E whakarāpopoto ana tēnei tuhinga wāhanga-rua i ngā kaupapa matua o te tuhinga mō te whakakanapa hiko, ā, ka arokite i te whakaaturanga a Tverberg ki InterPhex i te mutunga o tēnei marama. I tēnei rā, i te Wāhanga 1, ka matapakihia e mātou te hiranga o te whakakanapa hiko i ngā paipa kowiri tira, ngā tikanga whakakanapa hiko, me ngā tikanga tātari. I te wāhanga tuarua, ka whakaatuhia e mātou ngā rangahau hou mō ngā paipa kowiri tira kua whakakanapahia ā-mīhini.
Wāhanga 1: Ngā Ngongo Kowiri tira Kua Whakakanapahia Hiko E hiahia ana ngā umanga rongoā me ngā umanga haurua-waenga ki te maha o ngā ngongo kowiri tira kua whakakanapahia hiko. I ngā āhuatanga e rua, ko te kowiri tira 316L te koranu e pai ana. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia ngā koranu kowiri tira me te 6% molybdenum; he mea nui ngā koranu C-22 me te C-276 ki ngā kaihanga haurua-waenga, inā koa ka whakamahia te waikawa hauwai hau hei mea whakakanapa.
Te tautuhi ngāwari i ngā hapa o te mata e hunaia ana pea i roto i te raruraru o ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mata e kitea ana i roto i ngā rauemi noa ake.
Ko te koretake o te matū o te paparanga whakawātea nā te mea kei roto te chromium me te rino i te āhua waikura 3+, ehara i te mea he konganuku kore-taurite. Ahakoa te roa o te whakawātea wera me te waikawa hauota, he nui te rino kore utu i roto i te kiriata i mau tonu i ngā mata kua whakakanapahia e te miihini. Mā tēnei āhuatanga anake ka nui te painga o ngā mata kua whakakanapahia e te hiko mō te pumau mō te wā roa.
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā mata e rua ko te aroaro (i roto i ngā mata kua orohia ā-mīhini) te ngaro rānei (i roto i ngā mata kua orohia hiko). Ka mau tonu te hanganga oro matua o ngā mata kua orohia ā-mīhini me te iti o te ngaronga o ētahi atu o ngā mea kua orohia, ko te nuinga ia o ngā mata kua orohia hiko he chromium me te rino anake.
Te Hanga Paipa Hiko-Oro Hei whiwhi i tētahi mata hiko-oro maeneene, me tīmata koe me tētahi mata maeneene. Ko te tikanga ka tīmata tātou me te maitai kounga teitei rawa, he mea hanga mō te kaha whakarewa tino pai. Me whakahaere te mana ina whakarewahia te whanariki, te silicon, te manganese me ngā huānga tango-hauota pērā i te konumohe, te titanium, te konupūmā, te konupora me te delta ferrite. Me whakamahana te rīpene kia whakarewahia ngā wāhanga tuarua ka puta i te wā e totoka ana te whakarewa, i te wā rānei e tukatukahia ana i te pāmahana teitei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te momo whakaotinga whiri te mea tino nui. E whakarārangihia ana e te ASTM A-480 ētahi whakaotinga mata whiri makariri e toru e wātea ana i te hokohoko: 2D (whakamahanahia i te hau, whakapūkarahia, me te huri porotaka), 2B (whakamahanahia i te hau, rōra whakapūkarahia, me te rōra orohia), me te 2BA (whakamahanahia kanapa me te whakapūkara orohia). āhuarangi). ngā rōra).
Me āta whakahaere te whakakōtaha, te whakarewa me te whakatikatika i ngā pītiti kia whiwhi ai i te ngongo porowhita rawa atu. I muri i te whakakanapa, ka kitea tonutia te tapahi iti rawa o te whakarewa, te rārangi papatahi rānei o te pītiti. Hei tāpiri, i muri i te whakakanapa hiko, ka kitea ngā tohu o te hurihuri, o ngā tauira hurihuri o ngā whakarewa me ngā kino ā-mīhini ki te mata.
I muri i te whakamahana, me whakakanapa te diameter o roto o te paipa mā te miihini hei whakakore i ngā hapa o te mata i puta i te hanganga o te rīpene me te paipa. I tēnei wā, ka nui te whiriwhiri i te whakaotinga rīpene. Mena he hohonu rawa te takai, me tango atu he konganuku nui atu i te mata o te diameter o roto o te ngongo kia maeneene ai te ngongo. Mena he papaku, he kore rānei te taratara, he iti ake te konganuku e hiahiatia ana kia tangohia. Ko te whakaotinga hiko pai rawa atu, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te awhe 5 micro-inihi, i te maeneene rānei, ka whiwhi mā te whakakanapa roopu roa o ngā ngongo. Ka tangohia e tēnei momo whakakanapa te nuinga o te konganuku mai i te mata, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te awhe 0.001 inihi, ā, ka tangohia ngā rohe kōpaka, ngā hapa o te mata, me ngā hapa kua hangaia. Ka tangohia e te whakakanapa hurihuri he iti ake te rauemi, ka hangaia he mata "kapua", ā, he nui ake te Ra (taratara mata toharite) i roto i te awhe 10–15 microinihi.
Te Whakakanapa Hiko He paninga whakamuri noa iho te whakakanapa hiko. Ka pupuhihia he otinga whakakanapa hiko ki runga i te diameter o roto o te ngongo i te wā e kumea ana te katote mā roto i te ngongo. Ko te mea pai ko te tango i te konganuku mai i ngā pūwāhi teitei rawa o te mata. Ko te "tumanako" o te tukanga kia whakakanapahia te katote ki te konganuku e rewa ana mai i roto i te ngongo (arā, te anode). He mea nui kia whakahaeretia te matū hiko hei ārai i te paninga katote me te pupuri i te uara tika mō ia katote.
I te wā e whakakanapahia ana te hiko, ka hangaia te hāora ki runga i te mata o te anode, te maitai kore waikura rānei, ā, ka hangaia te hauwai ki runga i te mata o te cathode. Ko te hāora tētahi wāhanga matua o te hanga i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ngā mata kua whakakanapahia, hei whakanui ake i te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakakāhore, hei hanga hoki i tētahi paparanga whakakāhore tūturu.
Ka tū te whakakanapa hiko i raro i te paparanga "Jacquet", he mea hanga ki te nickel sulfite polymerized. Ko ngā mea katoa e whakararuraru ana i te hanganga o te paparanga Jacquet ka hua ake he mata kua whakakanapa hiko hapa. He ion tēnei, pērā i te chloride, te nitrate rānei, e ārai ana i te hanganga o te nickel sulfite. Ko ētahi atu matū whakararuraru ko ngā hinu silicone, ngā hinu, ngā ware pi me ētahi atu warowaihā mekameka roa.
I muri i te whakakanapa hiko, ka horoia ngā ngongo ki te wai, ā, ka whakakāhoretia anō ki te waikawa hauota wera. E tika ana tēnei whakakāhoretanga anō hei tango i te toenga o te nickel sulfite, hei whakapai ake hoki i te ōwehenga o te chromium ki te rino i te mata. Ka horoia ngā ngongo whakakāhoretia i muri mai ki te wai tukatuka, ka whakanohoia ki roto i te wai wera kua whakakorea te ion, ka whakamarokehia, ka tākaihia. Mēnā e hiahiatia ana he tākai rūma ma, ka horoia anō ngā ngongo ki te wai kua whakakorea te ion kia tae rā anō ki te kawe hiko kua tohua, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki te hauota wera i mua i te tākai.
Ko ngā tikanga tino noa mō te tātari i ngā mata kua whakakanapahia ko te Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) me te X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (e mōhiotia ana ko te tātari matū electron spectroscopy). Ka whakamahia e te AES ngā irahiko i hangaia tata ki te mata hei whakaputa i tētahi tohu motuhake mō ia huānga, e homai ana he tohatoha o ngā huānga me te hohonutanga. Ka whakamahia e te XPS ngā hihi-X ngohengohe e hanga ana i ngā irahiko here, e āhei ai te wehewehe i ngā momo ngota ngota mā te āhua waikura.
Kāore te uara taratara o te mata me te āhua o te mata e tohu ana i te āhua o te mata kotahi. Ka taea e te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakaahua hou te ripoata i ngā uara taratara o te mata maha, tae atu ki te Rq (e mōhiotia ana ko te RMS), Ra, Rt (te rerekētanga mōrahi i waenga i te awaawa iti rawa me te tihi mōrahi), Rz (te teitei mōrahi toharite o te kōtaha), me ētahi atu uara. I whiwhihia ēnei kīanga hei hua o ngā tataunga maha mā te whakamahi i te kotahi haere huri noa i te mata me te pene taimana. I roto i tēnei arai, ka tīpakohia he wāhanga e kiia nei ko te "tapahi" ā, ka ahu mai ngā tataunga i tēnei wāhanga.
Ka taea te whakaahua pai ake i ngā mata mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga o ngā uara hoahoa rerekē pēnei i a Ra me Rt, engari kāore he mahi kotahi e taea ai te wehewehe i waenga i ngā mata rerekē e rua me te uara Ra kotahi. Ka whakaputa a ASME i te paerewa ASME B46.1, e tautuhi ana i te tikanga o ia mahi tatau.
Mō ētahi atu pārongo whakapā atu ki: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Waea: 262-642-8210.