ya kunna ta hanyar ƙaramin maɓuɓɓugar wuta.A wannan yanayin, harshen wuta zai motsa a cikin gudun ƙafa goma zuwa ɗari da yawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda.Saurin faɗaɗa iskar gas mai zafi yana haifar da matsa lamba wanda ƙarfinsa yayi daidai da girman girgijen.A wasu lokuta, ƙarfin girgizar girgiza zai iya isa ya lalata gine-ginen gine-gine da sauran abubuwa a cikin hanyarsa kuma ya haifar da rauni.
fasheLokacin da ya fashe, wuta da igiyoyin girgiza sun bi ta cikin cakuduwar cikin sauri.Matsakaicin matsi a cikin igiyar fashewa ya fi girma fiye da na fashewa.Sakamakon karuwar karfi, fashewar ta fi hatsari ga mutane, gine-gine da abubuwan da ke kusa.Lalacewar al'ada yana haifar da fashewa lokacin da aka kunna shi a cikin keɓaɓɓen wuri.A cikin irin wannan kunkuntar yanki, ana iya haifar da ƙonewa ta hanyar ƙaramin adadin kuzari.Amma don fashewar cakudawar iskar hydrogen a cikin sarari mara iyaka, ana buƙatar tushen ƙonewa mafi ƙarfi.
Matsakaicin matsa lamba a fadin raƙuman fashewa a cikin cakuda hydrogen-iska shine kusan 20. A matsa lamba na yanayi, rabo na 20 shine 300 psi.Lokacin da wannan matsa lamba ya yi karo da wani abu a tsaye, adadin matsa lamba yana ƙaruwa zuwa 40-60.Wannan ya faru ne saboda nuna matsi na matsa lamba daga wani cikas.
Halin zubewa.Saboda ƙananan danko da ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta, H2 gas yana da babban hali don yayyafawa har ma da ratsawa ko shiga abubuwa daban-daban.
Hydrogen ya fi iskar gas sau 8 haske, sau 14 ya fi iska, sau 22 ya fi propane haske da kuma sau 57 fiye da tururin mai.Wannan yana nufin cewa idan an shigar da shi a waje, iskar H2 zai tashi da sauri kuma ya bace, yana rage duk wani alamun ko da leaks.Amma yana iya zama takobi mai kaifi biyu.Fashewa na iya faruwa idan za a yi walda a kan shigarwa na waje a sama ko ƙasa na ɗigon H2 ba tare da binciken gano ɗigo ba kafin walda.A cikin wani wuri da aka rufe, H2 gas na iya tashi da tarawa daga rufin ƙasa, yanayin da ke ba shi damar yin girma har zuwa manyan kundin kafin ya kasance mai yiwuwa ya haɗu da hanyoyin wuta kusa da ƙasa.
Wutar hadari.Kona kai al'amari ne wanda cakudewar iskar gas ko tururi ke kunna wuta kai tsaye ba tare da wata hanyar wuta ta waje ba.Ana kuma san shi da "ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba" ko "ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba".Kunna kai ya dogara da zafin jiki, ba matsa lamba ba.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki na atomatik shine mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki wanda mai zai kunna kai tsaye kafin kunnawa in babu tushen wuta na waje akan hulɗa da iska ko wakili mai iskar oxygen.Yanayin zafin jiki na autoignition na foda ɗaya shine zafin jiki wanda yake kunnawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba idan babu wani wakili na oxidizing.Matsakaicin zafin kai na gaseous H2 a cikin iska shine 585 ° C.
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine makamashin da ake buƙata don fara yaduwar harshen wuta ta hanyar cakuda mai konewa.Ƙarfin wuta mafi ƙanƙanta shine ƙaramin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don kunna wani cakuda mai konewa a wani yanayin zafi da matsa lamba.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mafi ƙarancin wuta don H2 gaseous a cikin 1 atm na iska = 1.9 × 10-8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Iyakoki masu fashewa su ne matsakaicin matsakaici da mafi ƙarancin adadin tururi, hazo ko ƙura a cikin iska ko iskar oxygen da fashewa ke faruwa.Girman da lissafi na yanayi, da kuma ƙaddamar da man fetur, yana sarrafa iyaka."Iyakar fashewa" wani lokaci ana amfani da ita azaman ma'ana ga "iyakan fashewa".
Iyakoki masu fashewa don gaurayawan H2 a cikin iska sune 18.3 vol.% (ƙananan iyaka) da 59 vol.% (mafi girman iyaka).
Lokacin zayyana tsarin bututu (Hoto na 1), mataki na farko shine ƙayyade kayan gini da ake buƙata don kowane nau'in ruwa.Kuma kowane ruwa za a rarraba daidai da sakin layi na ASME B31.3.300 (b) (1) ya ce, "Mai shi kuma yana da alhakin tantance aji D, M, babban matsin lamba, da bututu mai tsabta, da kuma tantance ko ya kamata a yi amfani da wani ingantaccen tsarin."
Rarraba ruwa yana bayyana ƙimar gwaji da nau'in gwajin da ake buƙata, da sauran buƙatu da yawa dangane da nau'in ruwa.Alhakin mai shi na wannan yawanci yana kan sashen injiniya na mai shi ko injiniyan da aka fitar.
Yayin da B31.3 Tsarin Bututun Tsarin Ba ya gaya wa mai shi kayan da zai yi amfani da shi don wani ruwa, yana ba da jagora akan ƙarfi, kauri, da buƙatun haɗin kayan.Hakanan akwai maganganu guda biyu a cikin gabatarwar lambar da ke bayyana a sarari:
Kuma faɗaɗa sakin layi na farko a sama, sakin layi na B31.3.300(b)(1) ya kuma ce: “Mai bututun mai shi ne ke da alhakin kiyaye wannan ka’ida da kuma kafa tsari, gini, dubawa, dubawa, da buƙatun gwaji waɗanda ke tafiyar da duk wani aikin sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin da bututun ya kasance ɓangarensa.Shigarwa."Don haka, bayan ƙaddamar da wasu ƙa'idodi na ƙasa don abin alhaki da buƙatun don ayyana nau'ikan sabis na ruwa, bari mu ga inda iskar hydrogen ta dace.
Saboda iskar hydrogen yana aiki azaman ruwa mai canzawa tare da leaks, ana iya ɗaukar iskar hydrogen a matsayin ruwa na al'ada ko ruwa na Class M ƙarƙashin nau'in B31.3 don sabis na ruwa.Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, rarrabuwa na sarrafa ruwa shine abin da ake buƙata na mai shi, idan har ya dace da ka'idodin zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan da aka bayyana a cikin B31.3, sakin layi na 3. 300.2 Ma'anar a cikin sashin "Ayyukan Hydraulic".Waɗannan ma'anoni ne na sabis na ruwa na yau da kullun da sabis na ruwa na Class M:
“Sabis na Ruwa na Al'ada: Sabis na ruwa wanda ya dace da yawancin bututun da ke cikin wannan lambar, watau ba a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi na azuzuwan D, M, babban zafin jiki, matsa lamba, ko tsaftar ruwa.
(1) Yawan gubar ruwan yana da yawa ta yadda idan mutum ya kai ga wani dan kadan daga cikin ruwan da ya zubo zai iya haifar da mummunan rauni na dindindin ga wadanda suka shaka ko kuma suka hadu da shi, ko da an dauki matakan dawo da su cikin gaggawa.dauka
(2) Bayan yin la'akari da ƙirar bututun, gogewa, yanayin aiki, da wurin aiki, mai shi ya ƙayyade cewa buƙatun don amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ba su isa ba don samar da ƙarancin da ake buƙata don kare ma'aikata daga fallasa.”
A cikin ma'anar M na sama, iskar hydrogen ba ta cika ka'idodin sakin layi na (1) ba saboda ba a la'akari da ruwa mai guba.Koyaya, ta amfani da ƙaramin sashe (2), Code ɗin yana ba da izinin rarraba tsarin injin ruwa a cikin aji M bayan la’akari da “… ƙirar bututu, gogewa, yanayin aiki da wurin aiki…” Mai shi yana ba da izinin ƙayyadaddun sarrafa ruwa na yau da kullun.Abubuwan da ake buƙata ba su isa ba don biyan buƙatun babban matsayi a cikin ƙira, gini, dubawa, dubawa da gwajin tsarin bututun iskar hydrogen.
Da fatan za a duba Tebu 1 kafin tattaunawa game da Lalacewar Hydrogen Masu Zazzabi (HTHA).An jera lambobi, ƙa'idodi, da ƙa'idodi a cikin wannan tebur, waɗanda suka haɗa da takardu guda shida kan batun haɓakar hydrogen (HE), ƙarancin lalata gama gari wanda ya haɗa da HTHA.OH na iya faruwa a ƙananan zafi da zafi.An yi la'akari da nau'i na lalata, ana iya farawa ta hanyoyi da yawa kuma yana shafar abubuwa masu yawa.
Yana da nau'i daban-daban, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa hydrogen cracking (HAC), hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen corrosion cracking (HACC), hydrogen bubbling (HB), hydrogen cracking (HIC).), Damuwa da ke damun ta hanyar fashewa (SOHIC), Crowing Craping (SSC), Yankin SPC), SSCC), da kuma rauni mai laushi (HTHA).
A cikin mafi sauƙi nau'i, hydrogen embrittlement wata hanya ce ta lalata iyakokin hatsi na karfe, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ductility saboda shigar da hydrogen atom.Hanyoyin da wannan ke faruwa sun bambanta kuma an bayyana su a wani bangare da sunayensu, irin su HTHA, inda ake buƙatar babban zafin jiki na lokaci guda da hawan hawan hydrogen don embrittlement, da SSC, inda ake samar da hydrogen atom a matsayin rufaffiyar gas da hydrogen.saboda lalacewar acid, suna shiga cikin karafa, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwa.Sai dai sakamakon gaba daya ya yi daidai da na dukkan abubuwan da suka faru na iskar hydrogen da aka bayyana a sama, inda karfin karfen ke raguwa ta hanyar rikidewa a kasa da karfinsa da aka yarda da shi, wanda hakan ke sanya matakin da zai iya haifar da bala'i idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ruwa ke dagulewa.
Bugu da ƙari ga kauri na bango da aikin haɗin gwiwar inji, akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu da za a yi la'akari da lokacin zabar kayan don sabis na iskar gas na H2: 1. Bayyanawa ga babban zafin jiki na hydrogen (HTHA) da 2. Damuwa mai tsanani game da yuwuwar yabo.A halin yanzu ana tattaunawa duka batutuwan biyu.
Ba kamar hydrogen na kwayoyin halitta ba, hydrogen atomic na iya fadadawa, yana fallasa hydrogen zuwa yanayin zafi da matsa lamba, yana haifar da tushen yiwuwar HTHA.A karkashin wadannan yanayi, atomic hydrogen zai iya yaduwa cikin kayan bututun carbon karfe ko kayan aiki, inda yake amsawa da carbon a cikin maganin karfe don samar da iskar methane a iyakokin hatsi.Ba za a iya tserewa ba, iskar gas ta faɗaɗa, haifar da tsagewa da raguwa a cikin ganuwar bututu ko tasoshin - wannan shine HTGA.Kuna iya ganin sakamakon HTHA a fili a cikin Hoto 2 inda tsaga da tsagewa ke bayyana a bangon 8 inch.Bangaren girman girman bututu (NPS) wanda ya gaza ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan.
Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe na carbon don sabis na hydrogen lokacin da ake kiyaye zafin aiki a ƙasa da 500F.Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, HTHA yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake riƙe da iskar hydrogen a babban matsa lamba da zafin jiki.Ba a ba da shawarar ƙarfe na carbon ba lokacin da ake sa ran matsa lamba na ɓangaren hydrogen zai kasance a kusa da 3000 psi kuma zafin jiki yana sama da kusan 450 ° F (wanda shine yanayin haɗari a cikin Hoto 2).
Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga gyare-gyaren shirin Nelson a cikin Hoto na 3, an ɗauko wani ɓangare daga API 941, babban zafin jiki yana da babban tasiri akan tursasawa hydrogen.Matsi na ɓangaren hydrogen na iya wuce psi 1000 lokacin amfani da karafan carbon da ke aiki a yanayin zafi har zuwa 500F.
Hoto 3. Ana iya amfani da wannan ginshiƙi na Nelson da aka gyara (wanda aka daidaita daga API 941) don zaɓar kayan da suka dace don sabis na hydrogen a yanayin zafi daban-daban.
A kan fig.3 yana nuna zaɓin ƙarfe waɗanda aka ba da tabbacin gujewa harin hydrogen, dangane da yanayin aiki da matsa lamba na hydrogen.Bakin ƙarfe na Austenitic ba su da hankali ga HTHA kuma kayan gamsarwa ne a duk yanayin zafi da matsi.
Austenitic 316/316L bakin karfe shine mafi kyawun abu don aikace-aikacen hydrogen kuma yana da ingantaccen rikodin waƙa.Yayin da ake ba da shawarar maganin zafi bayan walda (PWHT) don ƙarfe na carbon don ƙididdige ragowar hydrogen yayin waldawa da rage taurin yankin zafi (HAZ) bayan waldawa, ba a buƙatar austenitic bakin karfe.
Tasirin thermothermal da ke haifar da maganin zafi da walƙiya ba su da ɗan tasiri akan kaddarorin injina na bakin karfe austenitic.Duk da haka, aikin sanyi na iya inganta kayan aikin injiniya na austenitic bakin karfe, irin su ƙarfi da taurin.Lokacin lankwasawa da kafa bututu daga bakin karfe austenitic, kayan aikin injin su suna canzawa, gami da raguwar filastik na kayan.
Idan bakin karfe austenitic yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar sanyi, warware matsalar (dumi zuwa kusan 1045 ° C wanda ke biye da quenching ko saurin sanyaya) zai dawo da kaddarorin kayan aikin zuwa ƙimar su ta asali.Hakanan zai kawar da rarrabuwar alloy, azanci da lokacin sigma da aka samu bayan aikin sanyi.Lokacin aiwatar da warware matsalar, ku sani cewa saurin sanyaya na iya mayar da ragowar damuwa cikin kayan idan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba.
Koma zuwa tebur GR-2.1.1-1 Bututu da Tubing Majalisar Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadaddun Kayan aiki da GR-2.1.1-2 Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadaddun Kayan Bututu a cikin ASME B31 don zaɓin abu mai karɓa don sabis na H2.bututu wuri ne mai kyau don farawa.
Tare da daidaitaccen nauyin atomic na 1.008 atomic mass units (amu), hydrogen shine mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙanƙanta kashi akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci, sabili da haka yana da girman kai don zubarwa, tare da sakamako mai lalacewa, zan iya ƙarawa.Sabili da haka, dole ne a tsara tsarin bututun iskar gas ta hanyar da za a iya iyakance nau'in haɗin ginin injiniya da kuma inganta waɗannan haɗin da ake bukata.
Lokacin da aka iyakance yuwuwar ɗigogi, tsarin yakamata ya kasance cikin walƙiya gabaɗaya, ban da haɗaɗɗen haɗin kai akan kayan aiki, abubuwan bututu da kayan aiki.Ya kamata a nisantar haɗin zare gwargwadon iyawa, idan ba gaba ɗaya ba.Idan ba za a iya guje wa haɗin zaren ba saboda kowane dalili, ana ba da shawarar a cika su ba tare da hatimin zare ba sannan a rufe walda.Lokacin amfani da bututun ƙarfe na carbon, gidajen haɗin bututu dole ne su kasance masu walƙiya kuma a bi da su bayan walda (PWHT).Bayan waldawa, bututun da ke cikin yankin da zafi ya shafa (HAZ) suna fuskantar harin hydrogen ko da a yanayin zafi.Yayin da harin hydrogen ya faru da farko a yanayin zafi mai zafi, matakin PWHT zai rage gaba daya, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, wannan yiwuwar ko da a cikin yanayin yanayi.
Rarraunan tsarin duk-welded shine haɗin flange.Don tabbatar da wani babban mataki na tightness a flange sadarwa, Kammprofile gaskets (fig. 4) ko wani nau'i na gaskets ya kamata a yi amfani.Anyi kusan iri ɗaya ta masana'antun da yawa, wannan kushin yana gafartawa sosai.Ya ƙunshi zoben ƙarfe duka-duka masu haƙori wanda aka yi sandwid a tsakanin taushi, kayan rufewa na lalacewa.Hakora suna mayar da hankali kan nauyin ƙwanƙwasa a cikin ƙaramin yanki don samar da madaidaici tare da ƙarancin damuwa.An ƙera shi ta hanyar da zai iya ramawa ga filayen flange marasa daidaituwa da kuma canza yanayin aiki.
Hoto 4. Kammprofile gaskets suna da ginshiƙin ƙarfe da aka haɗa a bangarorin biyu tare da filler mai laushi.
Wani muhimmin mahimmanci a cikin amincin tsarin shine bawul.Leaks a kusa da hatimin tushe da flanges na jiki matsala ce ta gaske.Don hana wannan, ana bada shawara don zaɓar bawul tare da hatimin bellows.
Yi amfani da 1 inch.Makaranta 80 carbon karfe bututu, a cikin misalinmu da ke ƙasa, da aka ba masana'antu tolerances, lalata da inji tolerances daidai da ASTM A106 Gr B, matsakaicin izinin aiki matsa lamba (MAWP) za a iya lissafta a cikin matakai biyu a yanayin zafi har zuwa 300 ° F (Lura : Dalilin "… don yanayin zafi har zuwa 300ºF) don farawa da damuwa na GTM (S0) zafin jiki ya wuce 300ºF.(S), don haka Equation (1) yana buƙatar Daidaita zuwa yanayin zafi sama da 300ºF.)
Dangane da dabara (1), mataki na farko shine ƙididdige matsi na fashe bututun.
T = kaurin bangon bututu ya rage na inji, lalata da juriya na masana'anta, a cikin inci.
Sashi na biyu na tsari shine ƙididdige matsakaicin matsakaicin izinin aiki mai izini Pa na bututun ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin aminci S f zuwa sakamakon P bisa ga lissafin (2):
Don haka, lokacin amfani da kayan 1 ″ makaranta 80, ana ƙididdige matsa lamba kamar haka:
Sa'an nan kuma ana amfani da Sf na aminci na 4 daidai da Sashe na Shawarwari na Jirgin Ruwa na ASME VIII-1 2019, Sakin layi na 8. UG-101 kamar haka:
Sakamakon ƙimar MAWP shine 810 psi.inch yana nufin bututu kawai.Haɗin flange ko ɓangaren tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙima a cikin tsarin shine zai zama abin da ke ƙayyade matsi mai izini a cikin tsarin.
A kowane ASME B16.5, matsakaicin matsi na aiki da aka yarda don 150 carbon karfe flange kayan aiki shine 285 psi.inch zuwa -20 ° F zuwa 100 ° F.Class 300 yana da matsakaicin madaidaicin izinin aiki na 740 psi.Wannan zai zama ma'aunin ƙayyadaddun matsa lamba na tsarin bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin da ke ƙasa.Hakanan, kawai a cikin gwaje-gwaje na hydrostatic, waɗannan ƙimar na iya wuce sau 1.5.
A matsayin misali na ainihin ƙayyadaddun kayan ƙarfe na carbon, ƙayyadaddun layin sabis na iskar gas na H2 wanda ke aiki a yanayin yanayin zafi ƙasa da matsa lamba na ƙira na 740 psi.inch, na iya ƙunsar abubuwan buƙatun da aka nuna a cikin Tebura 2. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan na iya buƙatar kulawa don haɗawa cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai:
Baya ga bututun da kanta, akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke haɗa tsarin bututun kamar su kayan aiki, bawul, kayan aikin layi da sauransu. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan abubuwan za a haɗa su cikin bututun don tattauna su dalla-dalla, wannan yana buƙatar ƙarin shafuka fiye da yadda za a iya ɗauka.Wannan labarin.