Iyi ncamake itanga ibyifuzo byubushakashatsi bwizewe bwa sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza hydrogène.
Hydrogen ni amazi ahindagurika cyane afite imyumvire myinshi yo kumeneka.Nibintu biteye akaga kandi byica guhuza ibitekerezo, amazi ahindagurika bigoye kugenzura.Izi nizo nzira zo gusuzuma muguhitamo ibikoresho, gasketi na kashe, hamwe nuburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu nkibi.Izi ngingo zerekeye gukwirakwiza gaze ya H2 niyo yibandwaho muri iki kiganiro, ntabwo ari umusaruro wa H2, amazi H2, cyangwa H2 y'amazi (reba kuruhande rwiburyo).
Hano hari ingingo zingenzi zagufasha kumva uruvange rwa hydrogen na H2-ikirere.Hydrogen yaka muburyo bubiri: deflagration no guturika.
gusebanya.Deflagration nuburyo busanzwe bwo gutwika aho umuriro ugenda unyuze muruvange kumuvuduko wa subsonic.Ibi bibaho, kurugero, mugihe igicu cyubusa cya hydrogène-ikirere kivanze nikintu gito cyo gutwika.Muri iki gihe, urumuri ruzagenda ku muvuduko wa metero icumi kugeza kuri magana ku isegonda.Kwiyongera kwinshi kwa gaze ishyushye bitera umuvuduko wumurongo imbaraga zingana nubunini bwigicu.Rimwe na rimwe, imbaraga zumuvuduko zirashobora kuba zihagije kugirango wangize inyubako nibindi bintu munzira zayo kandi bikomeretsa.
guturika.Iyo yaturitse, ibirimi by'umuriro n'umuhengeri byanyuze mu ruvange ku muvuduko udasanzwe.Ikigereranyo cyumuvuduko mukuzunguruka guturika ni kinini cyane kuruta guturika.Kubera imbaraga ziyongereye, guturika ni bibi cyane kubantu, inyubako nibintu byegeranye.Ubusanzwe deflagration itera iturika iyo itwitse ahantu hafunzwe.Ahantu hafunganye, gutwika birashobora guterwa ningufu nkeya.Ariko kugirango iturika rya hydrogène-ikirere ivanze mumwanya utagira imipaka, harasabwa isoko ikomeye yo gutwika.
Ikigereranyo cyumuvuduko hejuru yumuriro wa hydrogène-ikirere kivanze ni 20. Ku muvuduko w’ikirere, igipimo cya 20 ni 300 psi.Iyo uyu muvuduko wumuvuduko uhuye nikintu gihagaze, igipimo cyumuvuduko cyiyongera kuri 40-60.Ibi biterwa no kwerekana umuvuduko ukabije uturuka ku nzitizi ihagaze.
Impengamiro yo kumeneka.Bitewe n'ubukonje buke n'uburemere buke bwa molekile, gaze ya H2 ifite imyumvire myinshi yo kumeneka ndetse ikinjira cyangwa ikinjira mubikoresho bitandukanye.
Hydrogen yoroshye inshuro 8 kurusha gaze gasanzwe, inshuro 14 ziruta umwuka, inshuro 22 ziruta propane naho inshuro 57 ziruka imyuka ya lisansi.Ibi bivuze ko iyo ushyizwe hanze, gaze ya H2 izahita izamuka kandi igabanuke, bigabanye ibimenyetso byose byerekana ko byatemba.Ariko irashobora kuba inkota y'amaharakubiri.Igisasu gishobora kubaho mugihe gusudira bigomba gukorwa mugushira hanze hejuru cyangwa kumanuka wa H2 kumeneka hatabayeho ubushakashatsi bwo gutahura mbere yo gusudira.Mu mwanya ufunze, gaze ya H2 irashobora kuzamuka no kwegeranya kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, ibintu bikayemerera kwiyongera kugeza mubunini mbere yuko bishoboka cyane ko ihura ninkomoko yumuriro hafi yubutaka.
Inkongi y'umuriro.Kwiyitirira ibintu ni ibintu bivanze na gaze cyangwa imyuka yaka ubwayo nta soko yo hanze yo gutwika.Bizwi kandi nka "gutwika kwizana" cyangwa "gutwika kwizana".Kwiyitirira biterwa n'ubushyuhe, ntabwo ari igitutu.
Ubushyuhe bwa autoignition nubushyuhe buke aho lisansi izahita yaka mbere yo gutwikwa mugihe hatabayeho isoko yo gutwika iyo uhuye numwuka cyangwa agent oxyde.Ubushyuhe bwa autoignition ya poro imwe nubushyuhe burimo guhita butwika mugihe hatabayeho okiside.Ubushuhe bwo gutwika ubushyuhe bwa gaze ya H2 mu kirere ni 585 ° C.
Ingufu zo gutwika nimbaraga zisabwa kugirango utangire gukwirakwiza urumuri binyuze mu mvange yaka.Ingufu ntoya yo gutwika ningufu ntoya isabwa kugirango ucane uruvange rwaka rushya kubushyuhe runaka nigitutu.Ingufu ntoya yo gutwika ingufu za gaze ya H2 muri atm 1 yumuyaga = 1.9 × 10–8 BTU (0.02 mJ).
Imipaka iturika ni ntarengwa kandi ntarengwa yibyuka byumwuka, ibicu cyangwa ivumbi mu kirere cyangwa ogisijeni aho iturika ribera.Ingano na geometrie y'ibidukikije, kimwe n'ubunini bwa lisansi, igenzura imipaka.“Igipimo cyo guturika” rimwe na rimwe gikoreshwa nk'ijambo “guturika”.
Imipaka iturika ya H2 ivanze mukirere ni 18.3 vol.% (Umupaka wo hasi) na 59 vol.% (Umupaka wo hejuru).
Mugihe cyo gutegura sisitemu yo kuvoma (Ishusho 1), intambwe yambere nukumenya ibikoresho byubaka bikenewe kuri buri bwoko bwamazi.Kandi buri mazi azashyirwa mubice akurikije igika cya ASME B31.3.300 (b) (1) igira iti: “Nyir'ubwite afite inshingano zo kumenya icyiciro D, M, umuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe n'umuyoboro mwinshi usukuye, no kumenya niba hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bunoze bufite ireme.”
Gutondekanya ibicurane bisobanura urwego rwo kwipimisha nubwoko bwibizamini bisabwa, kimwe nibindi byinshi bisabwa bishingiye ku cyiciro cyamazi.Inshingano za nyirubwite mubisanzwe zireba ishami ryubwubatsi bwa nyirubwite cyangwa injeniyeri yo hanze.
Mugihe B31.3 Code Piping Code itabwira nyirubwite ibikoresho byo gukoresha mumazi runaka, itanga ubuyobozi kubyimbaraga, ubunini, nibisabwa kugirango uhuze.Hariho kandi amagambo abiri mugitangiriro kode ivuga neza:
Kandi wagura ku gika cya mbere hejuru, igika B31.3.300 (b) (1) na none igira iti: “Nyir'umushinga ushyiraho imiyoboro ashinzwe gusa kubahiriza aya Mategeko no gushyiraho igishushanyo mbonera, ubwubatsi, ubugenzuzi, ubugenzuzi, n'ibizamini bisabwa bigenga imiyoboro yose cyangwa inzira umuyoboro urimo.Kwishyiriraho. ”Noneho, nyuma yo gushyiraho amategeko ngenderwaho yuburyozwe hamwe nibisabwa mugusobanura ibyiciro bya serivisi ya fluid, reka turebe aho gaze ya hydrogen ihurira.
Kubera ko gaze ya hydrogène ikora nk'amazi ahindagurika kandi yamenetse, gaze ya hydrogène irashobora gufatwa nk'amazi asanzwe cyangwa amazi yo mu rwego rwa M mu cyiciro cya B31.3 kugirango akoreshwe.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, gutondekanya uburyo bwo gufata amazi nibisabwa na nyirabyo, mugihe byujuje umurongo ngenderwaho wibyiciro byatoranijwe byasobanuwe muri B31.3, paragarafu ya 3. 300.2 Ibisobanuro mubice "Serivise za Hydraulic".Ibikurikira nibisobanuro bya serivise isanzwe ya fluid na serivisi yo mu cyiciro cya M:
"Serivise isanzwe ya Fluid: Serivise ya fluide ikoreshwa kumiyoboro myinshi ikurikiza iyi code, ni ukuvuga kutagengwa namabwiriza agenga ibyiciro D, M, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, cyangwa isuku ryinshi ryamazi.
.cyafashwe
.”
Mubisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru bya M, gaze ya hydrogène ntabwo yujuje ibipimo byigika (1) kuko bidafatwa nkamazi yuburozi.Ariko, ukoresheje agace (2), Kode yemerera gutondekanya sisitemu ya hydraulic mucyiciro cya M nyuma yo gusuzuma neza “design igishushanyo mbonera, uburambe, imiterere yimikorere n’aho biherereye…” Nyirubwite yemerera kugena uburyo busanzwe bwo gufata amazi.Ibisabwa ntibihagije kugirango habeho urwego rwukuri rwubunyangamugayo mugushushanya, kubaka, kugenzura, kugenzura no kugerageza sisitemu ya gaz ya hydrogène.
Nyamuneka reba Imbonerahamwe 1 mbere yo kuganira ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa Hydrogene Ruswa (HTHA).Kode, ibipimo, n'amabwiriza biri kuri iyi mbonerahamwe, ikubiyemo inyandiko esheshatu ku ngingo yo kwinjiza hydrogène (HE), ibintu bisanzwe byangirika birimo HTHA.OH irashobora kugaragara kubushyuhe buke kandi bwinshi.Ufatwa nk'uburyo bwo kwangirika, birashobora gutangizwa muburyo butandukanye kandi bikagira ingaruka no mubikoresho byinshi.
HE afite uburyo butandukanye, bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bya hydrogène (HAC), guhagarika hydrogène (HSC), kumeneka kwangirika (SCC), hydrogène yameneka (HACC), hydrogène bubbling (HB), hydrogene yamenetse (HIC).).
Mu buryo bworoshye cyane, kwinjiza hydrogène ni uburyo bwo gusenya imipaka y’icyuma, bigatuma kugabanuka guhindagurika bitewe no kwinjira kwa hydrogène ya atome.Inzira ibi bibaho biratandukanye kandi bisobanurwa igice cyizina ryabo, nka HTHA, aho icyarimwe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe na hydrogène yumuvuduko mwinshi bikenewe kugirango binjizwemo, na SSC, aho hydrogène ya atome ikorerwa nka gaze zifunze na hydrogen.kubera kwangirika kwa aside, binjira mu byuma, bishobora gutera ubugome.Ariko ibisubizo muri rusange ni kimwe no kubibazo byose byatewe na hydrogène byavuzwe haruguru, aho imbaraga zicyuma zigabanuka no kwinjizwa munsi y’urwego rwemewe rwo guhangayika, ari nako bishyiraho urwego rwibintu bishobora guteza impanuka bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’amazi.
Usibye uburebure bwurukuta hamwe nubukorikori bukomatanyirijwe hamwe, hari ibintu bibiri byingenzi ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo ibikoresho bya serivisi ya gaze ya H2: 1. Guhura na hydrogène yubushyuhe bwo hejuru (HTHA) na 2. Impungenge zikomeye zijyanye no gutemba.Izi ngingo zombi zirimo kuganirwaho.
Bitandukanye na hydrogène ya hydrogène, hydrogène ya atome irashobora kwaguka, ikerekana hydrogene ku bushyuhe bwinshi n’umuvuduko, bigatuma habaho ishingiro rya HTHA.Muri ibi bihe, hydrogène ya atome irashobora gukwirakwira mu bikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho byo mu cyuma cya karuboni, aho ikorana na karubone mu gisubizo cy’ibyuma kugira ngo ikore gaze metani ku mbibi z’ingano.Ntibishobora guhunga, gaze iraguka, igatera uduce nuduce mu rukuta rw'imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro - iyi ni HTGA.Urashobora kubona neza ibisubizo bya HTHA mubishusho 2 aho ibice n'ibisasu bigaragara murukuta rwa 8 ..Igice cy'ubunini bw'izina (NPS) cyananiranye muri ibi bihe.
Ibyuma bya karubone birashobora gukoreshwa muri serivisi ya hydrogen mugihe ubushyuhe bwo gukora bugumye munsi ya 500 ° F.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, HTHA ibaho iyo gaze ya hydrogène ifashwe kumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bwinshi.Ibyuma bya karubone ntibisabwa mugihe ingufu za hydrogène ziteganijwe kuba hafi 3000 psi kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 450 ° F (aribwo impanuka yabereye mumashusho 2).
Nkuko bigaragara mubibanza byahinduwe na Nelson ku gishushanyo cya 3, igice cyavuye kuri API 941, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gahato ka hydrogen.Umwuka wa hydrogène igice gishobora kurenga 1000 psi mugihe ukoresheje ibyuma bya karubone bikora mubushyuhe bugera kuri 500 ° F.
Igicapo 3. Iyi mbonerahamwe ya Nelson yahinduwe (yakuwe muri API 941) irashobora gukoreshwa muguhitamo ibikoresho bibereye serivisi ya hydrogen mubushyuhe butandukanye.
Ku mutini.3 yerekana guhitamo ibyuma byemezwa kwirinda igitero cya hydrogène, bitewe nubushyuhe bwo gukora hamwe nigitutu cya hydrogène.Ibyuma bya Austenitike bitagira ibyuma ntabwo byumva HTHA kandi ni ibikoresho bishimishije mubushyuhe bwose.
Austenitike 316 / 316L ibyuma bitagira umwanda nibikoresho bifatika mugukoresha hydrogène kandi bifite ibimenyetso byerekana neza.Mugihe nyuma yo gusudira ubushyuhe (PWHT) birasabwa ko ibyuma bya karubone bibara hydrogène isigaye mugihe cyo gusudira no kugabanya ubukana bwa zone (HAZ) nyuma yo gusudira, ntibisabwa ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umwanda.
Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe buterwa no kuvura ubushyuhe no gusudira ntacyo bihindura kumiterere yubukorikori bwa austenitike idafite ibyuma.Nyamara, gukora bikonje birashobora kunoza imiterere yubukorikori bwa austenitike idafite ibyuma, nkimbaraga nubukomere.Iyo wunamye kandi ugakora imiyoboro iva mu byuma bya austenitis, ibyuma byubukanishi birahinduka, harimo no kugabanuka kwa plastike yibikoresho.
Niba ibyuma bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma bisaba gukora ubukonje, gushiramo igisubizo (gushyushya hafi 1045 ° C bikurikirwa no kuzimya cyangwa gukonjesha byihuse) bizagarura imiterere yubukorikori bwibintu byagaciro kambere.Bizakuraho kandi gutandukanya amavuta, gukangurira hamwe na sigma icyiciro cyagezweho nyuma yo gukora ubukonje.Mugihe ukora annealing yumuti, menya ko gukonjesha byihuse bishobora gusubiza ibibazo bisigaye mubikoresho niba bidakozwe neza.
Reba ku mbonerahamwe GR-2.1.1-1 Igipimo cyo Gutanga no Guteranya Inteko Ibipimo byerekana ibikoresho hamwe na GR-2.1.1-2 Igipimo cyerekana ibikoresho byerekana ibikoresho muri ASME B31 kugirango uhitemo ibikoresho byemewe kuri serivisi ya H2.imiyoboro ni ahantu heza ho gutangirira.
Hamwe nuburemere busanzwe bwa atome bingana na 1.008 ya misa (amu), hydrogène nikintu cyoroheje kandi gitoya kumeza yibihe, bityo kikaba gifite amahirwe menshi yo kumeneka, hamwe ningaruka zishobora kwangiza, nshobora kongeraho.Kubwibyo, imiyoboro ya gazi igomba gutegurwa muburyo bwo kugabanya imiyoboro yubwoko bwa mashini no kunoza ayo masano akenewe rwose.
Mugihe hagabanijwe ingingo zishobora kumeneka, sisitemu igomba gusudira byuzuye, usibye guhuza imiyoboro yibikoresho, imiyoboro hamwe nibikoresho.Guhuza insanganyamatsiko bigomba kwirindwa kure hashoboka, niba atari byuzuye.Niba guhuza imigozi bidashobora kwirindwa kubwimpamvu iyo ari yo yose, birasabwa kubihuza byuzuye nta kashe ya kashe hanyuma ugashyiraho kashe.Iyo ukoresheje umuyoboro wibyuma bya karubone, ingingo zumuyoboro zigomba kuba zometseho hanyuma zigashyirwa kumashanyarazi (PWHT).Nyuma yo gusudira, imiyoboro yo muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe (HAZ) ihura na hydrogène ndetse no mubushyuhe bwibidukikije.Mugihe igitero cya hydrogène kibaho cyane cyane mubushyuhe bwinshi, icyiciro cya PWHT kizagabanuka rwose, niba kidakuweho, ibi bishoboka ndetse no mubihe bidukikije.
Intege nke ya sisitemu yose-yasuditswe ni flange ihuza.Kugirango habeho urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukomera muguhuza flange, gasketi ya Kammprofile (igishusho 4) cyangwa ubundi buryo bwa gasketi.Byakozwe muburyo bumwe nababikora benshi, iyi padi irababarira cyane.Igizwe n'amenyo y'ibyuma byose byometse hagati yububiko bworoshye, buhindagurika.Amenyo yibanda kumitwaro ya bolt ahantu hato kugirango itange neza hamwe na stress nke.Yashizweho ku buryo ishobora kwishyura indinganizo zingana zingana kimwe n’imikorere ihindagurika.
Igicapo 4. Igikoresho cya Kammprofile gifite icyuma gifatanye kumpande zombi hamwe nuwuzuza byoroshye.
Ikindi kintu cyingenzi mubusugire bwa sisitemu ni valve.Kumeneka hafi yikimenyetso cya stem na flanges yumubiri nikibazo nyacyo.Kugirango wirinde ibi, birasabwa guhitamo valve ifite kashe ya kashe.
Koresha santimetero 1.Ishuri 80 ryicyuma cya karubone, murugero rwacu hepfo, urebye kwihanganira inganda, kwangirika no kwihanganira imashini ukurikije ASTM A106 Gr B, igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyakazi (MAWP) gishobora kubarwa mubyiciro bibiri mubushyuhe bugera kuri 300 ° F (Icyitonderwa: Impamvu ya “… kubushyuhe bugera kuri 300ºF…” ni ukubera ko impungenge zemewe (S) za ASTM A106 Gr B B) bisaba Guhindura ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 300ºF.)
Ukoresheje formula (1), intambwe yambere nukubara umuyoboro wa teoretiki iturika.
T = urukuta rw'umuyoboro uburebure ukuyemo ubukanishi, kwangirika no kwihanganira gukora, muri santimetero.
Igice cya kabiri cyibikorwa ni ukubara igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyakazi Pa cyumuyoboro ukoresheje ibintu byumutekano S f kubisubizo P ukurikije ikigereranyo (2):
Rero, iyo ukoresheje 1 ″ ishuri 80 ibikoresho, igitutu giturika kibarwa kuburyo bukurikira:
Umutekano Sf wa 4 urakurikizwa hakurikijwe ibyifuzo bya ASME Umuvuduko wicyuma Icyiciro VIII-1 2019, paragarafu ya 8. UG-101 ibarwa kuburyo bukurikira:
Ibisubizo bya MAWP ni 810 psi.santimetero bivuga umuyoboro gusa.Ihuza rya flange cyangwa ibice bifite urwego rwo hasi muri sisitemu nibyo bizagena mukumenya igitutu cyemewe muri sisitemu.
Kuri ASME B16.5, igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyo gukora kumashanyarazi ya karuboni 150 ni 285 psi.santimetero kuri -20 ° F kugeza 100 ° F.Icyiciro cya 300 gifite umuvuduko ntarengwa wemewe wakazi wa 740 psi.Ibi bizaba urugero ntarengwa rwa sisitemu ukurikije urugero rwibintu bikurikira.Na none, gusa mubizamini bya hydrostatike, izo ndangagaciro zishobora kurenga inshuro 1.5.
Nkurugero rwibikoresho fatizo byerekana ibyuma bya karubone, umurongo wa serivisi ya gazi ya H2 ikora ku bushyuhe bw’ibidukikije munsi yumuvuduko wa 740 psi.santimetero, irashobora kuba ikubiyemo ibintu bisabwa bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ibikurikira nubwoko bushobora gusaba kwitabwaho gushyirwa mubisobanuro:
Usibye imiyoboro ubwayo, hari ibintu byinshi bigize sisitemu yo kuvoma nka fitingi, valve, ibikoresho byumurongo, nibindi. Mugihe ibyinshi muribi bizashyirwa hamwe mumuyoboro kugirango babiganireho birambuye, ibi bizakenera impapuro nyinshi zirenze izakirwa.Iyi ngingo.