Nkhani ya magawo awiriyi ikufotokoza mwachidule mfundo zazikuluzikulu za nkhani ya electropolishing ndikuwonetseratu zomwe Tverberg adapereka ku InterPhex kumapeto kwa mwezi uno. Lero, mu Gawo 1, tikambirana za kufunikira kwa mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a electropolishing, njira zama electropolishing, ndi njira zowunikira. Mu gawo lachiwiri, tikuwonetsa kafukufuku waposachedwa pa mapaipi achitsulo opukutidwa ndi makina osapanga dzimbiri.
Gawo 1: Machubu Azitsulo Osapanga dzimbiri Opangidwa ndi Electropolished Stainless Steel Mafakitale opanga mankhwala ndi semiconductor amafunikira kuchuluka kwa machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Muzochitika zonsezi, 316L chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndiye aloyi yomwe amakonda. Zosakaniza zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi 6% molybdenum nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; aloyi C-22 ndi C-276 ndi zofunika kwa opanga semiconductor, makamaka pamene mpweya hydrochloric asidi ntchito ngati etchant.
Zindikirani mosavuta zolakwika zapamtunda zomwe zikadabisika muzambiri za zolakwika zomwe zimapezeka muzinthu zodziwika bwino.
Kusasunthika kwamankhwala kwa gawo lodutsa kumachitika chifukwa chakuti chromium ndi chitsulo zonse zili mu 3+ oxidation state, ndipo sizitsulo zopanda zerovant. Malo opukutidwa mwamakina amakhalabe ndi chitsulo chaulere mufilimuyo ngakhale atakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotentha ndi nitric acid. Chinthu ichi chokha chimapereka malo opangidwa ndi electropolished mwayi waukulu ponena za kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali.
Kusiyana kwina kofunikira pakati pa malo awiriwa ndi kukhalapo (pamalo opukutidwa ndi makina) kapena kusapezeka (pamalo opangidwa ndi electropolished) kwa zinthu zophatikizika. Pamalo opukutidwa mwamakina amasunga ma alloying ake akuluakulu osatayika pang'ono ndi ma aloyi ena, pomwe malo opukutidwa ndi ma elekitirodi amakhala ndi chromium ndi chitsulo chokha.
Kupanga mapaipi opangidwa ndi electropolished Kuti mupeze malo osalala a electropolished, muyenera kuyamba ndi malo osalala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti timayamba ndi chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri, chopangidwa kuti chiwotchedwe bwino. Kuwongolera ndikofunikira pakusungunula sulfure, silicon, manganese ndi deoxidizing zinthu monga aluminium, titaniyamu, calcium, magnesium ndi delta ferrite. Mzerewu uyenera kutenthedwa kuti usungunuke magawo achiwiri omwe angapangidwe panthawi yosungunuka kapena kupangidwa panthawi ya kutentha kwakukulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa kumaliza kwa mizere ndi wofunikira kwambiri. ASTM A-480 imatchula zomaliza zitatu zomwe zimapezeka pamalonda: 2D (yotsekedwa ndi mpweya, yoziziritsa, ndi yosasunthika), 2B (yotsekedwa ndi mpweya, yotsekemera, ndi yopukutidwa), ndi 2BA (yokhala yowala komanso yopukutidwa ndi chishango). mpweya). mipukutu).
Kujambula, kuwotcherera ndi kusintha kwa mikanda kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti tipeze chubu chozungulira kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kupukuta, ngakhale kutsika pang'ono kwa weld kapena mzere wosalala wa mkanda udzawonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, pambuyo pa electropolishing, zizindikiro za kugubuduza, kugubuduza kwa ma welds ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina kulikonse kudzakhala koonekeratu.
Pambuyo kutentha mankhwala, m'mimba mwake wa m'mimba mwake wa chitoliro ayenera umakaniko opukutidwa kuthetsa zilema padziko pa mapangidwe Mzere ndi chitoliro. Panthawi imeneyi, kusankha kwa mizere kumakhala kofunikira. Ngati kholalo ndi lakuya kwambiri, zitsulo zambiri ziyenera kuchotsedwa pamwamba pa mkatikati mwa chubu kuti mupeze chubu chosalala. Ngati chitsulocho chili chozama kapena palibe, chitsulo chochepa chiyenera kuchotsedwa. Mapeto abwino kwambiri a electropolished, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mu mainchesi 5 kapena osalala, amapezeka ndi kupukuta kwa machubu kwa nthawi yayitali. Kupukuta kwamtunduwu kumachotsa zitsulo zambiri pamtunda, zomwe zimakhala mumtunda wa 0.001 inchi, potero zimachotsa malire a tirigu, zofooka zapamtunda, ndi zowonongeka. Kupukuta kwa whirling kumachotsa zinthu zochepa, kumapanga "mtambo" pamwamba, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatulutsa Ra wokwera (pafupifupi pamwamba pa roughness) mu 10-15 microinch range.
Electropolishing Electropolishing ndi zokutira chabe. Njira ya electropolishing imapopedwa mkati mwake mwa chubu pomwe cathode imakokedwa kudzera mu chubu. Chitsulocho chimachotsedwa makamaka kumtunda wapamwamba pamtunda. Njirayi "ikuyembekeza" kulimbikitsa cathode ndi chitsulo chomwe chimasungunuka kuchokera mkati mwa chubu (ie, anode). Ndikofunika kuwongolera electrochemistry kuti mupewe kuyanika kwa cathodic komanso kusunga valency yoyenera pa ion iliyonse.
Panthawi ya electropolishing, mpweya umapangidwa pamwamba pa anode kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo hydrogen imapangidwa pamwamba pa cathode. Oxygen ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri popanga zinthu zapadera za malo opangidwa ndi electropolished, kuti awonjezere kuya kwa gawo la passivation ndikupanga malo enieni a passivation.
Electropolishing imachitika pansi pa zomwe zimatchedwa "Jacquet" wosanjikiza, womwe ndi polymerized nickel sulfite. Chilichonse chomwe chimasokoneza mapangidwe a Jacquet wosanjikiza chimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso la electropolished pamwamba. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ion, monga chloride kapena nitrate, zomwe zimalepheretsa mapangidwe a nickel sulfite. Zinthu zina zosokoneza ndi mafuta a silikoni, mafuta, phula ndi ma hydrocarbon ena autali.
Pambuyo pa electropolishing, machubu amatsukidwa ndi madzi ndikuwonjezeranso mu acidity yotentha ya nitric. Kuphatikizika kowonjezeraku ndikofunikira kuti muchotse nickel sulfite yotsalira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chromium kupita kuchitsulo. Kenako passivated machubu anatsukidwa ndi ndondomeko madzi, anaika m'madzi otentha deionized, zouma ndi mmatumba. Ngati kuyika kwachipinda koyera kumafunika, chubucho chimatsukidwanso m'madzi opangidwa ndi deionized mpaka ma conductivity omwe adanenedwawo afikire, kenako amawumitsidwa ndi nayitrogeni yotentha musanayike.
Njira zodziwika bwino zowunikira malo opangidwa ndi electropolished ndi Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) ndi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti chemical analysis electron spectroscopy). AES imagwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi opangidwa pafupi ndi pamwamba kuti apange chizindikiro cha chinthu chilichonse, chomwe chimapereka kugawa kwazinthu mozama. XPS imagwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray ofewa omwe amapanga mawonekedwe omangiriza, kulola kuti mitundu ya mamolekyu isiyanitsidwe ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni.
Kukhwimira kwapamwamba kokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati pamwamba sikukutanthauza mawonekedwe amtundu womwewo. Olemba mbiri amakono amatha kunena za makulidwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Rq (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti RMS), Ra, Rt (kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ufa wocheperako ndi nsonga yapamwamba), Rz (avareji ya kutalika kwa mbiri), ndi zina zingapo. Mawu awa adapezedwa chifukwa cha kuwerengera kosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito chiphaso chimodzi chozungulira pamwamba ndi cholembera cha diamondi. Panjirayi, gawo lotchedwa "cutoff" limasankhidwa pakompyuta ndipo kuwerengera kumatengera gawoli.
Zowoneka bwino zitha kufotokozedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamapangidwe monga Ra ndi Rt, koma palibe ntchito imodzi yomwe imatha kusiyanitsa magawo awiri osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mtengo womwewo wa Ra. ASME imasindikiza mulingo wa ASME B46.1, womwe umatanthauzira tanthauzo la ntchito iliyonse yowerengera.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Foni: 262-642-8210.