Kuwunikaku kumapereka malingaliro apangidwe otetezeka a mapaipi ogawa ma hydrogen.
Hydrogen ndi madzi osungunuka kwambiri omwe amakonda kutayikira.Ndiwophatikizika wowopsa komanso wakupha wa zizolowezi, madzi osasunthika omwe ndi ovuta kuwongolera.Izi ndizochitika zomwe muyenera kuziganizira posankha zipangizo, ma gaskets ndi zisindikizo, komanso maonekedwe a machitidwe oterowo.Mitu iyi yokhudzana ndi kagawidwe ka mpweya wa H2 ndiyo yomwe ikuyang'ana pa zokambiranazi, osati kupanga H2, madzi H2, kapena madzi H2 (onani kachigawo chakumanja).
Nazi mfundo zingapo zofunika kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa kusakaniza kwa haidrojeni ndi H2-mpweya.Hydrogen imawotcha m'njira ziwiri: kuwononga ndi kuphulika.
kutentha.Deflagration ndi njira yoyatsira wamba momwe malawi amadutsa mosakanizira pa liwiro la subsonic.Izi zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, pamene mtambo waulere wa kusakaniza kwa hydrogen-mpweya umayatsidwa ndi gwero laling'ono loyatsira.Pankhaniyi, lawi limayenda pa liwiro la mapazi khumi mpaka mazana angapo pamphindikati.Kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa gasi wotentha kumapanga mafunde othamanga omwe mphamvu zake zimakhala zofanana ndi kukula kwa mtambo.Nthawi zina, mphamvu ya kugwedezeka kwamphamvu imatha kukhala yokwanira kuwononga nyumba zomanga ndi zinthu zina zomwe zili panjira yake ndikuvulaza.
kuphulika.Ikaphulika, malawi amoto ndi mafunde odzidzimutsa anadutsa mumsanganizowo mothamanga kwambiri.Kuthamanga kwa chiŵerengero cha mafunde a detonation ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kuphulika.Chifukwa cha mphamvu yowonjezereka, kuphulikako kumakhala koopsa kwa anthu, nyumba ndi zinthu zapafupi.Kuwotcha kwachizoloŵezi kumayambitsa kuphulika pamene kuyatsa pamalo otsekedwa.Pamalo opapatiza chotere, kuyatsa kungayambitsidwe ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri.Koma pakuphulika kwa chisakanizo cha hydrogen-mpweya mu malo opanda malire, gwero lamphamvu kwambiri loyatsira limafunikira.
Kuthamanga kwa chiŵerengero cha mafunde a detonation mu chisakanizo cha hydrogen-mpweya ndi pafupifupi 20. Pa kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga, chiŵerengero cha 20 ndi 300 psi.Pamene funde la kuthamanga uku likuwombana ndi chinthu choyima, chiŵerengero cha kuthamanga chimawonjezeka kufika 40-60.Izi ndichifukwa chakuwonetseredwa kwa mafunde amphamvu kuchokera pachipinga choyima.
Kukonda kutayikira.Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwake kochepa komanso kulemera kwake kwa maselo, mpweya wa H2 umakonda kutayikira ngakhale kulowa kapena kulowa m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Hydrogen ndi yopepuka kuwirikiza ka 8 kuposa gasi, 14 yopepuka kuposa mpweya, 22 yopepuka kuposa propane ndi 57 yopepuka kuposa mpweya wamafuta.Izi zikutanthauza kuti ikayikidwa panja, gasi wa H2 amawuka mwachangu ndikutha, kuchepetsa zizindikiro zilizonse zotulutsa.Koma likhoza kukhala lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse.Kuphulika kutha kuchitika ngati kuwotcherera panja pamwamba kapena kutsika kwa mpweya wa H2 kutayikira popanda kafukufuku wozindikira kutayikira musanayambe kuwotcherera.Pamalo otsekedwa, mpweya wa H2 ukhoza kukwera ndi kuwunjikana kuchokera padenga mpaka pansi, zomwe zimalola kuti upangike mpaka ma voliyumu akuluakulu asanakumane ndi zoyatsira pafupi ndi nthaka.
Moto wangozi.Kudziwotcha ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chisakanizo cha mpweya kapena nthunzi chimayaka zokha popanda gwero lakunja la kuyatsa.Amadziwikanso kuti "kuyaka modzidzimutsa" kapena "kuyaka modzidzimutsa".Kudziwotcha kumadalira kutentha, osati kupanikizika.
Kutentha kwa autoignition ndi kutentha kochepa komwe mafuta amatha kuyatsa asanayatse popanda gwero lakunja loyatsira pokhudzana ndi mpweya kapena wothandizila oxidizing.Kutentha kwa autoignition kwa ufa umodzi ndi kutentha komwe kumayaka mwadzidzidzi popanda oxidizing wothandizira.Kutentha kwa mpweya wa H2 mumlengalenga ndi 585 ° C.
Mphamvu yoyaka ndi mphamvu yofunikira kuyambitsa kufalikira kwa lawi lamoto kudzera m'chisakanizo choyaka.Mphamvu zochepa zoyatsira ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimafunikira kuyatsa chisakanizo choyaka pa kutentha kwina ndi kukakamiza.Mphamvu zochepa zoyatsira mpweya wa H2 mu 1 atm ya mpweya = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Malire ophulika ndi kuchuluka kwa nthunzi, nkhungu kapena fumbi mumpweya kapena mpweya pomwe kuphulika kumachitika.Kukula ndi geometry ya chilengedwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta, kumayang'anira malire."Malire a kuphulika" nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu ofanana ndi "malire a kuphulika".
Malire ophulika a H2 osakanikirana mumlengalenga ndi 18.3 vol.% (malire otsika) ndi 59 vol.% (malire apamwamba).
Popanga mapaipi (Chithunzi 1), choyambira ndikuzindikira zida zomangira zofunika pamtundu uliwonse wamadzimadzi.Ndipo madzimadzi aliwonse adzasankhidwa molingana ndi ndime ya ASME B31.3.300 (b) (1) imati, "Mwiniwake alinso ndi udindo wosankha kalasi D, M, kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi kupopera kwapaipi kwapamwamba, ndikuwunika ngati njira inayake yabwino iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito."
Kugawa kwamadzimadzi kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa kuyezetsa ndi mtundu wa kuyezetsa komwe kumafunikira, komanso zofunikira zina zambiri kutengera mtundu wamadzimadzi.Udindo wa eni ake pa izi nthawi zambiri umakhala ku dipatimenti ya engineering ya eni ake kapena mainjiniya wakunja.
Ngakhale B31.3 Process Piping Code sauza mwini wake zomwe angagwiritse ntchito pamadzi enaake, amapereka chitsogozo pa mphamvu, makulidwe, ndi zofunikira zokhudzana ndi zinthu.Palinso ziganizo ziwiri kumayambiriro kwa code zomwe zimafotokoza momveka bwino:
Ndipo wonjezerani pa ndime yoyamba pamwambapa, ndime B31.3.300(b)(1) imatinso: “Mwini mapaipi ndi amene ali ndi udindo wotsatira Malamulowa komanso kukhazikitsa mamangidwe, kumanga, kuyendera, kuyendera, ndi kuyezetsa zomwe zimayang'anira kasamalidwe ka madzimadzi kapena njira zonse zomwe payipiyo ndi gawo lake.Kuyika."Chifukwa chake, titatha kuyika malamulo ofunikira pazantchito ndi zofunikira pakutanthauzira magawo amadzimadzi, tiyeni tiwone komwe mpweya wa haidrojeni umalowa.
Chifukwa mpweya wa haidrojeni umagwira ntchito ngati madzi osasunthika omwe amatuluka, mpweya wa haidrojeni ukhoza kuwonedwa ngati wamadzi wamba kapena wamadzi a Gulu M omwe ali pansi pa gulu B31.3 kuti agwiritse ntchito madzi.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, gulu la kayendetsedwe ka madzimadzi ndilofunika kwa mwiniwake, pokhapokha ngati likugwirizana ndi ndondomeko zamagulu osankhidwa omwe akufotokozedwa mu B31.3, ndime 3. 300.2 Tanthauzo mu gawo la "Hydraulic services".Zotsatirazi ndi matanthauzo a ntchito yamadzimadzi yanthawi zonse ndi Class M fluid service:
"Ntchito yazamadzimadzi Yokhazikika: Ntchito zamadzimadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi ambiri malinga ndi malamulowa, mwachitsanzo, osatsatira malamulo a makalasi D, M, kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, kapena ukhondo wamadzimadzi kwambiri.
(1) Poizoni wamadzimadziwo ndi wochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti kutsekemera kamodzi kokha ku madzi ochepa kwambiri omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kutayikira kungayambitse kuvulala koopsa kwamuyaya kwa omwe amakoka mpweya kapena kukumana nawo, ngakhale atachitapo kanthu mwamsanga.kutengedwa
(2) Pambuyo poganizira kapangidwe ka mapaipi, zochitika, momwe amagwirira ntchito, ndi malo, mwiniwakeyo amawona kuti zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito madzimadzi sizikwanira kupereka kulimba koyenera kuti ateteze ogwira ntchito kuti asawonongeke.”
M'matanthauzidwe apamwambawa a M, gasi wa haidrojeni sagwirizana ndi mfundo za ndime (1) chifukwa samatengedwa ngati madzi oopsa.Komabe, pogwiritsira ntchito ndime ya (2), Codeyo imalola kugawika kwa ma hydraulic systems mu kalasi M pambuyo poganizira moyenerera "...mapangidwe a mapaipi, zochitika, malo ogwirira ntchito ndi malo..." Mwiniwake amalola kutsimikiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzimadzi.Zofunikirazo ndizosakwanira kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za umphumphu wapamwamba pakupanga, kumanga, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa machitidwe a mapaipi a gasi wa hydrogen.
Chonde onani Table 1 musanakambirane Kutentha Kwambiri kwa Hydrogen Corrosion (HTHA).Ma code, miyezo, ndi malamulo alembedwa mu tebulo ili, lomwe lili ndi zolemba zisanu ndi chimodzi pa mutu wa hydrogen embrittlement (HE), corrosion anomaly wamba yomwe imaphatikizapo HTHA.OH ikhoza kuchitika pa kutentha kochepa komanso kwakukulu.Imaganiziridwa ngati mtundu wa dzimbiri, imatha kuyambika m'njira zingapo komanso imakhudzanso zida zambiri.
HE ali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amene akhoza kugawidwa mu hydrogen akulimbana (HAC), wa hydrogen maganizo akulimbana (HSC), nkhawa dzimbiri akulimbana (SCC), wa hydrogen dzimbiri akulimbana (HACC), hydrogen bubbling (HB), hydrogen akulimbana (HIC).)), kupsinjika kwa hydrogen cracking (SOHIC), kusweka kwapang'onopang'ono (SWC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), soft zone cracking (SZC), ndi kutentha kwa hydrogen corrosion (HTHA).
Mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta, hydrogen embrittlement ndi limagwirira kwa chiwonongeko zitsulo malire tirigu, chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa ductility chifukwa malowedwe a atomiki haidrojeni.Njira zomwe izi zimachitika ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatanthauzidwa ndi mayina awo, monga HTHA, pomwe kutentha kwapanthawi imodzi komanso kuthamanga kwa hydrogen kumafunika kuti asungunuke, ndi SSC, pomwe ma atomiki a haidrojeni amapangidwa ngati mipweya yotseka ndi haidrojeni.chifukwa cha dzimbiri asidi, iwo amalowa mu nkhani zitsulo, zomwe zingachititse brittleness.Koma zotsatira zonse n'chimodzimodzi ndi milandu onse wa haidrojeni embrittlement tafotokozazi, pamene mphamvu ya zitsulo yafupika ndi embrittlement m'munsimu kololeka maganizo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, amenenso amaika siteji ya chochitika zingakhale zoopsa anapatsidwa kusakhazikika kwa madzi.
Kuphatikiza pa makulidwe a khoma ndi magwiridwe antchito amakina, pali zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe muyenera kuziganizira posankha zida zamafuta a H2: 1. Kuwonetsa kutentha kwambiri kwa hydrogen (HTHA) ndi 2. Zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri pakutha kutha.Mitu yonse iwiriyi ikukambidwa.
Mosiyana ndi mamolekyu a haidrojeni, ma atomiki a haidrojeni amatha kukulirakulira, kuwonetsa hydrogen ku kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika, ndikupanga maziko a HTHA.Pazifukwa izi, atomiki wa haidrojeni amatha kufalikira kukhala zida zapaipi kapena zida za carbon zitsulo, pomwe amakumana ndi kaboni muzitsulo zachitsulo kupanga mpweya wa methane pamalire ambewu.Polephera kuthawa, gasi amakula, kupanga ming'alu ndi ming'alu m'makoma a mapaipi kapena zotengera - iyi ndi HTGA.Mutha kuwona bwino zotsatira za HTHA pachithunzi 2 pomwe ming'alu ndi ming'alu zimawonekera pakhoma la 8 ″.Gawo la kukula mwadzina (NPS) chitoliro chomwe chimalephera pansi pazimenezi.
Chitsulo cha kaboni chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pothandizira haidrojeni pamene kutentha kwa ntchito kumasungidwa pansi pa 500 ° F.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, HTHA imachitika pamene mpweya wa haidrojeni umakhala ndi kuthamanga kwapadera komanso kutentha kwakukulu.Chitsulo cha kaboni sichivomerezedwa pamene mphamvu ya hydrogen ikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi 3000 psi ndipo kutentha kumakhala pamwamba pa 450 ° F (omwe ndizochitika zangozi pachithunzi 2).
Monga tikuonera pa chiwembu chosinthidwa cha Nelson mu Chithunzi 3, chotengedwa kuchokera ku API 941, kutentha kwakukulu kumakhudza kwambiri kukakamiza kwa haidrojeni.Kupanikizika pang'ono kwa gasi wa haidrojeni kumatha kupitilira 1000 psi mukagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitsulo za kaboni zomwe zimagwira ntchito kutentha mpaka 500 ° F.
Chithunzi 3. Tchati cha Nelson chosinthidwa ichi (chosinthidwa kuchokera ku API 941) chingagwiritsidwe ntchito posankha zipangizo zoyenera zothandizira haidrojeni pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana.
Pa mkuyu.3 ikuwonetsa kusankha kwazitsulo zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zisawonongeke ndi haidrojeni, kutengera kutentha kwa ntchito ndi kupanikizika pang'ono kwa haidrojeni.Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic sizikhudzidwa ndi HTHA ndipo ndi zida zokhutiritsa pa kutentha ndi kupsinjika kulikonse.
Austenitic 316/316L chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndiye chinthu chothandiza kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni ndipo chili ndi mbiri yotsimikizika.Ngakhale post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) ikulimbikitsidwa kuti zitsulo za kaboni zipangitse haidrojeni yotsalira panthawi yowotcherera ndi kuchepetsa kuuma kwa zone (HAZ) pambuyo pa kuwotcherera, sikofunikira pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.
Thermothermal zotsatira chifukwa kutentha kutentha ndi kuwotcherera alibe mphamvu pang'ono pa makina zimatha austenitic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Komabe, kugwira ntchito kozizira kumatha kusintha mawonekedwe azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic, monga mphamvu ndi kuuma.Popinda ndi kupanga mapaipi kuchokera ku chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic, mawonekedwe awo amakanika amasintha, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa pulasitiki ya zinthuzo.
Ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chimafuna kuzizira, kutenthetsa kwachitsulo (kutentha mpaka pafupifupi 1045 ° C kutsatiridwa ndi kuzimitsa kapena kuzizira kofulumira) kudzabwezeretsa zomwe zimapangidwira kuzinthu zawo zoyambirira.Idzathetsanso tsankho la aloyi, kulimbikitsana ndi sigma gawo lomwe limapezeka pambuyo pozizira.Popanga njira yothetsera vutoli, dziwani kuti kuziziritsa mwachangu kumatha kubweretsanso nkhawa muzinthu ngati sikunagwire bwino.
Onani matebulo GR-2.1.1-1 Piping and Tubing Assembly Material Specification Index ndi GR-2.1.1-2 Piping Material Specification Index mu ASME B31 pa zosankha zovomerezeka za ntchito ya H2.mapaipi ndi malo abwino kuyamba.
Ndi muyezo wa atomiki wolemera wa 1.008 ma atomiki mayunitsi (amu), haidrojeni ndiye chinthu chopepuka komanso chaching'ono kwambiri patebulo la periodic, ndipo chifukwa chake chimakhala ndi kutayikira kwakukulu, komwe kumakhala ndi zotsatira zowononga, nditha kuwonjezera.Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la mapaipi a gasi liyenera kupangidwa m'njira yochepetsera kulumikizana kwamitundu yama makina ndikuwongolera kulumikizana komwe kuli kofunikira.
Pochepetsa kutayikira komwe kungatheke, makinawo akuyenera kukhala owotcherera kwathunthu, kupatula zolumikizira zopindika pazida, mapaipi ndi zolumikizira.Kulumikizana kwa ulusi kuyenera kupewedwa momwe kungathekere, ngati sikokwanira.Ngati malumikizidwe a ulusi sangathe kupewedwa pazifukwa zilizonse, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tigwirizane nawo popanda chosindikizira cha ulusi ndikusindikiza chowotcherera.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha chitsulo cha kaboni, zolumikizira zitoliro ziyenera kumangiriridwa m'chiuno ndikuthira kutentha (PWHT).Pambuyo kuwotcherera, mapaipi omwe ali m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ) amakumana ndi kuukira kwa haidrojeni ngakhale kutentha kozungulira.Ngakhale kuukira kwa haidrojeni kumachitika makamaka pa kutentha kwakukulu, siteji ya PWHT idzachepetseratu, ngati sichichotsa, izi zingatheke ngakhale pansi pa malo ozungulira.
Malo ofooka a dongosolo lonse-welded ndi kugwirizana kwa flange.Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti pali zolimba kwambiri pazitsulo za flange, ma Gaskets a Kammprofile (mkuyu 4) kapena mtundu wina wa gaskets ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Wopangidwa pafupifupi mofanana ndi opanga angapo, pedi iyi ndi yokhululukira kwambiri.Zimapangidwa ndi mphete zachitsulo zonse zokhala ndi mano zomangika pakati pa zida zomata zofewa, zopunduka.Mano amayang'anitsitsa katundu wa bolt m'dera laling'ono kuti apereke kukwanira kolimba ndi kupanikizika kochepa.Zimapangidwa m'njira yoti zitha kubweza malo osagwirizana ndi flange komanso kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito.
Chithunzi 4. Kammprofile gaskets ali ndi chitsulo chachitsulo chomangika kumbali zonse ziwiri ndi zofewa zofewa.
Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri pa kukhulupirika kwa dongosolo ndi valve.Kudontha mozungulira tsinde chisindikizo ndi thupi flanges ndi vuto lenileni.Pofuna kupewa izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha valavu yokhala ndi chisindikizo cha bellows.
Gwiritsani ntchito 1 inchi.School 80 mpweya zitsulo chitoliro, mu chitsanzo chathu pansipa, kupatsidwa tolerances kupanga, dzimbiri ndi kulolerana makina malinga ASTM A106 Gr B, pazipita kololeka ntchito kuthamanga (MAWP) akhoza kuwerengeredwa mu masitepe awiri pa kutentha kwa 300 ° F (Dziwani : Chifukwa "... chifukwa kutentha mpaka 300º00/00/00/2020Mu "Coronavirus" mlingo pamene kutentha kupitirira 300ºF.(S), kotero kuti Equation (1) imafuna Kusintha kuti ikhale yoposa 300ºF.)
Ponena za chilinganizo (1), sitepe yoyamba ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kuphulika kwa mapaipi.
T = makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro kuchotsera makina, dzimbiri ndi kulolerana kwa kupanga, mainchesi.
Gawo lachiwiri la ndondomekoyi ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwamphamvu kovomerezeka kwapaipi kwapaipi pogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo Sf pazotsatira P molingana ndi equation (2):
Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito 1 "sukulu 80 zakuthupi, kuthamanga kophulika kumawerengedwa motere:
Chitetezo cha Sf cha 4 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi ASME Pressure Vessel Recommendations Gawo VIII-1 2019, Ndime 8. UG-101 yowerengedwa motere:
Zotsatira zake za MAWP ndi 810 psi.inchi imanena za chitoliro chokha.Kulumikizana kwa flange kapena chigawo chomwe chili ndi chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri mu dongosolo ndicho chidzakhala chodziwika kuti chizindikire kukakamizidwa kovomerezeka mu dongosolo.
Pa ASME B16.5, kuthamanga kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kwa 150 carbon steel flange fittings ndi 285 psi.inchi pa -20°F mpaka 100°F.Kalasi 300 ili ndi mphamvu yovomerezeka yovomerezeka ya 740 psi.Ichi chidzakhala cholepheretsa malire a dongosolo malinga ndi chitsanzo cha zinthu zomwe zili pansipa.Komanso, pamayeso a hydrostatic okha, izi zitha kupitilira nthawi 1.5.
Monga chitsanzo cha zinthu zofunika za carbon steel, mtundu wa H2 gasi womwe umagwira ntchito pa kutentha kozungulira pansi pa mphamvu ya 740 psi.inchi, ikhoza kukhala ndi zofunikira zomwe zawonetsedwa mu Gulu 2. Zotsatirazi ndi mitundu yomwe ingafunike kuphatikizidwa muzofotokozera:
Kupatula mapaipi okha, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapanga makina opangira mapaipi monga zopangira, ma valve, zida za mzere, ndi zina.Nkhani iyi.