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Kuleli phepha, ithubhu yokuhamba ye-220GHz broadband enamandla amakhulu ahlanganisiwe iklanyelwe futhi yaqinisekiswa. Okokuqala, kuphakanyiswa isakhiwo se-slow-wave esine-planar double beam staggered double-blade staggered. Ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-dual-mode, ukusebenza kokudlulisa kanye ne-bandwidth cishe kuphindwe kabili kunokwe-single-mode. Okwesibili, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla aphezulu okukhipha futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwethubhu yokuhamba, kuklanywe uhlelo lwe-electronic optical olunesimo sepensela ephindwe kabili, i-voltage yokushayela ingu-20~21 kV, kanti amandla kagesi angu-2 × 80 mA. Imigomo yokuklama. Ngokusebenzisa ingxenye yemaski kanye ne-electrode yokulawula kusibhamu se-double beam, imishayo emibili yepensela ingagxilwa ezindaweni zayo ngesilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-7, ibanga lokugxila lingaba ngu-0.18mm, futhi ukuzinza kuhle. Uhlelo lokugxila olufana nolwe-magnetic nalo lulungiselelwe. Ibanga lokudlulisela elizinzile le-planar double electron beam lingafinyelela ku-45 mm, kanti insimu ye-magnetic egxilile ingu-0.6 T, okwanele ukumboza lonke uhlelo lwe-high frequency (HFS). Bese, ukuqinisekisa Ukusebenziseka kalula kwesistimu ye-electron-optical kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo se-slow-wave, i-particle cell (PIC) simulations nakho kwenziwe kuyo yonke i-HFS. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-beam-interaction lungafinyelela amandla okukhipha aphezulu cishe angu-310 W ku-220 GHz, i-voltage ye-beam elungiselelwe kahle ingu-20.6 kV, i-beam current ingu-2 × 80 mA, i-gain ingu-38 dB, kanti i-bandwidth engu-3-dB idlula u-35 dB cishe u-70 GHz. Okokugcina, kwenziwa ukwenziwa kwe-microstructure enembile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-HFS, futhi imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izici ze-bandwidth kanye nokudlulisa ziyavumelana kahle nemiphumela yokulingisa. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo oluphakanyisiwe kuleli phepha kulindeleke ukuthi luthuthukise imithombo yemisebe ye-terahertz-band enamandla aphezulu, enamandla amakhulu futhi angasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo.
Njengedivayisi yendabuko ye-vacuum electronic, i-traveling wave tube (TWT) idlala indima engenakuphindwa ezicelweni eziningi ezifana ne-radar enesinqumo esiphezulu, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngesathelayithi, kanye nokuhlola isikhala1,2,3. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imvamisa yokusebenza ingena ebhendini le-terahertz, i-TWT yendabuko ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-TWT e-helical ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu ngenxa yamandla okukhipha aphansi, i-bandwidth encane, kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezinzima. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuthuthukisa ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwebhendi ye-THz ibe yinkinga ekhathazayo kakhulu ezikhungweni eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izakhiwo ezintsha zamaza aphansi (SWSs), njengezakhiwo ezi-staggered dual-blade (SDV) kanye nezakhiwo ze-folded waveguide (FW), zithole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zemvelo ezi-planar, ikakhulukazi ama-SDV-SWS amasha anamandla athembisayo. Lesi sakhiwo saphakanyiswa yi-UC-Davis ngo-20084. Isakhiwo se-planar singenziwa kalula ngamasu okucubungula ama-micro-nano njengokulawula kwezinombolo zekhompyutha (CNC) kanye ne-UV-LIGA, isakhiwo sephakheji yensimbi yonke singanikeza amandla amakhulu okushisa ngamandla aphezulu okukhipha. kanye nokuzuza, kanye nesakhiwo esifana ne-waveguide singaphinde sinikeze i-bandwidth ebanzi yokusebenza. Njengamanje, i-UC Davis ibonise okokuqala ngo-2017 ukuthi i-SDV-TWT ingakhiqiza imiphumela enamandla aphezulu engaphezu kwe-100 W kanye nezibonakaliso ze-bandwidth ezicishe zibe yi-14 GHz ku-G-band5. Kodwa-ke, le miphumela isenezikhala ezingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlobene zamandla aphezulu kanye ne-bandwidth ebanzi ku-terahertz band. Ku-SDV-TWT ye-G-band ye-UC-Davis, kusetshenziswe imishayo yama-electron eshidi. Nakuba lolu hlelo lungathuthukisa kakhulu amandla okuthwala ugesi we-beam, kunzima ukugcina ibanga elide lokudlulisa ngenxa yokungazinzi kwesistimu ye-electron optical ye-sheet beam (EOS), futhi kukhona umhubhe we-beam odlula imodi, ongase futhi ubangele ukuthi i-beam izilawule. – Ukuvuselela kanye nokunyakaza 6,7. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla aphezulu okukhipha, i-bandwidth ebanzi kanye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-THz TWT, kuphakanyiswa i-SDV-SWS ene-dual-beam ene-dual-mode operation kuleli phepha. Okusho ukuthi, ukuze kwandiswe i-bandwidth yokusebenza, kuphakanyiswa ukusebenza kwe-dual-mode futhi kwethulwa kulesi sakhiwo. Futhi, ukuze kwandiswe amandla okukhipha, kusetshenziswa nokusatshalaliswa kwe-planar kwe-double pencil beams. Amarediyo e-single pencil beam amancane ngenxa yemingcele yosayizi oqondile. Uma ubuningi bamanje buphezulu kakhulu, i-beam current kumele incishiswe, okuholela emandleni okukhipha aphansi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-beam current, kuvele i-planar distributed multibeam EOS, esebenzisa usayizi we-lateral we-SWS. Ngenxa ye-beam tunneling ezimele, i-planar distributed multi-beam ingafinyelela amandla aphezulu okukhipha ngokugcina i-total beam current ephezulu kanye ne-total current encane nge-beam ngayinye, okungagwema i-overmode beam tunneling uma kuqhathaniswa namadivayisi e-sheet-beam. Ngakho-ke, kuyazuzisa ukugcina ukuzinza kwe-wave wave tube. Ngokwesisekelo somsebenzi wangaphambilini8,9, Leli phepha liphakamisa insimu kazibuthe efanayo ye-G-band egxile ku-double pencil beam EOS, engathuthukisa kakhulu ibanga lokudlulisela elizinzile lomsebe futhi yandise indawo yokusebenzisana komsebe, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu amandla okukhipha.
Isakhiwo saleli phepha simi kanje. Okokuqala, kuchazwa ukwakheka kweseli le-SWS elinamapharamitha, ukuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zokuhlakazeka kanye nemiphumela yokulingisa imvamisa ephezulu. Bese kuthi, ngokwesakhiwo seseli leyunithi, kuklanywe i-EOS yepensela ephindwe kabili kanye nohlelo lokuxhumana kwe-beam kuleli phepha. Imiphumela yokulingisa izinhlayiya zangaphakathi kweseli nayo yethulwe ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-EOS kanye nokusebenza kwe-SDV-TWT. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphepha liveza kafushane imiphumela yokwenziwa kanye nokuhlolwa okubandayo ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwe-HFS yonke. Okokugcina yenza isifinyezo.
Njengenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-TWT, izakhiwo zokuhlakazeka zesakhiwo se-slow-wave zibonisa ukuthi ijubane le-electron lihambisana nejubane lesigaba se-SWS, futhi ngaleyo ndlela linethonya elikhulu ekusebenzisaneni kwe-beam-wave. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-TWT yonke, kuklanywe isakhiwo sokusebenzisana esithuthukisiwe. Isakhiwo seyunithi yeseli siboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Uma sicabangela ukungazinzi kwe-sheet beam kanye nomkhawulo wamandla we-single pen beam, isakhiwo sisebenzisa i-double pen beam ukuze sithuthukise amandla okukhipha kanye nokuqina kokusebenza. Okwamanje, ukuze kwandiswe i-bandwidth yokusebenza, kuphakanyiswe imodi ephindwe kabili ukuze i-SWS isebenze. Ngenxa yokulingana kwesakhiwo se-SDV, ikhambi le-electromagnetic field dispersion equation lingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezingavamile nezilinganayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imodi engavamile eyisisekelo ye-low frequency band kanye nemodi elinganayo eyisisekelo ye-high frequency band zisetshenziselwa ukuvumelanisa i-broadband yokusebenzisana kwe-beam, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe i-bandwidth yokusebenza.
Ngokwezidingo zamandla, lonke ithubhu laklanywa nge-voltage yokushayela engu-20 kV kanye nogesi we-double beam ongu-2 × 80 mA. Ukuze sifanise i-voltage eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ne-bandwidth yokusebenza ye-SDV-SWS, sidinga ukubala ubude besikhathi p. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-voltage ye-beam kanye ne-period buboniswe ku-equation (1)10:
Ngokubeka ukushintsha kwesigaba ku-2.5π ku-frequency ephakathi engu-220 GHz, isikhathi u-p singabalwa sibe ngu-0.46 mm. Isithombe 2a sibonisa izakhiwo zokusabalala kweseli yeyunithi ye-SWS. Umugqa we-beamline ongu-20 kV uhambisana kahle kakhulu ne-bimodal curve. Amabhendi emvamisa afanayo angafinyelela cishe ku-70 GHz kububanzi be-210–265.3 GHz (imodi engajwayelekile) kanye ne-265.4–280 GHz (imodi efanayo). Isithombe 2b sibonisa isilinganiso sokumelana kokuxhuma, esingaphezu kuka-0.6 Ω kusuka ku-210 kuya ku-290 GHz, okubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana okunamandla kungenzeka ku-bandwidth yokusebenza.
(a) Izici zokuhlakazeka kwe-SDV-SWS yemodi ephindwe kabili enomugqa we-electron we-20 kV. (b) Ukuvinjelwa kokuxhumana kwesekethe ye-SDV yamagagasi ahamba kancane.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kukhona igebe lebhendi phakathi kwezindlela ezingavamile nezilinganayo, futhi sivame ukubhekisela kule gebe lebhendi njengebhendi yokuma, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2a. Uma i-TWT isebenza eduze kwale bhendi yemvamisa, amandla okuxhumanisa imisebe aqinile angase avele, okuzoholela ekunyakazeni okungafuneki. Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo, ngokuvamile sigwema ukusebenzisa i-TWT eduze kwebhendi yokuma. Kodwa-ke, kungabonakala ukuthi igebe lebhendi lalesi sakhiwo se-slow-wave lingu-0.1 GHz kuphela. Kunzima ukunquma ukuthi le gebe lebhendi elincane libangela ukunyakazisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kokusebenza okuzungeze ibhendi yokuma kuzophenywa esigabeni esilandelayo se-PIC simulation ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukunyakazisa okungafuneki.
Imodeli ye-HFS yonke iboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Yakhiwe izigaba ezimbili ze-SDV-SWS, ezixhunywe yizibonisi ze-Bragg. Umsebenzi wesibonisi ukunqamula ukudluliselwa kwesignali phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, ukucindezela ukunyakaza nokubonakaliswa kwezindlela ezingasebenzi njengezindlela eziphezulu ezikhiqizwa phakathi kwama-blade aphezulu naphansi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukuzinza kwepayipi lonke. Ukuze kuxhunywe endaweni yangaphandle, i-coupler eqondile nayo isetshenziswa ukuxhuma i-SWS ku-waveguide ejwayelekile ye-WR-4. I-coefficient yokudluliselwa kwesakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili ilinganiswa yi-time domain solver kusofthiwe yokulingisa ye-3D. Uma kucatshangelwa umphumela wangempela webhendi ye-terahertz ezintweni, izinto ze-vacuum envelope ziqale zibekwe kuthusi, futhi ukuhanjiswa kwe-conductivity kuncishiswe ku-2.25×107 S/m12.
Isithombe 4 sibonisa imiphumela yokudlulisela ye-HFS enama-couplers aqondile nangenawo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-coupler ayinawo umthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kokudlulisela kwe-HFS yonke. Ukulahleka kokubuya (S11 < − 10 dB) kanye nokulahlekelwa kokufakwa (S21 > − 5 dB) kohlelo lonke ku-broadband ye-207~280 GHz kubonisa ukuthi i-HFS inezici ezinhle zokudlulisela.
Njengokunikezwa kwamandla kwamadivayisi kagesi angenawo umoya, isibhamu se-electron sinquma ngqo ukuthi idivayisi ingakhiqiza amandla okukhipha anele yini. Kuhlanganiswe nokuhlaziywa kwe-HFS kuSigaba II, i-EOS enezingqimba ezimbili idinga ukwakhiwa ukuze inikeze amandla anele. Kule ngxenye, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wangaphambilini ku-W-band8,9, isibhamu se-electron esinepensela ephindwe kabili saklanywa kusetshenziswa ingxenye yemaski ehleliwe kanye nama-electrode okulawula. Okokuqala, ngokwezidingo zokuklama ze-SWS kuSigaba. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-FIG. 2, i-voltage yokushayela i-Ua yemishayo ye-electron iqale isethwe ku-20 kV, i-currents I yemishayo emibili ye-electron ingama-80 mA, kanti ububanzi be-beam dw yemishayo ye-electron bungama-0.13 mm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bamanje be-electron beam kanye ne-cathode kungafinyelelwa, isilinganiso sokucindezela se-electron beam sisethwe ku-7, ngakho-ke ubukhulu bamanje be-electron beam bungama-603 A/cm2, kanti ubukhulu bamanje be-cathode bungama-86 A/cm2, okungafinyelelwa yilokhu kusetshenziswa izinto ezintsha ze-cathode. Ngokusho komqondo wokuklama 14, 15, 16, 17, isibhamu se-Pierce electron esijwayelekile singabonakala ngendlela ehlukile.
Isithombe 5 sibonisa imidwebo yeskimu evundlile neqondile yesibhamu, ngokulandelana. Kungabonakala ukuthi iphrofayili yesibhamu se-electron ohlangothini lwe-x icishe ifane neyesibhamu se-electron esifana neshidi, kuyilapho ohlangothini lwe-y imisebe emibili ye-electron ihlukaniswe kancane yi-mask. Izikhundla zama-cathode amabili ziku-x = – 0.155 mm, y = 0 mm kanye no-x = ​​0.155 mm, y = 0 mm, ngokulandelana. Ngokwezidingo zomklamo wesilinganiso sokucindezela kanye nosayizi wokujova kwe-electron, ubukhulu bezindawo ezimbili ze-cathode bunqunywa ukuthi bungu-0.91 mm × 0.13 mm.
Ukuze kwenziwe insimu kagesi egxilile etholwe yi-electron beam ngayinye ku-x-direction ilingane nendawo yayo, leli phepha lisebenzisa i-control electrode esibhamuni se-electron. Ngokubeka i-voltage ye-focussing electrode kanye ne-control electrode ku-−20 kV, kanye ne-voltage ye-anode ku-0 V, singathola ukusatshalaliswa kwendlela yesibhamu se-dual beam, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 6. Kungabonakala ukuthi ama-electron akhishwayo anokucindezeleka okuhle ku-y-direction, futhi i-electron beam ngayinye ihlangana iye ku-x-direction eceleni kwesikhungo sayo sokulinganisa, okubonisa ukuthi i-control electrode ilinganisa insimu kagesi engalingani ekhiqizwa yi-focusing electrode.
Isithombe 7 sibonisa imvilophu ye-beam eziqondisweni zika-x no-y. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ibanga lokubonakala kwe-electron beam eqondisweni lika-x lihlukile kuneliqondisweni lika-y. Ibanga lokuphonsa ohlangothini luka-x licishe libe ngu-4mm, kanti ibanga lokuphonsa ohlangothini luka-y liseduze no-7mm. Ngakho-ke, ibanga langempela lokuphonsa kufanele likhethwe phakathi kuka-4 no-7 mm. Isithombe 8 sibonisa ingxenye ye-cross-beam ye-electron ku-4.6 mm ukusuka ebusweni be-cathode. Singabona ukuthi ukuma kwengxenye ye-cross kuseduze kakhulu ne-standard circular electron beam. Ibanga phakathi kwe-electron beams ezimbili liseduze ne-0.31 mm eklanyelwe, kanti i-radius cishe ingu-0.13 mm, ehlangabezana nezidingo zomklamo. Isithombe 9 sibonisa imiphumela yokulingisa yamanje ye-beam. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-beam currents ezimbili ingu-76mA, evumelana kahle ne-80mA eklanyelwe.
Uma sibheka ukushintshashintsha kwe-voltage yokushayela ezisetshenziswayo, kubalulekile ukutadisha ukuzwela kwe-voltage yale modeli. Ebangeni le-voltage elingu-19.8 ~ 20.6 kV, kutholakala ama-envelope wamanje kanye nama-beam current, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 1 kanye no-Figure 1.10 kanye no-11. Kusukela emiphumeleni, kungabonakala ukuthi ushintsho lwe-voltage yokushayela alunawo umphumela e-envelope ye-electron beam, futhi i-electron beam current ishintsha kuphela kusuka ku-0.74 kuya ku-0.78 A. Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi isibhamu se-electron esakhiwe kuleli phepha sinokuzwela okuhle ku-voltage.
Umphumela wokushintshashintsha kwamandla okushayela ezimvilophini zomqadi we-x- kanye ne-y-direction.
Insimu yokugxila kumagnetic efanayo iyisistimu evamile yokugxila kumagnet ehlala njalo. Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwensimu yamagnetic efanayo kuyo yonke isiteshi se-beam, ifaneleka kakhulu ngemisebe yama-electron e-axisymmetric. Kulesi sigaba, kuphakanyiswa uhlelo lokugxila kumagnetic olufanayo lokugcina ukudluliselwa kwemisebe yamapensela amabili ibanga elide. Ngokuhlaziya insimu yamagnetic ekhiqizwe kanye nemvilophu ye-beam, kuphakanyiswa uhlelo lokuklama lwesistimu yokugxila, futhi kufundwa inkinga yokuzwela. Ngokusho kwethiyori yokudlulisela ezinzile ye-beam eyodwa yepensela18,19, inani lensimu yamagnetic yeBrillouin lingabalwa nge-equation (2). Kuleli phepha, sisebenzisa futhi lokhu kulingana ukulinganisa insimu yamagnetic ye-beam yepensela ephindwe kabili ehlukaniswe eceleni. Kuhlanganiswe nesibhamu se-electron esakhiwe kuleli phepha, inani lensimu yamagnetic elibaliwe lingaba ngu-4000 Gs. Ngokusho kwe-Ref. 20, izikhathi ezingu-1.5-2 inani elibaliwe livame ukukhethwa emiklamo esebenzayo.
Isithombe 12 sibonisa isakhiwo sesistimu yensimu yokugxila kwensimu yamagnetic efanayo. Ingxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyimagnet ehlala njalo exhunywe ku-axial direction. Ukukhetha izinto yi-NdFeB noma i-FeCoNi. Isethi ye-Br ehlala njalo kumodeli yokulingisa ingu-1.3 T kanti ukuvuleka kwayo kungu-1.05. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa okuzinzile kwe-beam kusekethe yonke, ubude bemagnet ekuqaleni busethwe ku-70 mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bemagnet ku-x direction bunquma ukuthi insimu yamagnetic ephambene nesiteshi se-beam iyafana yini, okudinga ukuthi usayizi ku-x direction ungabi mncane kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma kucatshangelwa izindleko kanye nesisindo seshubhu lonke, usayizi wemagnet akufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, omagnet ekuqaleni asethwe ku-150 mm × 150 mm × 70 mm. Okwamanje, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke isekethe ye-slow-wave ingafakwa ohlelweni lokugxila, ibanga phakathi komagnet lisethwe ku-20mm.
Ngo-2015, i-Purna Chandra Panda21 yaphakamisa ucezu lwensika olunembobo entsha enezinyathelo ohlelweni lokugxila olufana nolwe-magnetic, olunganciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu bokuvuza kwe-flux ku-cathode kanye nensimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo ekhiqizwa emgodini wensika yensika. Kuleli phepha, sengeza isakhiwo esinezinyathelo kucezu lwensika lohlelo lokugxila. Ubukhulu bengxenye yensika buqale bubekwe ku-1.5mm, ukuphakama nobubanzi bezinyathelo ezintathu kungu-0.5mm, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwemigodi yengxenye yensika lingu-2mm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 13.
Isithombe 14a sibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu yamagnetic ye-axial emigqeni ephakathi yemishayo emibili yama-electron. Kungabonakala ukuthi amandla ensimu yamagnetic emigqeni emibili yama-electron ayalingana. Inani lensimu yamagnetic licishe libe ngu-6000 Gs, okuphindwe ka-1.5 kunensimu ye-Brillouin yomqondo ukwandisa ukusebenza kokudlulisa nokugxila. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, insimu yamagnetic ku-cathode icishe ibe ngu-0, okubonisa ukuthi ingxenye ye-pole inethonya elihle ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza kwe-magnetic flux. Isithombe 14b sibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo By ohlangothini lwe-z emaphethelweni aphezulu emishayo emibili yama-electron. Kungabonakala ukuthi insimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo ingaphansi kuka-200 Gs kuphela emgodini we-pole piece, kuyilapho kumjikelezo we-slow-wave, insimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo icishe ibe yi-zero, okufakazela ukuthi ithonya lensimu yamagnetic eguquguqukayo emsebeni wama-electron alinalutho. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcwala kwe-magnetic kwezingcezu ze-pole, kubalulekile ukutadisha amandla ensimu yamagnetic ngaphakathi kwezingcezu ze-pole. Isithombe 14c sibonisa inani eliphelele lokusatshalaliswa kwensimu yamagnetic ngaphakathi kwengxenye ye-pole. Kungabonakala ukuthi inani eliphelele le amandla ensimu yamagnetic angaphansi kuka-1.2T, okubonisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwamagnetic kwengxenye yesigxobo ngeke kwenzeke.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ensimu yamagnetic kwe-Br = 1.3 T.(a) Ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu ye-Axial.(b) Ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu eseceleni Nge-ekuqondeni kuka-z.(c) Inani eliphelele lokusatshalaliswa kwensimu ngaphakathi kwengxenye yesigxobo.
Ngokusekelwe kumojuli we-CST PS, indawo eqondile yesibhamu se-dual beam kanye nesistimu yokugxila ilungiselelwe kahle. Ngokusho kwe-Ref. 9 kanye nokulingisa, indawo efanele yilapho ucezu lwe-anode ludlula khona ucezu lwe-pole kude ne-magnet. Kodwa-ke, kutholakale ukuthi uma i-remanence isethwe ku-1.3T, ukudluliselwa kogongolo lwe-electron bekungeke kufinyelele ku-99%. Ngokwandisa i-remanence ibe yi-1.4 T, insimu yamagnetic egxile izokhushulwa ibe yi-6500 Gs. Ama-beam trajectories ezindizeni ze-xoz ne-yoz aboniswe kuMfanekiso 15. Kungabonakala ukuthi ugongolo lunokudluliselwa okuhle, ukuguquguquka okuncane, kanye nebanga lokudlulisela elingaphezu kuka-45mm.
Imizila yemisebe yamapensela amabili ngaphansi kwesistimu yamagnetic efanayo ene-Br = 1.4 T.(a) indiza ye-xoz.(b) indiza ye-yoz.
Isithombe 16 sibonisa ingxenye enqamulayo yomsebe ezindaweni ezahlukene kude ne-cathode. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuma kwengxenye yomsebe ohlelweni lokugxila kugcinwa kahle, futhi ububanzi besigaba abushintshi kakhulu. Isithombe 17 sibonisa izimbobo zomsebe eziqondisweni zika-x no-y, ngokulandelana. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuguquguquka komsebe kuzo zombili izinhlangothi kuncane kakhulu. Isithombe 18 sibonisa imiphumela yokulingisa yomsebe wamanje. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umsebe ungama-2 × 80 mA, okuhambisana nenani elibalwe ekwakhiweni kwesibhamu se-electron.
Ingxenye yesiphambano se-electron beam (enesistimu yokugxila) ezindaweni ezahlukene kude ne-cathode.
Uma sicabangela uchungechunge lwezinkinga ezifana namaphutha okuhlanganisa, ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi, kanye nezinguquko emandleni kagesi kagesi ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ukuzwela kohlelo lokugxila. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona igebe phakathi kwengxenye ye-anode kanye nengxenye yepole ekucutshungulweni kwangempela, leli gebe lidinga ukusethwa ekulingiseni. Inani legebe lisethwe ku-0.2 mm kanti iSithombe 19a sibonisa imvilophu ye-beam kanye nomsinga we-beam ohlangothini lwe-y. Lo mphumela ukhombisa ukuthi ushintsho emvilophini ye-beam alubalulekile futhi umsinga we-beam awushintshi neze. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo alunandaba namaphutha okuhlanganisa. Ngokushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi okushayela, ububanzi bephutha busethwe ku-±0.5 kV. ISithombe 19b sibonisa imiphumela yokuqhathanisa. Kungabonakala ukuthi ushintsho lwe-voltage alunamthelela omkhulu emvilophini ye-beam. Ububanzi bephutha busethwe kusukela ku--0.02 kuya ku-+0.03 T ngezinguquko emandleni kagesi kagesi. Imiphumela yokuqhathanisa iboniswe kuSithombe 20. Kungabonakala ukuthi imvilophu ye-beam ayishintshi neze, okusho ukuthi yonke i-EOS ayinandaba nezinguquko emandleni kagesi kagesi kagesi.
Imvilophu ye-beam kanye nemiphumela yamanje ngaphansi kwesistimu yokugxila kumagnetic efanayo.(a) Ukubekezelelana kokuhlanganiswa kungu-0.2 mm.(b) Ukuguquguquka kwamandla okushayela kungu-±0.5 kV.
Imvilophu yogongolo ngaphansi kwesistimu yokugxila kumagnetic efanayo enokuguquguquka kwamandla e-axial magnetic field kusukela ku-0.63 kuya ku-0.68 T.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo lokugxila oluklanywe kuleli phepha lungahambisana ne-HFS, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lokugxila kanye ne-HFS ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. Isithombe 21 sibonisa ukuqhathaniswa kwezimvilophu ze-beam ezine-HFS elayishiwe nengenazo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi imvilophu ye-beam ayishintshi kakhulu lapho yonke i-HFS ilayishiwe. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokugxila lufanelekela i-HFS yeshubhu yamagagasi ehambayo yomklamo ongenhla.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwe-EOS ephakanyisiwe kuSigaba III futhi kuphenywe ukusebenza kwe-220 GHz SDV-TWT, kwenziwa ukulingisa kwe-3D-PIC kokusebenzisana kwamagagasi e-beam. Ngenxa yemikhawulo yesofthiwe yokulingisa, asikwazanga ukwengeza i-EOS yonke ku-HFS. Ngakho-ke, isibhamu se-electron sathathelwa indawo ngendawo ekhiphayo elingana nobubanzi obungu-0.13mm kanye nebanga phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili ezingu-0.31mm, amapharamitha afanayo nesibhamu se-electron esakhiwe ngenhla. Ngenxa yokungazweli kanye nokuqina okuhle kwe-EOS, i-voltage yokushayela ingalungiswa kahle ukuze kufezwe amandla okukhipha angcono kakhulu ekulingiseni kwe-PIC. Imiphumela yokulingisa ikhombisa ukuthi amandla okukhipha agcwele kanye nokuzuza kungatholakala ku-voltage yokushayela engu-20.6 kV, ugesi womsebe ongu-2 × 80 mA (603 A/cm2), kanye namandla okufaka angu-0.05 W.
Ukuze kutholakale isignali yokukhipha engcono kakhulu, inani lemijikelezo nalo lidinga ukwenziwa ngcono. Amandla okukhipha amahle kakhulu atholakala lapho inani lezigaba ezimbili lingumjikelezo ongu-42 + 48, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 22a. Isignali yokufaka engu-0.05 W ikhuliswa ibe ngu-314 W ngenzuzo engu-38 dB. I-spectrum yamandla okukhipha etholwe yi-Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ihlanzekile, ifinyelela ku-220 GHz. Umfanekiso 22b ukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhundla se-axial kwamandla e-electron ku-SWS, kanti iningi lama-electron lilahlekelwa amandla. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi i-SDV-SWS ingaguqula amandla e-kinetic ama-electron abe amasignali e-RF, ngaleyo ndlela ibone ukwanda kwesignali.
Isignali yokukhipha ye-SDV-SWS ku-220 GHz.(a) Amandla okukhipha ane-spectrum efakiwe.(b) Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kwama-electron ngomsebe wama-electron ekugcineni kwesethi ye-SWS.
Isibalo 23 sibonisa i-bandwidth yamandla okukhipha kanye nenzuzo ye-SDV-TWT yemodi ephindwe kabili. Ukusebenza kokukhipha kungathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokusheshisa amaza kusukela ku-200 kuya ku-275 GHz kanye nokwenza ngcono i-voltage yedrayivu. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi i-bandwidth engu-3-dB ingamboza i-205 kuya ku-275 GHz, okusho ukuthi ukusebenza kwemodi ephindwe kabili kungandisa kakhulu i-bandwidth yokusebenza.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwe-Fig. 2a, siyazi ukuthi kukhona ibhendi yokuma phakathi kwezindlela ezingavamile nezilinganayo, okungaholela ekunyakazeni okungafuneki. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza komsebenzi eduze kwezitobhi kudinga ukufundwa. Izibalo 24a-c ziyimiphumela yokulingisa engu-20 ns ku-265.3 GHz, 265.35 GHz, kanye no-265.4 GHz, ngokulandelana. Kungabonakala ukuthi yize imiphumela yokulingisa inokuguquguquka okuthile, amandla okukhipha azinzile. I-spectrum iboniswe futhi ku-Figure 24 ngokulandelana, i-spectrum imsulwa. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi akukho ukuzinyakazisa eduze kwebhendi yokuma.
Ukwenziwa nokulinganiswa kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwe-HFS yonke. Kule ngxenye, i-HFS yenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-computer numeral control (CNC) enobubanzi bamathuluzi obungu-0.1 mm kanye nokunemba komshini ongu-10 μm. Izinto zokwakha imvamisa ephezulu zinikezwa yithusi elingenawo umoya-mpilo (OFHC) elinomoya-mpilo. Isithombe 25a sibonisa isakhiwo esenziwe. Isakhiwo sonke sinobude obungu-66.00 mm, ububanzi obungu-20.00 mm kanye nokuphakama okungu-8.66 mm. Izimbobo eziyisishiyagalombili zephini zisatshalaliswe nxazonke zesakhiwo. Isithombe 25b sibonisa isakhiwo ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM). Ama-blade alesi sakhiwo akhiqizwa ngokulinganayo futhi anobulukhuni obuhle bomphezulu. Ngemva kokulinganisa okunembile, iphutha lomshini lilonke lingaphansi kuka-5%, kanti ubulukhuni bomphezulu bungaba ngu-0.4 μm. Isakhiwo somshini sihlangabezana nezidingo zomklamo nokunemba.
Isithombe 26 sibonisa ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwemiphumela yangempela yokuhlola kanye nokulingisa kokusebenza kokudlulisa. I-Port 1 kanye ne-Port 2 ku-Figure 26a zihambisana nama-port okufaka nokukhipha e-HFS, ngokulandelana, futhi zilingana ne-Port 1 kanye ne-Port 4 ku-Figure 3. Imiphumela yangempela yokulinganisa ye-S11 ingcono kancane kunemiphumela yokulingisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphumela elinganisiwe ye-S21 imbi kancane. Isizathu kungaba ukuthi ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekulingiseni kuphakeme kakhulu futhi ubulukhuni bomphezulu ngemva komshini wangempela abubuhle. Sekukonke, imiphumela elinganisiwe ivumelana kahle nemiphumela yokulingisa, futhi i-bandwidth yokudlulisa ihlangabezana nesidingo se-70 GHz, esiqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini futhi kunembile ye-SDV-TWT ephakanyisiwe yemodi ephindwe kabili. Ngakho-ke, kuhlanganiswe nenqubo yokukhiqiza yangempela kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola, umklamo we-ultra-broadband dual-beam SDV-TWT ophakanyiswe kuleli phepha ungasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni okulandelayo.
Kuleli phepha, kwethulwa umklamo oningiliziwe wokusabalalisa okuhleliwe kwe-SDV-TWT engu-220 GHz. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusebenza kwemodi ephindwe kabili kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-dual-beam kwandisa kakhulu i-bandwidth yokusebenza kanye namandla okukhipha. Ukwenziwa kanye nokuhlolwa okubandayo nakho kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwe-HFS yonke. Imiphumela yokulinganisa yangempela ivumelana kahle nemiphumela yokulingisa. Kwi-EOS enemigqa emibili eklanyelwe, isigaba semaski kanye nama-electrode okulawula kusetshenziswe ndawonye ukukhiqiza i-beam yepensela emibili. Ngaphansi kwensimu yamagnetic egxile ku-uniform eklanyelwe, i-beam ye-electron ingadluliselwa ngokuzinzile emabangeni amade ngesimo esihle. Esikhathini esizayo, ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kwe-EOS kuzokwenziwa, kanti ukuhlolwa kokushisa kwe-TWT yonke nakho kuzokwenziwa. Lolu hlelo lokuklama lwe-SDV-TWT oluphakanyisiwe kuleli phepha luhlanganisa ngokugcwele ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula indiza obuvuthiwe bamanje, futhi lubonisa amandla amakhulu ezinkomba zokusebenza kanye nokucubungula kanye nokuhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke, leli phepha likholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo se-planar cishe sizoba umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi kagesi e-vacuum ebhendini ye-terahertz.
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