Eli nqaku lamacandelo amabini lishwankathela iingongoma eziphambili zenqaku kwi-electropolishing kunye nokujonga umboniso weTverberg kwi-InterPhex kamva kule nyanga. Namhlanje, kwiCandelo loku-1, siza kuxubusha ngokubaluleka kwemibhobho ye-electropolishing steel stainless, ubuchule be-electropolishing, kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya. Kwicandelo lesibini, sinikezela ngophando lwamva nje kwimibhobho yentsimbi ecolisiweyo eyenziwe ngoomatshini.
Icandelo 1: I-Electropolished Stainless Steel Tubes Amashishini amayeza kunye ne-semiconductor adinga inani elikhulu le-electropolished steel stainless ityhubhu. Kuzo zombini iimeko, i-316L yensimbi engenasici yi-alloy ekhethiweyo. Ngamanye amaxesha i-alloys yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-6% molybdenum isetyenziswa; i-alloys C-22 kunye ne-C-276 zibalulekile kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor, ngakumbi xa i-gaseous hydrochloric acid isetyenziswa njenge-etchant.
Zibonakalise ngokulula iziphene ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zigqunywe kubunzima bomphezulu ongaqhelekanga ofumaneka kwimathiriyeli eqhelekileyo.
I-inertness yekhemikhali ye-passivating layer ibangelwa kukuba zombini i-chromium kunye nentsimbi zikwimo ye-3+ ye-oxidation, kwaye azikho isinyithi se-zerovalent. Imiphezulu epholisiweyo ngoomatshini igcine umxholo ophezulu wentsimbi yasimahla kwifilimu nasemva kokudlula ixesha elide lobushushu kunye ne-nitric acid. Lo mbandela wodwa unika indawo ene-electropolished inzuzo enkulu ngokwemiqathango yozinzo lwexesha elide.
Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweendawo ezimbini kubukho (kwindawo epholisiweyo ngoomatshini) okanye ukungabikho (kwindawo ene-electropolished) yezinto ezixutywayo. Imiphezulu epolishwe ngoomatshini igcina eyona ngxubevange iphambili kunye nelahleko encinci yezinye izinto zokudibanisa, ngelixa iindawo ezipholisiweyo zombane ziqulathe ubukhulu becala ichromium kunye nentsimbi.
Ukwenza imibhobho ye-electropolished Ukufumana indawo egudileyo ye-electropolished, kufuneka uqale nge-smooth surface. Oku kuthetha ukuba siqala ngentsimbi ekumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu, eyenzelwe ukuwelda ngeyona ndlela. Ukulawula kuyimfuneko xa kunyibilika isulfure, i-silicon, i-manganese kunye nezinto ze-deoxidizing ezifana ne-aluminium, i-titanium, i-calcium, i-magnesium kunye ne-delta ferrite. Umcu kufuneka uphathwe ubushushu ukuze unyibilike naziphi na izigaba zesibini ezinokuthi zenziwe ngexesha lokunyibilika kwenyibilika okanye zenziwe ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu.
Ukongezelela, uhlobo lokugqiba umgca lubaluleke kakhulu. I-ASTM A-480 idwelisa iindawo ezintathu zomphezulu obandayo ofumanekayo kurhwebo: i-2D (umoya oxutyiweyo, ocoliweyo, kunye ne-blunt rolled), i-2B (ifakwe umoya, i-rolling pickled, kunye ne-rolling polished), kunye ne-2BA (i-anneal eqaqambileyo kunye nekhaka elikhazimlisiweyo). umoya). imiqulu).
Iprofayili, i-welding kunye nohlengahlengiso lwe-bead kufuneka ilawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kufumaneke eyona tyhubhu ejikelezayo. Emva kokupholisa, kwaneyona ndlela incinci i-undercut ye-weld okanye umgca osicaba we-bead iya kubonakala. Ukongezelela, emva kwe-electropolishing, umkhondo wokuqengqeleka, iipateni ezijikelezayo ze-welds kunye naluphi na umonakalo owenziwe ngumatshini kumphezulu uya kubonakala.
Emva kokunyanga kobushushu, ububanzi bangaphakathi bombhobho kufuneka bucocwe ngomatshini ukuze kupheliswe iziphene zomhlaba ezenziwe ngexesha lokubunjwa komcu kunye nombhobho. Ngeli nqanaba, ukhetho lokugqiba umgca luba lunzima. Ukuba i-fold fold inzulu kakhulu, isinyithi esongezelelweyo kufuneka sisuswe kumphezulu we-diameter yangaphakathi yombhobho ukufumana ityhubhu egudileyo. Ukuba uburhabaxa bunzulu okanye bungekho, kufuneka kususwe intsimbi encinci. Ukugqitywa kwe-electropolished, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-5 micro-inch range okanye i-smooter, ifunyenwe nge-longitudinal band polishing of the tubes. Olu hlobo lokupholisha lususa ubuninzi besinyithi ukusuka phezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-intshi ye-intshi ye-0.001, ngaloo ndlela isusa imida yeenkozo, ukungafezeki kwendawo, kunye neziphene ezenziwe. I-Whirling polishing isusa izinto ezincinci, yenza umphezulu "onamafu", kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ivelisa i-Ra ephezulu (i-avareji yomphezulu woburhabaxa) kuluhlu lwe-10-15 microinch.
I-Electropolishing Electropolishing yinto nje yokubeka umva. Isisombululo se-electropolishing simpontshwa phezu kobubanzi bangaphakathi betyhubhu ngelixa i-cathode itsalwa ityhubhu. Isinyithi sikhethwa ngokufanelekileyo sisuswe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo phezulu. Inkqubo "ithemba" i-galvanize i-cathode ngetsimbi echithwa ngaphakathi kwityhubhu (oko kukuthi, i-anode). Kubalulekile ukulawula i-electrochemistry ukukhusela i-cathodic coating kunye nokugcina i-valency echanekileyo yeyoni nganye.
Ngexesha le-electropolishing, ioksijini yenziwa phezu kwe-anode okanye insimbi engenasici, kwaye i-hydrogen yenziwa phezu kwe-cathode. Ioksijini isisithako esiphambili ekudaleni iipropati ezikhethekileyo zemigangatho ye-electropolished, zombini ukunyusa ubunzulu be-passivation layer kunye nokudala umaleko we-passivation oyinyaniso.
I-Electropolishing iyenzeka phantsi kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Jacquet" layer, eyi-polymerized nickel sulfite. Nantoni na ephazamisa ukubunjwa kweJacquet layer iya kubangela indawo ephosakeleyo ye-electropolished. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo i-ion, njenge-chloride okanye i-nitrate, evimbela ukubunjwa kwe-nickel sulfite. Ezinye izinto eziphazamisayo ziioli ze-silicone, iigrisi, i-wax kunye nezinye ii-hydrocarbons zamatsheyini amade.
Emva kwe-electropolishing, iityhubhu zahlanjwa ngamanzi kwaye zaphinda zagqithiswa kwi-nitric acid eshushu. Le passivation eyongezelelweyo iyimfuneko ukususa nayiphi na i-nickel sulfite eshiyekileyo kunye nokuphucula umphezulu we-chromium kwi-iron ratio. Iityhubhu ezilandelwayo zahlanjwa ngamanzi enkqubo, zibekwe emanzini ashushu adibeneyo, omisiwe kwaye apakishwe. Ukuba ukupakishwa kwegumbi elicocekileyo kuyadingeka, i-tubing iphinda ihlanjululwe emanzini adibeneyo kuze kube yilapho i-conductivity echaziweyo ifikeleleke, ngoko yomiswe nge-nitrogen eshushu ngaphambi kokupakishwa.
Ezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokuhlalutya umphezulu we-electropolished yi-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) kunye ne-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (ekwaziwa njengohlalutyo lwekhemikhali i-electron spectroscopy). I-AES isebenzisa ii-electron eziveliswe kufutshane nomphezulu ukuvelisa umqondiso othile wento nganye, enika ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ngobunzulu. I-XPS isebenzisa iiX-reyi ezithambileyo ezenza imbonakalo ebophelelayo, evumela iintlobo zemolekyuli ukuba zahlulwe ngokwemeko ye-oxidation.
Uburhabaxa bomphezulu obunenkangeleko yomphezulu efana nenkangeleko yomphezulu ayithethi inkangeleko yomphezulu efanayo. Uninzi lweeprofayile zangoku zinokuchaza amaxabiso amaninzi awohlukeneyo okurhabaxa komphezulu, kuquka i-Rq (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-RMS), i-Ra, i-Rt (owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi komkhombe wokusela kunye nencochoyi enkulu), i-Rz (ubude obuphakathi bobude beprofayile), kunye namanye amaxabiso amaninzi. Ezi nkcazo zifunyenwe ngenxa yezibalo ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa ipasi enye ejikeleze umphezulu ngepeni yedayimani. Kule ndlela yokudlula, inxalenye ebizwa ngokuba yi "cutoff" ikhethwe ngekhompyutha kwaye izibalo zisekelwe kule nxalenye.
Umphezulu unokuchazwa ngcono usebenzisa indibaniselwano yamaxabiso oyilo ahlukeneyo afana neRa kunye ne-Rt, kodwa akukho msebenzi umnye onokwahlula phakathi kwemiphezulu emibini eyahlukeneyo enexabiso elifanayo leRa. I-ASME ipapasha umgangatho we-ASME B46.1, ochaza intsingiselo yomsebenzi ngamnye wokubala.
Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi qhagamshelana: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Ifowuni: 262-642-8210.