Wannan kasidar mai sassa biyu ta taƙaita muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin kasidar kan gogewar lantarki kuma ta yi bitar gabatarwar Tverberg a InterPhex daga baya a wannan watan. A yau, a Kashi na 1, za mu tattauna mahimmancin gogewar bututun ƙarfe na lantarki, dabarun gogewar lantarki, da hanyoyin nazari. A kashi na biyu, za mu gabatar da sabon bincike kan bututun ƙarfe na lantarki da aka goge ta hanyar injiniya.
Kashi na 1: Bututun Bakin Karfe Mai Lantarki Masana'antun magunguna da semiconductor suna buƙatar adadi mai yawa na bututun ƙarfe mai lantarki. A duka yanayi biyu, ƙarfe mai lantarki 316L shine ƙarfe da aka fi so. A wasu lokutan ana amfani da ƙarfe mai lantarki mai 6% molybdenum; ƙarfe mai lantarki C-22 da C-276 suna da mahimmanci ga masana'antun semiconductor, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da iskar gas hydrochloric acid azaman mai cirewa.
Cikin sauƙi a fayyace lahani na saman da za a ɓoye a cikin tabo na rashin daidaiton saman da ake samu a cikin kayan da aka fi sani.
Rashin daidaiton sinadarai na layin wucewa ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa duka chromium da ƙarfe suna cikin yanayin iskar shaka ta 3+, kuma ba ƙarfe ba ne sifili. Fuskokin da aka goge ta hanyar injiniya sun riƙe babban abun ciki na ƙarfe kyauta a cikin fim ɗin ko da bayan tsawaita lokacin zafi tare da nitric acid. Wannan factor kaɗai yana ba saman da aka goge ta hanyar lantarki babban fa'ida dangane da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.
Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin saman biyu shine kasancewar (a saman da aka goge ta hanyar injiniya) ko rashin (a saman da aka goge ta hanyar lantarki). saman da aka goge ta hanyar injiniya yana riƙe da babban abun da ke haɗa ƙarfe ba tare da asarar wasu abubuwan haɗa ƙarfe ba, yayin da saman da aka goge ta hanyar lantarki ke ɗauke da galibin chromium da ƙarfe kawai.
Yin bututun lantarki mai laushi Don samun saman lantarki mai santsi, kuna buƙatar farawa da saman mai santsi. Wannan yana nufin cewa muna farawa da ƙarfe mai inganci sosai, wanda aka ƙera don ingantaccen walda. Ana buƙatar sarrafawa lokacin narkewar sulfur, silicon, manganese da abubuwan da ke lalata iska kamar aluminum, titanium, calcium, magnesium da delta ferrite. Dole ne a yi wa tsiri magani da zafi don narkar da duk wani mataki na biyu da za a iya samu yayin narkewar narkewa ko kuma a samar da shi yayin sarrafa zafin jiki mai yawa.
Bugu da ƙari, nau'in gamawar layukan shine mafi mahimmanci. ASTM A-480 ya lissafa kariyar layukan layukan sanyi guda uku da ake samu a kasuwa: 2D (an yi amfani da iska, an yi amfani da pickled, da kuma an yi amfani da blunt), 2B (an yi amfani da iska, an yi amfani da pickled, da kuma an yi amfani da birgima), da kuma 2BA (an yi amfani da annealed mai haske da kuma an yi amfani da garkuwa). yanayi).
Dole ne a kula da gyaran siffofi, walda da beads sosai don samun mafi girman bututun zagaye da zai yiwu. Bayan gogewa, ko da ƙaramin yankewa na walda ko layin lebur na bead zai bayyana. Bugu da ƙari, bayan gogewa ta lantarki, alamun birgima, birgima na walda da duk wani lalacewar injiniya a saman za su bayyana.
Bayan an yi amfani da zafi, dole ne a goge diamita na ciki na bututun ta hanyar injiniya don kawar da lahani a saman bututun da aka samar yayin ƙirƙirar tsiri da bututun. A wannan matakin, zaɓin ƙarshen tsiri zai zama mai mahimmanci. Idan naɗewa ya yi zurfi sosai, dole ne a cire ƙarin ƙarfe daga saman diamita na ciki na bututun don samun bututu mai santsi. Idan tsagi bai yi zurfi ko babu ba, ana buƙatar cire ƙarancin ƙarfe. Mafi kyawun ƙarewar lantarki, yawanci a cikin kewayon inci 5 ko mai santsi, ana samun ta ta hanyar goge bututun mai tsayi. Wannan nau'in gogewa yana cire yawancin ƙarfe daga saman, yawanci a cikin kewayon inci 0.001, don haka yana cire iyakokin hatsi, lahani na saman, da lahani da aka samar. Gogewar whirling yana cire ƙarancin abu, yana haifar da saman "gajimare", kuma yawanci yana samar da mafi girman Ra (matsakaicin tsagi na saman) a cikin kewayon inci 10-15.
Yin amfani da na'urar lantarki (Electropolishing) Yin amfani da na'urar lantarki (Electropolishing) kawai wani abu ne da ke juye juye. Ana amfani da na'urar lantarki (electropolishing) a kan diamita na ciki na bututun yayin da ake zana cathode ta cikin bututun. Zai fi kyau a cire ƙarfen daga mafi girman wuraren da ke saman saman. Tsarin yana "fatan" ya haɗa cathode da ƙarfe wanda ke narkewa daga cikin bututun (watau anode). Yana da mahimmanci a sarrafa na'urar lantarki don hana shafa cathodic da kuma kiyaye madaidaicin valency ga kowane ion.
A lokacin da ake yin amfani da electropolishing, ana samar da iskar oxygen a saman anode ko bakin karfe, kuma ana samar da hydrogen a saman cathode. Oxygen muhimmin sinadari ne wajen ƙirƙirar halaye na musamman na saman electropolished, duka don ƙara zurfin layin passivation da kuma ƙirƙirar ainihin layin passivation.
Ana yin amfani da wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira "Jacquet", wanda aka yi da nickel sulfite mai polymerized. Duk wani abu da ya tsoma baki ga samuwar layin Jacquet zai haifar da lahani a saman da aka goge da wutar lantarki. Wannan yawanci ion ne, kamar chloride ko nitrate, wanda ke hana samuwar nickel sulfite. Sauran abubuwan da ke hana shiga ciki sune man silicone, mai, kakin zuma da sauran dogon sarkar hydrocarbons.
Bayan an yi amfani da electropolishing, an wanke bututun da ruwa sannan aka ƙara musu nitric acid mai zafi. Wannan ƙarin passivation yana da mahimmanci don cire duk wani sauran nickel sulfite da kuma inganta rabon chromium da ƙarfe a saman. An wanke bututun passivated na baya da ruwan sarrafawa, an sanya su a cikin ruwan ion mai zafi, an busar da su kuma an naɗe su. Idan ana buƙatar marufi mai tsabta a ɗaki, ana kuma wanke bututun da ruwan ion mai narkewa har sai an kai ga takamaiman ƙarfin aiki, sannan a busar da su da nitrogen mai zafi kafin a naɗe su.
Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su wajen nazarin saman da aka goge da wutar lantarki sune Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) da X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (wanda kuma aka sani da nazarin sinadarai electron spectroscopy). AES yana amfani da electrons da aka samar kusa da saman don samar da takamaiman sigina ga kowane abu, wanda ke ba da rarraba abubuwa tare da zurfin. XPS yana amfani da X-rays masu laushi waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar spectra mai ɗaurewa, yana ba da damar bambance nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yanayin iskar shaka.
Ƙimar rashin daidaiton saman da ke da siffar saman da ta yi kama da siffar saman ba ta nufin siffar saman iri ɗaya ba. Yawancin masu tantance bayanai na zamani za su iya bayar da rahoton ƙimomin rashin daidaiton saman daban-daban, gami da Rq (wanda aka fi sani da RMS), Ra, Rt (mafi girman bambanci tsakanin mafi ƙarancin trough da mafi girman kololuwa), Rz (matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayin bayanin martaba), da wasu ƙimomin da dama. An samo waɗannan maganganu ne sakamakon ƙididdiga daban-daban ta amfani da wucewa ɗaya a kusa da saman tare da alkalami na lu'u-lu'u. A cikin wannan hanyar wucewa, ana zaɓar wani ɓangare da ake kira "cutoff" ta hanyar lantarki kuma ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan wannan ɓangaren.
Ana iya bayyana saman abubuwa da kyau ta amfani da haɗakar ƙimomin ƙira daban-daban kamar Ra da Rt, amma babu wani aiki guda ɗaya da zai iya bambance tsakanin saman biyu daban-daban masu ƙimar Ra iri ɗaya. ASME ta buga ma'aunin ASME B46.1, wanda ke bayyana ma'anar kowane aikin lissafi.
Don ƙarin bayani tuntuɓi: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Lambar waya: 262-642-8210.