Iyi ncamake itanga inama ku buryo bwo gushushanya neza imiyoboro y'amazi mu gukwirakwiza hydrogen.
Hydrogen ni amazi ahindagurika cyane kandi akunda kuva. Ni uruhurirane rw'ibintu biteje akaga cyane kandi byica, amazi ahindagurika bigoranye kuyagenzura. Ibi ni ibintu bigomba kuzirikanwa mu gihe cyo guhitamo ibikoresho, gaskets na seal, ndetse n'imiterere y'uburyo nk'ubwo bukoreshwa. Izi ngingo zijyanye n'ikwirakwizwa rya H2 ikomoka ku mwuka ni zo ziganirwaho muri iki kiganiro, ntabwo ari ikorwa rya H2, H2 ikomoka ku mwuka, cyangwa H2 ikomoka ku mwuka (reba ku ruhande rw'iburyo).
Dore ingingo nke z'ingenzi zagufasha gusobanukirwa uruvange rwa hydrogen na H2-air. Hydrogen irashya mu buryo bubiri: gucika no guturika.
Gucika intege. Gucika intege ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gutwika aho umuriro unyura mu ruvange ku muvuduko wa subsonic. Urugero, ibi bibaho iyo igicu cy’uruvange rwa hydrogen-air cyakanywe n’isoko ntoya. Muri iki gihe, umuriro uzagenda ku muvuduko wa metero 10 kugeza kuri 100 ku isegonda. Kwaguka vuba kwa gazi ishyushye bitera imiraba y’umuvuduko ifite imbaraga zihwanye n’ingano y’igicu. Hari igihe imbaraga z’umuraba w’ihungabana zishobora kuba zihagije kwangiza inyubako n’ibindi bintu biri mu nzira yawo no gutera imvune.
guturika. Iyo byaturitse, umuriro n'imiraba y'ingufu byanyuraga mu ruvange ku muvuduko udasanzwe. Igipimo cy'umuvuduko mu muvuduko w'ingufu ni kinini cyane kuruta mu guturika. Bitewe n'imbaraga nyinshi, guturika ni ikintu kibi cyane ku bantu, inyubako n'ibintu byegereye. Guturika bisanzwe bitera guturika iyo byatwitswe ahantu hafunganye. Mu gace gato nk'ako, gutwika bishobora guterwa n'ingufu nke cyane. Ariko kugira ngo uruvange rwa hydrogen-air ruturike mu mwanya utagira umupaka, hakenewe isoko ikomeye cyane y'ingufu.
Igipimo cy'umuvuduko ku muraba wo guturika mu mvange ya hydrogen-air ni hafi 20. Ku muvuduko wo mu kirere, igipimo cya 20 ni 300 psi. Iyo uyu muraba w'umuvuduko ugonganye n'ikintu gihagaze, igipimo cy'umuvuduko kiriyongera kikagera kuri 40-60. Ibi biterwa no kugaragara k'umuraba w'umuvuduko uturutse ku nzitizi ihagaze.
Ikunda kuva amazi. Bitewe n'uburemere buke bwayo n'uburemere buke bwa molekile, gaze ya H2 ifite akamenyero kenshi ko kuva amazi ndetse no kwinjira cyangwa kwinjira mu bintu bitandukanye.
Hydrogen yoroshye inshuro 8 kurusha gazi karemano, yoroshye inshuro 14 kurusha umwuka, yoroshye inshuro 22 kurusha propane kandi yoroshye inshuro 57 kurusha umwuka wa lisansi. Ibi bivuze ko iyo ishyizwe hanze, gazi ya H2 izazamuka vuba ikagenda ishira, bigabanye ibimenyetso byose by'uko amazi yamenetse. Ariko ishobora kuba inkota ifite ubugi bubiri. Hashobora kubaho guturika niba gusudira bigomba gukorwa ku gikoresho cyo hanze hejuru cyangwa kumanuka kw'amazi ya H2 hatabayeho inyigo yo kumenya aho amazi yamenetse mbere yo gusudira. Mu mwanya ufunze, gazi ya H2 ishobora kuzamuka ikagera ku gisenge ikamanuka, ibintu bituma ishobora kwiyongera kugeza ku bwinshi mbere yuko ihura n'ibintu bitwika hafi y'ubutaka.
Inkongi y'umuriro itunguranye. Kwiyatsa ni ikintu aho uruvange rw'imyuka cyangwa umwuka bishya mu buryo butunguranye nta soko yo hanze y'umuriro. Bizwi kandi nka "gutwika mu buryo butunguranye" cyangwa "gutwika mu buryo butunguranye". Kwiyatsa mu buryo butunguranye biterwa n'ubushyuhe, ntabwo biterwa n'umuvuduko.
Ubushyuhe bwo gutwika ni ubushyuhe buke cyane lisansi izashya mbere yo gutwika mu gihe nta soko yo hanze yo gutwika ihuye n'umwuka cyangwa ikintu gitera ogisijeni. Ubushyuhe bwo gutwika bw'ifu imwe ni ubushyuhe bwo gutwika mu buryo butunguranye mu gihe nta kintu gitera ogisijeni ihari. Ubushyuhe bwo kwitwika bwa H2 imyuka mu kirere ni 585°C.
Ingufu zo gutwika ni ingufu zisabwa kugira ngo umuriro utangire gukwirakwira binyuze mu ruvange rushobora gushya. Ingufu nke zo gutwika ni ingufu nke zisabwa kugira ngo umuriro uvanze runaka ushobora gushya ku bushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka. Ingufu nke zo gutwika ku gaze H2 muri atm 1 y'umwuka = ​​1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Imipaka y'ibisasu ni urugero ntarengwa n'urusobe rw'umwuka, ibihu cyangwa ivumbi mu kirere cyangwa ogisijeni aho guturika biturika. Ingano n'imiterere y'ibidukikije, hamwe n'urusobe rw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, bigenzura imipaka. "Umupaka w'ibisasu" rimwe na rimwe ukoreshwa nk'ijambo risobanurwa "umupaka w'ibisasu".
Imipaka y'ibiturika ku mvange ya H2 mu kirere ni 18.3 vol.% (umupaka uri hasi) na 59 vol.% (umupaka uri hejuru).
Mu gushushanya sisitemu zo gufunga imiyoboro (Ishusho ya 1), intambwe ya mbere ni ukumenya ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi bikenewe kuri buri bwoko bw'amazi. Kandi buri mazi azashyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe igika cya ASME B31.3. 300 (b) (1) igira iti: “Nyiri ubwikorezi afite inshingano kandi zo kugena icyiciro cya D, M, umuvuduko mwinshi, n'imiyoboro y'amazi meza cyane, no kugena niba sisitemu runaka y'ubuziranenge ikwiye gukoreshwa.”
Gushyira mu byiciro ibikomoka ku mazi bigena urwego rw'ibizamini n'ubwoko bw'ibizamini bikenewe, kimwe n'ibindi bisabwa byinshi hashingiwe ku cyiciro cy'ibikomoka ku mazi. Inshingano za nyir'ibi akenshi ziba iz'ishami ry'ubuhanga rya nyir'ibintu cyangwa injeniyeri wabikorewe n'abandi.
Nubwo Kode y'imiyoboro ya B31.3 itabwira nyir'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu mazi runaka, itanga ubuyobozi ku mbaraga, ubunini, n'ibisabwa mu guhuza ibikoresho. Hari kandi amagambo abiri mu ntangiriro y'iyi kode agaragaza neza:
Kandi musobanure neza ingingo ya mbere iri hejuru, ingingo ya B31.3. 300 (b) (1) nayo igira iti: “Nyiri gushyiraho umuyoboro ni we wenyine ushinzwe kubahiriza aya Mategeko no gushyiraho ibisabwa mu gushushanya, kubaka, kugenzura, kugenzura, no gupima bigenga imicungire y’amazi cyangwa inzira umuyoboro urimo. Gushyiraho.” Rero, nyuma yo gushyiraho amategeko amwe n’amwe y’ingenzi yerekeye inshingano n’ibisabwa mu gusobanura ibyiciro bya serivisi z’amazi, reka turebe aho gaze ya hydrogen ihuriye.
Kubera ko gazi ya hydrogen ikora nk'amazi ahindagurika kandi asohoka, gazi ya hydrogen ishobora gufatwa nk'amazi asanzwe cyangwa amazi yo mu cyiciro cya M munsi ya B31.3 yo gutanga serivisi z'amazi. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, gushyira mu byiciro uburyo amazi akoreshwa ni itegeko ry'umukoresha, mu gihe byujuje amabwiriza y'ibyiciro byatoranijwe bivugwa muri B31.3, igika cya 3. 300.2 Ibisobanuro mu gice "Serivisi z'amazi". Ibi bikurikira ni ibisobanuro bya serivisi zisanzwe z'amazi na serivisi z'amazi zo mu cyiciro cya M:
“Serivisi Isanzwe y’Amazi: Serivisi y’Amazi ikoreshwa ku miyoboro myinshi igengwa n’aya mategeko, ni ukuvuga idakurikiza amabwiriza yerekeye ibyiciro bya D, M, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, cyangwa isuku y’amazi menshi.
(1) Uburozi bw'amazi ni bwinshi cyane ku buryo guhura n'amazi make cyane aturuka ku gusohoka kw'amazi bishobora gutera imvune ikomeye ku bantu bayahumeka cyangwa bayakozeho, kabone n'iyo hafatwa ingamba zo gukira vuba.
(2) Nyuma yo gusuzuma imiterere y'imiyoboro, ubunararibonye, ​​imiterere y'imikorere, n'aho iherereye, nyir'ubwite agena ko ibisabwa kugira ngo amazi akoreshwe mu buryo busanzwe bidahagije kugira ngo habeho ubukana bukenewe kugira ngo abakozi badahura n'ikibazo.
Mu bisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru bya M, gaze ya hydrogen ntabwo yujuje ibisabwa mu gika cya (1) kuko idafatwa nk'amazi y'uburozi. Ariko, binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa igika cya (2), Amategeko yemerera gushyira mu byiciro sisitemu za hydraulic mu cyiciro cya M nyuma yo gusuzuma neza "... igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro, uburambe, imiterere y'imikorere n'aho iherereye ..." Nyiri iyi sima yemerera kumenya uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe. Ibisabwa ntibihagije kugira ngo habeho urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubuziranenge mu gushushanya, kubaka, kugenzura, kugenzura no gupima sisitemu za hydrogène.
Nyamuneka reba Imbonerahamwe ya 1 mbere yo kuganira ku kwangirika kwa Hydrogen mu bushyuhe bwinshi (HTHA). Amabwiriza, amahame n'amabwiriza biravugwa muri iyi mbonerahamwe, irimo inyandiko esheshatu ku ngingo yo kwangirika kwa Hydrogen (HE), ikibazo gisanzwe cyo kwangirika kirimo HTHA. OH ishobora kubaho mu bushyuhe buri hasi no hejuru. Ifatwa nk'ubwoko bwa kwangirika, ishobora gutangizwa mu buryo butandukanye kandi ikagira ingaruka ku bikoresho byinshi.
HE ifite imiterere itandukanye, ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: hydrogen cracking (HAC), hydrogen stress cracking (HSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen corrosion cracking (HACC), hydrogen bubbling (HB), hydrogen cracking (HIC). )), hydrogen cracking ishingiye ku muvuduko (SOHIC), progressive cracking (SWC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), soft zone cracking (SZC), na hydrogen corrosion yo mu bushyuhe bwinshi (HTHA).
Mu buryo bworoshye, hydrogen embrittlement ni uburyo bwo gusenya imipaka y'ibinyampeke by'icyuma, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika bugabanuka bitewe no kwinjira kwa atome ya hydrogen. Uburyo ibi bibaho buratandukanye kandi busobanurwa igice n'amazina yabyo, nka HTHA, aho ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi wa hydrogen bikenewe icyarimwe kugira ngo hydrogène ihinduke, na SSC, aho atome ya hydrogen ikorwa nk'imyuka ifunze na hydrogen. bitewe no kwangirika kwa aside, yinjira mu byuma, bishobora gutuma hydrogène icika intege. Ariko umusaruro rusange ni umwe ku manza zose za hydrogène embrittlement zavuzwe haruguru, aho imbaraga z'icyuma zigabanuka bitewe no kwangirika munsi y'urugero rwemewe rw'imihangayiko, ibyo bikaba ari byo bishyiraho intandaro y'impanuka ishobora kubaho bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'amazi.
Uretse ubugari bw'urukuta n'imikorere y'ingufu, hari ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi ugomba kuzirikana mu gihe uhitamo ibikoresho bya serivisi ya gaze ya H2: 1. Guhura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa hydrogen (HTHA) na 2. Impungenge zikomeye ku bijyanye n'isohoka ry'amazi. Ingingo zombi ziri kuganirwaho ubu.
Bitandukanye na hydrogen ya molekile, hydrogen ya atome ishobora kwaguka, igashyira hydrogen mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi, bigatuma habaho ishingiro rya HTHA ishobora kubaho. Muri ibi bihe, hydrogen ya atome ishobora gukwirakwira mu bikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho by'imiyoboro ya karuboni, aho ihura na karuboni mu gisubizo cy'icyuma kugira ngo ikore gaze ya methane ku mbibi z'ibinyampeke. Iyo gaze idashobora gusohoka, iragenda ikura, ikora imyenge n'imirongo mu nkuta z'imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro - iyi ni HTGA. Ushobora kubona neza ibisubizo bya HTHA ku Ishusho ya 2 aho imyenge n'imiyoboro bigaragara ku rukuta rwa santimetero 8. Igice cy'umuyoboro w'ingano (NPS) kinanirwa muri ibi bihe.
Ibyuma bya karuboni bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga serivisi ya hydrogen iyo ubushyuhe bw'imikorere buguma munsi ya dogere 500. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, HTHA ibaho iyo gazi ya hydrogen ifatiwe ku gitutu kinini cy'igice n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibyuma bya karuboni ntibyemewe iyo igitutu cy'igice cya hydrogen cyitezwe kuba kiri hafi ya dogere 3000 kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 450 (niyo mpanuka yabaye ku Ishusho ya 2).
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya Nelson cyahinduwe mu Ishusho ya 3, igice cyakuwe muri API 941, ubushyuhe bwinshi bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngufu za hydrogen. Umuvuduko w'igice cya gazi ya hydrogène ushobora kurenza psi 1000 iyo ukoreshejwe mu byuma bya karuboni bikora ku bushyuhe bugera kuri dogere 500.
Ishusho ya 3. Iyi mbonerahamwe ya Nelson yahinduwe (yahinduwe muri API 941) ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukoresha hydrogen mu bushyuhe butandukanye.
Ku ishusho ya 3 hagaragazwa amahitamo y'ibyuma byizewe ko birinda kwibasirwa na hydrogen, bitewe n'ubushyuhe bw'imikorere n'igitutu cya hydrogen. Ibyuma bitarangirika bya Austenitic ntabwo bifata HTHA kandi ni ibikoresho bishimishije mu bushyuhe n'igitutu cyose.
Icyuma cya Austenitic 316/316L cyuma kidafunze ni cyo gikoresho cyingirakamaro cyane mu gukoresha hydrogen kandi gifite amateka meza. Nubwo ibyuma bya karuboni bikoreshwa mu gusudira (PWHT) bigirwa inama ku byuma bya karuboni kugira ngo bikuremo hydrogen isigaye mu gihe cyo gusudira no kugabanya ubukana bw'ahantu hagize ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira, ntabwo ari ngombwa ku byuma bya austenitic byuma bidafunze.
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ziterwa no gutunganya ubushyuhe no gusudira zigira ingaruka nke ku miterere y'ibyuma bitagira umugese bya austenitic. Ariko, gukoresha mu buryo bukonje bishobora kunoza imiterere y'ibyuma bitagira umugese bya austenitic, nko gukomera no gukomera. Iyo imiyoboro igonga kandi ikora ikoresheje icyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic, imiterere y'ibikoresho irahinduka, harimo no kugabanuka k'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho.
Niba icyuma kitagira umushongi gisaba ko ibintu bikonjeshwa, gushyushya kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 1045 bigakurikirwa no kuzimya cyangwa gukonjesha vuba) bizasubiza imiterere y'ibikoresho ku gaciro kabyo k'umwimerere. Bizakuraho kandi gutandukanya alloy, sensitization na sigma phase byagezweho nyuma yo gukora ubukonje. Mu gihe ukora annealing y'ibicuruzwa, menya ko gukonjesha vuba bishobora gusubiza stress isigaye mu bikoresho niba bidafashwe neza.
Reba imbonerahamwe GR-2.1.1-1 Imiyoboro n'ibice by'imiyoboro Igaragaza Ibipimo by'ibikoresho byo guteranya imiyoboro na GR-2.1.1-2 Igaragaza Ibipimo by'ibikoresho byo guteranya imiyoboro muri ASME B31 kugira ngo ubone amahitamo yemewe y'ibikoresho byo gukoresha muri serivisi ya H2. Imiyoboro ni ahantu heza ho gutangirira.
Hamwe n'uburemere busanzwe bwa atome bungana na 1.008 atome mass units (amu), hydrogen niyo element yoroshye kandi ntoya cyane kuri periodic table, bityo ikaba ishobora gusohoka cyane, ndetse ikaba ishobora no kugira ingaruka mbi cyane, nakongeraho. Kubwibyo, sisitemu y'imiyoboro ya gazi igomba gutegurwa ku buryo igabanya imikoranire ya mekanike no kunoza iyo miyoboro ikenewe cyane.
Mu gihe hagabanywa ahantu hashobora gusohoka, sisitemu igomba kuba ifite uruziga rwuzuye, uretse imiyoboro ifatanye ku bikoresho, imiyoboro n'ibikoresho. Imiyoboro ifite uruziga igomba kwirindwa uko bishoboka kose, niba atari burundu. Niba imiyoboro ifite uruziga idashobora kwirindwa kubera impamvu iyo ari yo yose, ni byiza kuyihuza neza nta kintu gifunga imiyoboro hanyuma ugafunga umuyoboro. Mu gihe ukoresha umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karuboni, imiyoboro igomba kuba ifite uruziga rwuzuye kandi igatunganywa n'ubushyuhe nyuma yo kuyihuza (PWHT). Nyuma yo kuyihuza, imiyoboro iri mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe (HAZ) ihura n'ibitero bya hydrogen ndetse no mu bushyuhe bw'ikirere. Nubwo igitero cya hydrogen kiba cyane cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi, icyiciro cya PWHT kizagabanya burundu, niba kitarakuraho, ibi bishoboka ndetse no mu bihe by'ikirere.
Aho intege nke za sisitemu ikoze mu buryo bwa "all-sudded" ni "flange connection". Kugira ngo habeho ubukana bwinshi mu mikoranire ya "flange", "Kammprofile gaskets" (ishusho ya 4) cyangwa ubundi bwoko bwa "gaskets" zigomba gukoreshwa. Iyi "pad" ikozwe mu buryo bumwe n'inganda nyinshi, irahagije cyane. Igizwe n'impeta z'ibyuma bifite amenyo zifatanye hagati y'ibikoresho byoroshye kandi bishobora kwangirika. Amenyo ashyira umutwaro w'icyuma mu gace gato kugira ngo afatanye neza nta nkomyi nyinshi. Yakozwe ku buryo ishobora kwishyura ubuso butaringaniye bw'urukiramende ndetse n'imiterere y'imikorere ihindagurika.
Ishusho ya 4. Gasket za Kammprofile zifite igice cy'icyuma gifatanye ku mpande zombi gifite agakoresho koroshye ko gushyiramo.
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi mu gutuma sisitemu ikora neza ni valve. Kumeneka kw'amazi hafi y'agapfundikizo k'umuzingo n'ibice by'umubiri ni ikibazo gikomeye. Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, ni byiza guhitamo valve ifite agapfundikizo k'umuzingo.
Koresha umuyoboro wa santimetero 1. Ishuri rya 80 ry'icyuma cya karuboni, mu rugero rwacu ruri hepfo, bitewe n'ubushobozi bwo gukora, ingese n'ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ikoranabuhanga hakurikijwe ASTM A106 Gr B, igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyo gukora (MAWP) gishobora kubarwa mu ntambwe ebyiri ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 300°F (Icyitonderwa: Impamvu ya "...ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 300ºF…" ni uko imbaraga zemewe (S) z'ibikoresho bya ASTM A106 Gr B zitangira kwangirika iyo ubushyuhe burenze 300ºF. (S), bityo Igereranya (1) risaba Guhindura ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 300ºF.)
Dukurikije formula (1), intambwe ya mbere ni ukubara umuvuduko w’imiyoboro y’amazi.
T = ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro udafite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ikoranabuhanga, ingese n'uburyo bwo gukora, muri santimetero.
Igice cya kabiri cy'igikorwa ni ukubara umuvuduko ntarengwa wemewe w'umuyoboro wa Pa hakoreshejwe ikintu cy'umutekano S f ku gisubizo P hakurikijwe ikigereranyo (2):
Bityo, iyo ukoresheje ibikoresho bya 1″ ishuri 80, igitutu cyo guturika kibarwa ku buryo bukurikira:
Hanyuma hakoreshwa Sf y'umutekano ya 4 hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya ASME Pressure Vessel Recommendations Igice cya VIII-1 2019, Igika cya 8. UG-101 yabazwe ku buryo bukurikira:
Agaciro ka MAWP kavuyemo ni santimetero 810. Iburyo bwo guhuza flange cyangwa igice gifite amanota make muri sisitemu ni cyo kintu kigena umuvuduko wemewe muri sisitemu.
Muri ASME B16.5, igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyo gukora ku bikoresho 150 bya flange ya karuboni ni santimetero 285 kuri -20°F kugeza 100°F. Icyiciro cya 300 gifite igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyo gukora cya 740 psi. Iki kizaba igipimo cy'igitutu cy'uburyo bw'imikorere hakurikijwe urugero rw'ibikoresho ruri hepfo. Nanone, mu bizamini bya hydrostatic gusa, ibi bipimo bishobora kurenza inshuro 1.5.
Urugero rw'ibipimo by'ibanze by'ibikoresho bya karuboni, ibipimo by'umurongo wa serivisi ya gaze ya H2 ikora ku bushyuhe buri munsi y'igitutu cy'igishushanyo cya santimetero 740, bishobora kuba birimo ibisabwa ku bikoresho bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ubwoko bukurikira bushobora gusaba kwitabwaho kugira ngo bushyirwe muri ibi bipimo:
Uretse imiyoboro ubwayo, hari ibintu byinshi bigize sisitemu y'imiyoboro nk'ibikoresho, ama-valve, ibikoresho by'imirongo, nibindi. Nubwo byinshi muri ibi bintu bizashyirwa hamwe kugira ngo tubiganireho birambuye, bizasaba amapaji menshi arenze ayo umuntu ashobora gushyiramo. Iyi nkuru.