Iyi nkuru y'ibice bibiri irasobanura ingingo z'ingenzi z'iyi nkuru ku bijyanye no gutunganya amashanyarazi no kwerekana neza ikiganiro cya Tverberg muri InterPhex mu mpera z'uku kwezi. Uyu munsi, mu gice cya 1, tuzaganira ku kamaro ko gutunganya amashanyarazi mu miyoboro y'ibyuma bitagira umugese, ubuhanga bwo gutunganya amashanyarazi, n'uburyo bwo gusesengura. Mu gice cya kabiri, turagaragaza ubushakashatsi bugezweho ku miyoboro y'ibyuma bitagira umugese ikoreshwa mu buryo budasanzwe.
Igice cya 1: Imiyoboro y'ibyuma bitagira amashanyarazi Inganda zikora imiti n'ibikomoka kuri semiconductor zikenera umubare munini w'imiyoboro y'ibyuma bitagira amashanyarazi bikozwe na electropoli. Muri ubwo buryo bwombi, icyuma gikozwe na 316L ni cyo gikundwa cyane. Hari igihe hakoreshwa ibyuma bitagira amashanyarazi bifite molybdenum 6%; ibyuma bikozwe na C-22 na C-276 ni ingenzi ku bakora ibikoresho bikoresha semiconductor, cyane cyane iyo aside hydrochloric gaze ikoreshejwe nk'ikintu gikoreshwa mu gushushanya.
Garagaza byoroshye inenge zo ku buso zashoboraga guhishwa mu ruhererekane rw'ibintu bidasanzwe ku buso biboneka mu bikoresho bikunze kugaragara.
Ubusembwa bw'ubutare budashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa "passivating layer" buterwa n'uko chromium na fer biri mu rugero rwa "oxidation" rwa 3+, kandi ntabwo ari ibyuma bivalent. Ubuso bukozwe mu buryo bwa "mechanical polished" bwagumanye icyuma kinini cyigenga muri filime ndetse na nyuma yo gushyuha igihe kirekire hamwe na aside nitrique. Iki kintu cyonyine giha ubuso bukozwe mu buryo bwa "electropolished" inyungu ikomeye mu bijyanye no kugumana ubusugire bw'igihe kirekire.
Irindi tandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y’ubuso bubiri ni ukuba hari (mu buso busukuwe neza) cyangwa kubura (mu buso busukuwe neza). Ubuso busukuwe neza bugumana imiterere nyamukuru y’ubuso busukuwe neza nta gihombo kinini cy’ibindi bintu bisukuwe, mu gihe ubuso busukuwe neza bugizwe ahanini na chromium na fer gusa.
Gukora imiyoboro ikoze mu byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi Kugira ngo ubone ubuso bukozwe mu byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi, ugomba gutangirira ku buso butoshye. Ibi bivuze ko dutangirana n'icyuma cyiza cyane, cyakozwe kugira ngo gishobore gusudira neza. Kugenzura ni ngombwa mu gushonga sulfur, silicon, manganese no gukuraho ogisijeni nka aluminiyumu, titaniyumu, kalisiyumu, manyeziyumu na delta ferrite. Urwo rupapuro rugomba guterwa ubushyuhe kugira ngo rushongeshe ibice bya kabiri bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gushonga cyangwa gukorwa mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bw'imirongo irangi ni bwo bw'ingenzi cyane. ASTM A-480 igaragaza imirongo itatu irangi irangi iboneka ku isoko: 2D (ifite umwuka upfunyitse, ipfunyitse, n'ifite imigozi ipfunyitse), 2B (ifite umwuka upfunyitse, ipfunyitse, n'ifite imigozi ipfunyitse), na 2BA (ifite umwuka upfunyitse n'ifite ubushyuhe). ikirere).
Gutunganya, gusudira no guhindura amasaro bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo haboneke umuyoboro wire mwinshi ushoboka. Nyuma yo gukosora, ndetse no gukata gato k'umuyoboro cyangwa umurongo ugororotse w'umuyoboro bizagaragara. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo gukosora hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, ibimenyetso by'imigozi, imiterere y'imigozi ndetse n'ibyangiritse ku buso bizagaragara.
Nyuma yo gushyushya, umurambararo w'imbere w'umuyoboro ugomba gusigwa neza kugira ngo hakurweho inenge zo hejuru zabayeho mu gihe cyo gukora umurongo n'umuyoboro. Muri iki cyiciro, guhitamo impera y'imirongo iba ingenzi cyane. Iyo umugozi uri muremure cyane, ibyuma byinshi bigomba gukurwaho hejuru y'umurambararo w'imbere w'umuyoboro kugira ngo haboneke umuyoboro woroshye. Niba ubukana butari bugufi cyangwa butarimo, ibyuma bike bigomba gukurwaho. Impera nziza ya electropolished, akenshi iri mu rugero rwa santimetero 5 cyangwa igenda neza, iboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusigwa imiyoboro mu gihe kirekire. Ubu bwoko bwo gusigwa bukuraho icyuma kinini hejuru, akenshi kiri mu rugero rwa santimetero 0.001, bityo bigakuraho imbibi z'ibinyampeke, inenge zo hejuru, n'inenge zabayeho. Gusigwa neza bikuraho ibikoresho bike, bigatera ubuso "bufite ibicu", kandi akenshi bigatanga Ra (ubukana bw'ubuso busanzwe) buri hagati ya santimetero 10-15.
Electropolishing Electropolishing ni irangi risubira inyuma gusa. Umuti wa electropolishing ushyirwa hejuru y'umurambararo w'imbere w'umuyoboro mu gihe cathode inyuzwa mu muyoboro. Icyuma cyaba cyiza cyane gikurwa ku ngingo zo hejuru cyane ku buso. Ubu buryo "bwiringira" ko cathode izashyirwamo icyuma gishonga imbere mu muyoboro (ni ukuvuga anode). Ni ngombwa kugenzura electrochemistry kugira ngo hirindwe irangi rya cathodic no kugumana valency ikwiye kuri buri iyoni.
Mu gihe cyo gutunganya amashanyarazi, ogisijeni ibaho ku buso bwa anode cyangwa icyuma kitagira umugese, naho hydrogen ibaho ku buso bwa cathode. Ogisijeni ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukora imiterere yihariye y'ubuso bukozwe mu amashanyarazi, haba mu kongera ubujyakuzimu bw'urwego rw'amashanyarazi no gukora urwego rw'amashanyarazi nyarwo.
Gutunganya amashanyarazi bibera munsi y'icyitwa "Jacquet", ari cyo sulfite ya nikeli ya polymerize. Ikintu cyose kibangamira ikorwa ry'icyiciro cya Jacquet kizavamo ubuso bufite inenge bwa electropolize. Ubusanzwe iyi ni iyoni, nka chloride cyangwa nitrate, ibuza ikorwa rya nikeli ya sulfite. Ibindi bintu bibangamira ni amavuta ya silikoni, amavuta, irangi n'ibindi binyabutabire birebire bya hydrocarbon.
Nyuma yo gukaraba hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, imiyoboro yogejwe n'amazi, yongeraho koherezwa muri aside nitrique ishyushye. Uku gukaraba kwinshi ni ngombwa kugira ngo hakurweho sulfite ya nikeli isigaye no kunoza ikigereranyo cya chromium ku bushyuhe. Imiyoboro yogejwe nyuma yaho yogejwe n'amazi yo mu nganda, ishyirwa mu mazi ashyushye yakuwemo ayoni, yumishwa hanyuma ipakishwa. Niba bikenewe ko ipaki isuku mu cyumba, umuyoboro wogezwa n'amazi yakuwemo ayoni kugeza igihe amashanyarazi yagenwe agereyeho, hanyuma yumishwa azote ishyushye mbere yo gupakishwa.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gusesengura ubuso bwa electropolished ni Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (izwi kandi nka chemical analysis electron spectroscopy). AES ikoresha electron zikorerwa hafi y'ubuso kugira ngo itange ikimenyetso cyihariye kuri buri kintu, gitanga ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu mu buryo bw'ubujyakuzimu. XPS ikoresha X-ray zoroshye zikora spectra zihuza, bigatuma ubwoko bwa molekile butandukanywa n'imiterere ya oxidation.
Agaciro k'ubuso bufite ishusho y'ubuso isa n'iy'ubuso ntibivuze ko ubuso bumeze kimwe. Abashakashatsi benshi ba none bashobora gutangaza agaciro kenshi k'ubuso, harimo Rq (izwi kandi nka RMS), Ra, Rt (itandukaniro ntarengwa hagati y'igipimo gito n'igipimo ntarengwa), Rz (uburebure bw'ikigereranyo ntarengwa bw'ubuso), n'andi gaciro menshi. Izi mvugo zabonetse bitewe n'imibare itandukanye hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwo gupima ubuso hakoreshejwe ikaramu ya diyama. Muri ubu buryo bwo gupima, igice cyitwa "cutoff" gitoranywa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga kandi imibare ishingiye kuri iki gice.
Ubuso bushobora gusobanurwa neza hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gushushanya nka Ra na Rt, ariko nta buryo bumwe bushobora gutandukanya ubuso bubiri butandukanye bufite agaciro kamwe ka Ra. ASME isohora ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASME B46.1, bigena icyo buri buryo bwo kubara busobanura.
Kubindi bisobanuro hamagara: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Terefone: 262-642-8210.