Kuti atsimikizire kuti zinthu sizikuyenda bwino, akatswiri amatsuka zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Walter Surface Technologies
Tangoganizirani wopanga akupanga mgwirizano wokhudza kupanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zigawo za chitsulo ndi machubu zimadulidwa, kupindika ndi kuwotcherera asanafike pamalo omalizira. Chigawocho chimakhala ndi mbale zolumikizidwa molunjika ku chubu. Zowotcherera zimawoneka bwino, koma si ndalama yoyenera yomwe kasitomala akufuna. Zotsatira zake, chopukusira chimawononga nthawi kuchotsa zitsulo zambiri zowotcherera kuposa masiku onse. Kenako, tsoka, buluu wosiyana unawonekera pamwamba - chizindikiro chodziwikiratu cha kutentha kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, zikutanthauza kuti gawolo silikwaniritsa zofunikira za makasitomala.
Kawirikawiri zimachitidwa pamanja, kupereta ndi kumaliza kumafuna luso ndi luso. Zolakwika pakumaliza zimatha kukhala zodula kwambiri, poganizira mtengo wonse womwe waperekedwa ku ntchito. Kuwonjezera zinthu zodula zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kukonzanso ndi ndalama zoyika zinyalala kungakhale kokwera. Kuphatikiza ndi zovuta monga kuipitsidwa ndi kulephera kwa passivation, ntchito yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri yomwe kale inali yopindulitsa ikhoza kusanduka ngozi yotaya ndalama kapena ngakhale yowononga mbiri.
Kodi opanga amaletsa bwanji zonsezi? Angayambe mwa kukulitsa chidziwitso chawo chopera ndi kumaliza, kumvetsetsa ntchito zomwe aliyense amachita komanso momwe zimakhudzira zida zopangira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Si mawu ofanana. Ndipotu, aliyense ali ndi cholinga chosiyana kwambiri. Kupera kumachotsa zinthu monga ma burrs ndi zitsulo zochulukirapo, pomwe kumaliza kumapereka kutsiriza pamwamba pa chitsulo. Kusokonezeka kumeneku n'komveka, poganizira kuti anthu omwe amapera ndi mawilo akuluakulu amachotsa zitsulo zambiri mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo kuchita zimenezi kungasiye mikwingwirima yozama kwambiri. Koma popera, mikwingwirima imangokhala zotsatira zake; cholinga chake ndikuchotsa zinthu mwachangu, makamaka pogwira ntchito ndi zitsulo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Kumaliza kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, pamene wogwiritsa ntchito akuyamba ndi grit yayikulu kenako nkupita patsogolo mpaka ku mawilo opukutira bwino, ma abrasives osalukidwa, komanso mwina nsalu ya felt ndi phala lopukuta kuti akwaniritse galasi. Cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa kumaliza kwina (kapangidwe kokanda). Gawo lililonse (grit yocheperako) limachotsa mikwingwirima yozama kuchokera pa sitepe yapitayi ndikuyiyika m'malo mwake ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono.
Popeza kupukuta ndi kumaliza kuli ndi zolinga zosiyana, nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana ndipo zimatha kusewera motsutsana ngati njira yolakwika yogwiritsira ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pofuna kuchotsa zitsulo zochulukirapo, ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito mawilo opukusira kuti apange mikwingwirima yozama kwambiri, kenako amapereka gawolo kwa wokonza zovala, yemwe tsopano ayenera kuthera nthawi yambiri akuchotsa mikwingwirima yozama iyi. Njira yopukusira mpaka kumaliza iyi ikhoza kukhalabe njira yothandiza kwambiri yokwaniritsira zofunikira za makasitomala. Koma kachiwiri, si njira zowonjezera.
Malo ogwirira ntchito omwe amapangidwira kuti apangidwe nthawi zambiri safuna kupukutidwa ndi kumalizidwa. Zigawo zomwe zimapukutidwa zimangochita izi chifukwa kupukutidwa ndiyo njira yachangu kwambiri yochotsera zomangira kapena zinthu zina ndipo mikwingwirima yozama yomwe yatsala ndi gudumu lopukutira ndi yomwe kasitomala akufuna. Zigawo zomwe zimangofunika kumalizidwa zimapangidwa mwanjira yosafuna kuchotsa zinthu mopitirira muyeso. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi gawo la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri lokhala ndi weld yokongola ya tungsten yotetezedwa ndi gasi yomwe imangofunika kusakanikirana ndikufananizidwa ndi kapangidwe komaliza ka substrate.
Zipangizo zopukusira zitsulo zokhala ndi mawilo ochotsa zinthu zochepa zimatha kukhala ndi zovuta zazikulu pogwira ntchito ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Momwemonso, kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse buluu ndikusintha mawonekedwe a zinthu. Cholinga chake ndikusunga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chozizira momwe zingathere panthawi yonseyi.
Pachifukwa ichi, zimathandiza kusankha gudumu lopukusira lomwe lili ndi chiwongola dzanja chofulumira kwambiri chochotsera malinga ndi momwe likugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso bajeti. Magudumu a Zirconia amapukusira mwachangu kuposa alumina, koma nthawi zambiri, magudumu a ceramic amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Tinthu ta ceramic tolimba kwambiri komanso towala kwambiri timawonongeka mwanjira yapadera. Pamene timaphwanyika pang'onopang'ono, sitimaphwanyika bwino, koma timasunga m'mphepete mwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimatha kuchotsa zinthu mwachangu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mawilo ena ophwanyika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mawilo ophwanyika a ceramic akhale oyenera ndalama zake. Ndi abwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa amachotsa tchipisi tambiri mwachangu ndipo sapanga kutentha kwambiri komanso kupotoza.
Kaya wopanga asankha gudumu lotani lopukusira, kuipitsidwa komwe kungachitike kuyenera kukumbukiridwa. Opanga ambiri amadziwa kuti sangagwiritse ntchito gudumu lofanana lopukusira pa chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Anthu ambiri amasiyanitsa ntchito zawo zopukusira kaboni ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ngakhale tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chitsulo cha kaboni chomwe chimagwera pa zinthu zogwirira ntchito zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingayambitse mavuto a kuipitsidwa. Mafakitale ambiri, monga mafakitale opanga mankhwala ndi nyukiliya, amafuna kuti zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ziwonedwe ngati zopanda kuipitsidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawilo opukusira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ayenera kukhala opanda (osakwana 0.1%) a chitsulo, sulfure ndi chlorine.
Mawilo opukutira sangadzipukutire okha; amafunikira chida chamagetsi. Aliyense anganene zabwino za mawilo opukutira kapena zida zamagetsi, koma zoona zake n'zakuti zida zamagetsi ndi mawilo awo opukutira zimagwira ntchito ngati dongosolo. Mawilo opukutira a ceramic amapangidwira makina opukutira ngodya okhala ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu zinazake. Ngakhale makina ena opukutira mpweya ali ndi zofunikira, makina ambiri opukutira mawilo a ceramic amapangidwa ndi zida zamagetsi.
Zipangizo zopukusira zopanda mphamvu zokwanira komanso mphamvu yochepa zingayambitse mavuto aakulu, ngakhale ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri zopukusira. Kusowa kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu kungayambitse chidacho kuchepetsa liwiro lake kwambiri chikapanikizika, makamaka kuletsa tinthu ta ceramic tomwe tili pa gudumu lopukusira kuti tisachite zomwe adapangidwira kuchita: kuchotsa mwachangu zidutswa zazikulu zachitsulo, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotentha zomwe zimalowa mu gudumu lopukusira.
Izi zimawonjezera vuto lalikulu: Opanga utsi amaona kuti zinthu sizikuchotsedwa, motero amakankhira mwamphamvu mwachibadwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwambiri ndi buluu. Amakankhira mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti amapaka mawilo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito molimbika ndikupanga kutentha kwambiri asanazindikire kuti akufunika kusintha mawilo. Ngati mugwira ntchito motere pa machubu kapena mapepala opyapyala, amatha kupita molunjika kuzinthuzo.
Zachidziwikire, ngati ogwiritsa ntchito sanaphunzitsidwe bwino, ngakhale ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri, kusinthaku kungachitike, makamaka pankhani ya kupsinjika komwe amaika pa chipangizocho. Njira yabwino ndiyo kuyandikira kwambiri momwe grinder imagwirira ntchito. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito akugwiritsa ntchito grinder ya 10 amp, ayenera kukanikiza mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti grinder imakoka pafupifupi 10 amp.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ammeter kungathandize kulinganiza ntchito zopukusira ngati wopanga akugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokwera mtengo. Zachidziwikire, ntchito zochepa zimagwiritsa ntchito ammeter nthawi zonse, kotero njira yabwino kwambiri ndikumvetsera mosamala. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito akumva ndikumva RPM ikutsika mwachangu, akhoza kukhala akukankha mwamphamvu kwambiri.
Kumvetsera kukhudza kopepuka kwambiri (monga kupanikizika kochepa kwambiri) kungakhale kovuta, kotero pankhaniyi, kulabadira kayendedwe ka mphezi kungathandize. Kupera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kudzapanga mphezi zakuda kuposa chitsulo cha kaboni, koma ziyenera kuwonekabe ndikutuluka kuchokera pamalo ogwirira ntchito mosalekeza. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito mwadzidzidzi akuwona mphezi zochepa, mwina chifukwa sakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokwanira kapena kuyika glazing pa gudumu.
Ogwiritsa ntchito amafunikanso kusunga ngodya yogwirira ntchito yokhazikika. Ngati ayandikira chogwirira ntchito pa ngodya yofanana (pafupifupi yofanana ndi chogwirira ntchito), angayambitse kutentha kwambiri; ngati ayandikira pa ngodya yokwera kwambiri (pafupifupi yoyima), ali pachiwopsezo choboola m'mphepete mwa gudumu mu chitsulo. Ngati akugwiritsa ntchito gudumu la Mtundu 27, ayenera kuyandikira chogwirira ntchito pa ngodya ya madigiri 20 mpaka 30. Ngati ali ndi magudumu a Mtundu 29, ngodya yawo yogwirira ntchito iyenera kukhala pafupifupi madigiri 10.
Mawilo opukutira a mtundu wa 28 (ochepa) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popukutira pamalo osalala kuti achotse zinthu panjira zopukutira zazikulu. Mawilo opapatizawa amagwiranso ntchito bwino pa ngodya zotsika (pafupifupi madigiri 5), kotero amathandiza kuchepetsa kutopa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.
Izi zikubweretsa chinthu china chofunikira: kusankha mtundu woyenera wa gudumu lopukusira. Gudumu la Mtundu 27 lili ndi malo olumikizirana pamwamba pa chitsulo; gudumu la Mtundu 28 lili ndi mzere wolumikizirana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ozungulira; gudumu la Mtundu 29 lili ndi malo olumikizirana.
Mpaka pano, mawilo a Mtundu 27 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amatha kugwira ntchito m'njira zambiri, koma mawonekedwe awo amachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira ziwalo zokhala ndi ma profiles akuya ndi ma curve, monga ma welded assemblies a machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Mawonekedwe a profile a gudumu la Mtundu 29 amapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunika kugaya kuphatikiza malo opindika ndi athyathyathya. Gudumu la Mtundu 29 limachita izi powonjezera malo olumikizirana pamwamba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wogwiritsa ntchito sayenera kuthera nthawi yambiri akupera pamalo aliwonse - njira yabwino yochepetsera kutentha komwe kumawonjezeka.
Ndipotu, izi zikugwira ntchito pa gudumu lililonse lopera. Popera, wogwiritsa ntchito sayenera kukhala pamalo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Tiyerekeze kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akuchotsa chitsulo kuchokera pa chikwama cha mapazi angapo. Akhoza kuyendetsa gudumu m'njira yochepa mmwamba ndi pansi, koma kuchita izi kungatenthe kwambiri chogwirira ntchito chifukwa amasunga gudumulo m'dera laling'ono kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuti achepetse kutentha, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akhoza kudutsa chogwirira chonsecho mbali imodzi pafupi ndi chala chimodzi, kenako nkukweza chidacho (kupatsa chogwirira ntchito nthawi yoziziritsa) ndikudutsa chogwirira ntchito mbali yomweyo pafupi ndi chala china. Njira zina zimagwira ntchito, koma zonse zili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: zimapewa kutentha kwambiri posunga gudumu lopera likuyenda.
Njira zodziwika bwino zogwiritsira ntchito "kukonza makadi" zimathandizanso kukwaniritsa izi. Tiyerekeze kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akupera chopukutira cha matako pamalo osalala. Kuti achepetse kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kukumba mopitirira muyeso, anapewa kukankhira chopukutira pa cholumikizira. M'malo mwake, amayamba kumapeto ndikukoka chopukutira pa cholumikizira. Izi zimathandizanso kuti gudumu lisakumba kwambiri mu chinthucho.
Zachidziwikire, njira iliyonse imatha kutentha kwambiri chitsulo ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo achita pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Chitani pang'onopang'ono kwambiri ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adzatentha kwambiri chogwirira ntchitocho; chitani mofulumira kwambiri ndipo kupukuta kungatenge nthawi yayitali. Kupeza malo abwino operekera chakudya nthawi zambiri kumafuna luso. Koma ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sakudziwa bwino ntchitoyo, amatha kupukuta zidutswazo kuti amve "kuchuluka" koyenera kwa chakudya chogwirira ntchitocho.
Njira yomalizira imayang'ana kwambiri momwe zinthu zilili pamwamba pa chinthucho zikafika ndikuchoka mu dipatimenti yomaliza. Dziwani komwe chimayambira (mkhalidwe wa pamwamba womwe walandiridwa) ndi komwe chimachokera (kumaliza kumafunika), kenako pangani dongosolo lopezera njira yabwino pakati pa mfundo ziwirizi.
Kawirikawiri njira yabwino siiyamba ndi kukwapula mwamphamvu kwambiri. Izi zingamveke ngati zotsutsana. Kupatula apo, bwanji osayamba ndi mchenga wouma kuti mupeze malo owuma kenako nkupita ku mchenga wosalala? Kodi sikungakhale kothandiza kuyamba ndi grit wosalala?
Sikuti izi zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa kuphatikizika. Pamene sitepe iliyonse ikufika pa grit yaying'ono, conditioner imasintha mikwingwirima yozama ndi mikwingwirima yocheperako komanso yopyapyala. Ngati ayamba ndi sandpaper ya 40-grit kapena flip disk, amasiya mikwingwirima yozama pachitsulo. Zingakhale bwino ngati mikwingwirimayo ibweretsa pamwamba pafupi ndi mapeto omwe mukufuna; ndichifukwa chake zinthu zomaliza za grit 40 zilipo. Komabe, ngati kasitomala apempha kumaliza kwa nambala 4 (kutsirizitsa kolunjika), mikwingwirima yozama yopangidwa ndi abrasive nambala 40 imatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ichotsedwe. Ovala zovala amatsika m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana a grit, kapena amakhala nthawi yayitali akugwiritsa ntchito abrasives yopyapyala kuti achotse mikwingwirima yayikulu ndikuyiyika m'malo ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono. Sikuti zonsezi sizigwira ntchito bwino, komanso zimayambitsa kutentha kwambiri mu workpiece.
Zachidziwikire, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopyapyala pamalo ouma kungakhale kochedwa ndipo, kuphatikiza ndi njira yosayenera, kumabweretsa kutentha kwambiri. Apa ndi pomwe diski ya awiri-mu-mmodzi kapena yozungulira ingathandize. Ma diski awa amaphatikizapo nsalu zopyapyala zophatikizidwa ndi zinthu zotsukira pamwamba. Amalola bwino chosungiramo zinthu kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopyapyala kuchotsa zinthuzo komanso kusiya mapeto osalala.
Gawo lotsatira pakumaliza komaliza lingakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda nsalu, zomwe zikuwonetsanso chinthu china chapadera pakumaliza: njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino ndi zida zamagetsi zosinthasintha liwiro. Chopukusira cha ngodya yakumanja chomwe chimagwira ntchito pa 10,000 RPM chingagwire ntchito ndi zinthu zina zopukusira, koma chimasungunula zinthu zina zopanda nsalu bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, zomaliza zimachepetsa liwiro kufika pakati pa 3,000 ndi 6,000 RPM musanayambe kumaliza ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu. Zachidziwikire, liwiro lenileni limadalira momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi zinthu zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ng'oma zopanda nsalu nthawi zambiri zimazungulira pakati pa 3,000 ndi 4,000 RPM, pomwe ma disks ochizira pamwamba nthawi zambiri amazungulira pakati pa 4,000 ndi 6,000 RPM.
Kukhala ndi zida zoyenera (zopukusira liwiro losinthasintha, zosinthira zomaliza zosiyanasiyana) ndi kudziwa kuchuluka kwa masitepe oyenera kumapereka mapu omwe amavumbula njira yabwino pakati pa zinthu zomwe zikubwera ndi zomwe zatha. Njira yeniyeniyo imasiyana malinga ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, koma opukusira odziwa bwino ntchito amatsatira njira iyi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana zopukusira.
Ma roller osalukidwa amamaliza pamwamba pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kuti amalize bwino komanso kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomalizitsa zimagwira ntchito pa ma RPM osiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, amatenga nthawi yawo. Ngati awona chogwirira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikutentha, amasiya kumaliza pamalo amodzi ndikuyamba pamalo ena. Kapena mwina akugwira ntchito pazinthu ziwiri zosiyana nthawi imodzi. Amagwira ntchito pang'ono pa chimodzi kenako china, zomwe zimapatsa chogwirira china nthawi yoziziritsa.
Popukuta mpaka pagalasi, chopukutacho chingaphatikizepo ng'oma yopukuta kapena diski yopukuta, molunjika ku gawo lapitalo. Kupukuta kopingasa kumawonetsa madera omwe amafunika kusakanikirana ndi kapangidwe kakale kokanda, koma osafika pamwamba pagalasi la Nambala 8. Mukachotsa mikwingwirima yonse, nsalu yofewa ndi gudumu lopukutira zimafunika kuti zipange mawonekedwe owala omwe mukufuna.
Kuti akwaniritse kumaliza koyenera, opanga ayenera kupatsa omalizira zida zoyenera, kuphatikizapo zida zenizeni ndi zoulutsira, komanso zida zolumikizirana, monga kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zokhazikika kuti adziwe momwe kumaliza kwina kuyenera kuonekera. Zitsanzo izi (zolembedwa pafupi ndi dipatimenti yomaliza, m'makalata ophunzitsira, komanso m'mabuku ogulitsa) zimathandiza kuti aliyense akhale ndi tsamba limodzi.
Ponena za zida zenizeni (kuphatikizapo zida zamagetsi ndi zida zonyamulira), mawonekedwe a ziwalo zina amatha kukhala ndi zovuta ngakhale kwa ogwira ntchito odziwa bwino ntchito yomaliza. Apa ndi pomwe zida zaukadaulo zingathandize.
Tiyerekeze kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akufunika kumaliza kulumikiza kwa chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi makoma opyapyala. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma flap disc kapena ma drum kungayambitse mavuto, kuyambitsa kutentha kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina kungapangitse malo athyathyathya pa chubucho. Apa, ma sand sander opangidwira machubu angathandize. Lamba wonyamulira amazungulira mtunda wa chitoliro, kufalitsa malo olumikizirana, kuwonjezera mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kutentha. Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi china chilichonse, chosungira chitolirocho chikufunikabe kusuntha sand sander ya lambayo kupita kumalo ena kuti achepetse kutentha kwambiri komanso kupewa kuoneka ngati buluu.
Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa zida zina zaukadaulo zomalizitsa. Ganizirani za sander ya chala yopangidwira malo opapatiza. Womaliza angagwiritse ntchito kutsatira weld ya fillet pakati pa matabwa awiri pa ngodya yofulumira. M'malo mosuntha sander ya chala molunjika (monga kutsuka mano anu), chosungiramo zovala chimachisuntha molunjika kumtunda kwa chala cha fillet, kenako chala chakumunsi, pamene akuonetsetsa kuti sander ya chala sichikhala nthawi yayitali.
Kulukira, kupukuta ndi kumaliza chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumabweretsa vuto lina: kuonetsetsa kuti sichikugwedezeka bwino. Pambuyo pa kusokonezeka konseku pamwamba pa chinthucho, kodi pali zodetsa zina zomwe zingalepheretse chromium wosanjikiza wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kupanga mwachilengedwe pamwamba ponse? Chinthu chomaliza chomwe wopanga amafuna ndi kasitomala wokwiya akudandaula za ziwalo zomwe zadzimbiri kapena zoipitsidwa. Apa ndi pomwe kuyeretsa koyenera ndi kutsata kumayamba kugwira ntchito.
Kuyeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kungathandize kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zikuyenda bwino, koma kodi kuyeretsa kumeneku kuyenera kuchitika liti? Zimadalira momwe zinthuzo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngati opanga ayeretsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti alimbikitse kuti zinthuzo ziyende bwino, nthawi zambiri amachita zimenezi atangomaliza kuwotcherera. Kulephera kuchita zimenezi kumatanthauza kuti chomalizacho chingatenge zinthu zodetsa pamwamba pa chinthucho ndikuzifalitsa kwina. Komabe, pa ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri, opanga angasankhe kuyika njira zina zoyeretsera—mwina ngakhale kuyesa kuti zinthuzo ziyende bwino chisanatuluke m'fakitale.
Tiyerekeze kuti wopanga alumikiza chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha makampani opanga zida za nyukiliya. Katswiri wothira arc wothira gasi wa tungsten amayika msoko wa dayime womwe umawoneka bwino kwambiri. Koma apanso, iyi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Wantchito mu dipatimenti yomaliza amagwiritsa ntchito burashi yolumikizidwa ndi makina oyeretsera amagetsi kuti ayeretse pamwamba pa chothira. Kenako anaphimba chala cha chothira pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu yosaluka komanso yokongoletsera ndipo anakonza zonse bwino. Kenako pamabwera burashi yomaliza yokhala ndi makina oyeretsera amagetsi. Mutakhala kwa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri, gwiritsani ntchito chipangizo choyesera cha m'manja kuti muyese gawolo kuti muwone ngati silikugwira ntchito bwino. Zotsatira zake, zomwe zinalembedwa ndikusungidwa ndi ntchitoyo, zinasonyeza kuti gawolo linali lopanda ntchito mokwanira lisanachoke ku fakitale.
Mu mafakitale ambiri opanga, kupukutira, kumaliza ndi kuyeretsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri kumachitika pansi pa mtsinje. Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri zimachitika nthawi yochepa ntchito isanatumizidwe.
Zigawo zosamalizidwa bwino zimapanga zina mwa zinthu zodula kwambiri komanso zokonzedwanso, kotero n'zomveka kuti opanga ayang'anenso magawo awo opera ndi omalizira. Kusintha kwa kugaya ndi kutsiriza kumathandiza kuchepetsa mavuto akuluakulu, kukonza ubwino, kuthetsa mutu, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kuwonjezera kukhutira kwa makasitomala.
FABRICATOR ndi magazini yotsogola kwambiri ku North America yopanga ndi kupanga zitsulo. Magaziniyi imapereka nkhani, nkhani zaukadaulo ndi mbiri yakale zomwe zimathandiza opanga kuti agwire ntchito zawo bwino kwambiri. FABRICATOR yakhala ikutumikira makampani kuyambira 1970.
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