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Kule phepha, ityhubhu yokuhamba ye-220GHz broadband enamandla aphezulu adibeneyo kunye ne-blade ezimbini iqinisekisiwe. Okokuqala, kucetywa isakhiwo se-planar double-beam staggered double-blade slow-wave. Ngokusebenzisa iskimu sokusebenza se-dual-mode, ukusebenza kokudlulisa kunye ne-bandwidth ziphantse ziphindwe kabini kune-single-mode. Okwesibini, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zamandla aphezulu okukhupha kunye nokuphucula uzinzo lwetyhubhu yokuhamba, kuyilwe inkqubo ye-elektroniki ye-optical enemilo yepensile ephindwe kabini, i-drive voltage yi-20 ~ 21 kV, kwaye i-current yi-2 × 80 mA. Iinjongo zoyilo. Ngokusebenzisa inxalenye yemaski kunye ne-electrode yokulawula kwi-double beam gun, ii-pensile beam ezimbini zinokujoliswa kumaziko azo ngomlinganiselo woxinzelelo we-7, umgama wokugxila umalunga ne-0.18mm, kwaye uzinzo lulungile. Inkqubo yokugxila kwimagnethi efanayo nayo yenziwe ngcono. Umgama wokudlulisa ozinzileyo we-planar double electron beam unokufikelela kwi-45 mm, kwaye i-focused magnetic field yi-0.6 T, eyaneleyo ukugubungela yonke inkqubo ye-high frequency (HFS). Emva koko, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenziseka kwenkqubo ye-electron-optical kunye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo se-slow-wave, ii-particle cell (PIC) simulations nazo zenziwe kwi-HFS iyonke. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokusebenzisana kwe-beam inokufikelela kumandla okukhupha aphezulu aphantse abe yi-310 W kwi-220 GHz, i-voltage ye-beam ephuculweyo yi-20.6 kV, i-beam current yi-2 × 80 mA, i-gain yi-38 dB, kwaye i-bandwidth ye-3-dB idlula i-35 dB malunga ne-70 GHz. Okokugqibela, ukwenziwa kwe-microstructure echanekileyo kakhulu kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-HFS, kwaye iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iimpawu ze-bandwidth kunye nokudluliselwa ziyavumelana kakuhle neziphumo zokulinganisa. Ke ngoko, iskimu esicetywayo kweli phepha kulindeleke ukuba siphuhlise imithombo yemitha ye-terahertz-band enamandla aphezulu, enamandla okusebenzisa ixesha elizayo.
Njengesixhobo se-elektroniki se-vacuum esiqhelekileyo, ityhubhu ye-wave yokuhamba (TWT) idlala indima engenakutshintshwa kwizicelo ezininzi ezifana ne-radar enesisombululo esiphezulu, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwesathelayithi, kunye nokuhlola isithuba1,2,3. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-frequency yokusebenza ingena kwi-terahertz band, i-TWT yendabuko edibeneyo kunye ne-TWT ye-helical azikwazanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu ngenxa yamandla aphantsi okukhupha, i-bandwidth encinci, kunye neenkqubo ezinzima zokuvelisa. Ke ngoko, indlela yokuphucula ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwe-THZ band ibe yingxaki exhalabisayo kakhulu kumaziko amaninzi ophando lwezenzululwazi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izakhiwo ezintsha ze-slow-wave (SWSs), ezifana nezakhiwo ze-staggered dual-blade (SDV) kunye nezakhiwo ze-folded waveguide (FW), zifumene ingqwalasela enkulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zendalo ze-planar, ngakumbi ii-SDV-SWS ezintsha ezinokubakho okuthembisayo. Esi sakhiwo sacetywa yi-UC-Davis ngo-20084. Isakhiwo se-planar sinokwenziwa ngokulula ngeendlela zokucubungula i-micro-nano ezifana nolawulo lwenani lekhompyutha (CNC) kunye ne-UV-LIGA, isakhiwo sephakheji yesinyithi sonke sinokubonelela ngomthamo omkhulu wobushushu ngamandla aphezulu okukhupha. kunye nokuzuza, kwaye isakhiwo esifana ne-waveguide sinokubonelela nge-bandwidth ebanzi yokusebenza. Okwangoku, i-UC Davis ibonakalise okokuqala ngo-2017 ukuba i-SDV-TWT inokuvelisa iziphumo zamandla aphezulu ezingaphezulu kwe-100 W kunye nemiqondiso ye-bandwidth ephantse ibe yi-14 GHz kwi-G-band5. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo zisenezikhewu ezingenakufikelela kwiimfuno ezinxulumene namandla aphezulu kunye ne-bandwidth ebanzi kwi-terahertz band. Kwi-SDV-TWT ye-G-band ye-UC-Davis, kuye kwasetyenziswa imisebe ye-electron yeshiti. Nangona le nkqubo inokuphucula kakhulu amandla okuthwala umsinga we-beam, kunzima ukugcina umgama omde wokudlulisela ngenxa yokungazinzi kwenkqubo ye-electron optical ye-sheet beam (EOS), kwaye kukho i-over-mode beam tunnel, enokubangela ukuba i-beam izilawule ngokwayo. – Ukuvuselela kunye nokujikeleza 6,7. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zamandla aphezulu okukhupha, ububanzi bebhendi kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-THz TWT, kucetywa i-SDV-SWS ene-dual-beam enomsebenzi we-dual-mode kule phepha. Oko kukuthi, ukuze kwandiswe i-bandwidth yokusebenza, kucetywa ukusebenza kwe-dual-mode kwaye kwaziswa kule sakhiwo. Kwaye, ukuze kwandiswe amandla okukhupha, kusetyenziswa ukusasazwa kwe-planar ye-double pencil beams. Iirediyo ze-single pencil beams zincinci ngenxa yemida yobukhulu obuthe nkqo. Ukuba uxinano lwangoku luphezulu kakhulu, umsinga webhendi kufuneka uncitshiswe, nto leyo ebangela amandla okukhupha aphantsi. Ukuphucula umsinga webhendi, kuvele i-planar distributed multibeam EOS, esebenzisa ubungakanani becala le-SWS. Ngenxa ye-independent beam tunneling, i-planar distributed multi-beam inokufikelela kumandla aphezulu okukhupha ngokugcina umsinga webhendi ephezulu kunye nomsinga omncinci ngebhendi nganye, enokuthintela i-overmode beam tunneling xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo ze-sheet-beam. Ke ngoko, kuluncedo ukugcina uzinzo lwetyhubhu yamaza ohambahambayo. Ngokwesiseko somsebenzi wangaphambili8,9, Eli phepha licebisa intsimi yemagnethi efanayo ye-G-band egxile kwi-double pencil beam EOS, enokuphucula kakhulu umgama wokudluliselwa okuzinzileyo komqadi kwaye yonyuse ngakumbi indawo yokusebenzisana komqadi, ngaloo ndlela iphucula kakhulu amandla okukhupha.
Ulwakhiwo lwale phepha lulandelayo. Okokuqala, uyilo lweseli ye-SWS oluneeparameter, uhlalutyo lweempawu zokusasazeka kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa eziphindaphindayo. Emva koko, ngokwesakhiwo seseli yeyunithi, i-EOS yepensile ephindwe kabini kunye nenkqubo yokusebenzisana kwe-beam ziyilwe kweli phepha. Iziphumo zokulinganisa iinxalenye ze-intracellular nazo ziboniswe ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-EOS kunye nokusebenza kwe-SDV-TWT. Ukongeza, iphepha libonisa ngokufutshane iziphumo zokwenziwa kunye novavanyo olubandayo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-HFS yonke. Okokugqibela yenza isishwankathelo.
Njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze-TWT, iimpawu zokusasazeka kwesakhiwo se-slow-wave zibonisa ukuba isantya se-electron siyahambelana nesantya sesigaba se-SWS, kwaye ngaloo ndlela sinempembelelo enkulu kunxibelelwano lwe-beam-wave. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-TWT yonke, kuyilwe isakhiwo sokusebenzisana esiphuculweyo. Ulwakhiwo lweyunithi yeseli luboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ukuqwalasela ukungazinzi kwe-sheet beam kunye nokunciphisa amandla e-single pen beam, isakhiwo samkela i-double pen beam ukuphucula ngakumbi amandla okukhupha kunye nozinzo lokusebenza. Okwangoku, ukuze kwandiswe i-bandwidth yokusebenza, kucetywe i-dual mode ukuba i-SWS isebenze. Ngenxa yokulingana kwesakhiwo se-SDV, isisombululo se-electromagnetic field dispersion equation sinokwahlulwa sibe zii-odd kunye ne-even mode. Kwangaxeshanye, i-basic odd mode ye-low frequency band kunye ne-basic even mode ye-high frequency band zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ulungelelwaniso lwe-broadband ye-beam interactions, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ngakumbi i-working bandwidth.
Ngokweemfuno zamandla, ityhubhu yonke yenzelwe i-voltage yokuqhuba ye-20 kV kunye nomsinga we-beam current we-2 × 80 mA. Ukuze sihambelane ne-voltage ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ne-bandwidth yokusebenza ye-SDV-SWS, kufuneka sibale ubude bexesha p. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-voltage ye-beam kunye ne-period buboniswe kwi-equation (1)10:
Ngokumisela utshintsho lwesigaba ukuya kwi-2.5π kwi-center frequency ye-220 GHz, i-period p ingabalwa ukuba yi-0.46 mm. Umfanekiso 2a ubonisa iipropati zokusasazeka kweseli yeyunithi ye-SWS. I-20 kV beamline ihambelana kakuhle ne-bimodal curve. Iibhendi zefrikhwensi ezihambelanayo zinokufikelela kwi-70 GHz kwi-210–265.3 GHz (imo engaqhelekanga) kunye ne-265.4–280 GHz (imo efanayo). Umfanekiso 2b ubonisa i-avareji ye-coupling impedance, engaphezulu kwe-0.6 Ω ukusuka kwi-210 ukuya kwi-290 GHz, ebonisa ukuba ukusebenzisana okunamandla kunokwenzeka kwi-operating bandwidth.
(a) Iimpawu zokusasazeka kwe-SDV-SWS yemowudi ezimbini ene-20 kV electron beamline. (b) Ukuthintela ukusebenzisana kwesekethe ye-SDV slow-wave.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho umsantsa webhendi phakathi kweendlela ezingaqhelekanga nezilinganayo, kwaye sidla ngokubhekisa kwesi sikhewu sebhendi njengebhendi yokumisa, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2a. Ukuba i-TWT isebenza kufutshane nale bhendi yefrikhwensi, amandla okudibanisa umqadi aqinileyo anokwenzeka, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekushukumeni okungafunekiyo. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ngokubanzi siyakuphepha ukusebenzisa i-TWT kufutshane nebhendi yokumisa. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubonwa ukuba umsantsa webhendi yale sakhiwo se-slow-wave yi-0.1 GHz kuphela. Kunzima ukumisela ukuba esi sikhewu sebhendi sincinci sibangela ukushukuma. Ke ngoko, ukuzinza kokusebenza okujikeleze ibhendi yokumisa kuya kuphandwa kwicandelo elilandelayo le-PIC simulation ukuze kuhlalutywe ukuba ukushukuma okungafunekiyo kunokwenzeka na.
Imodeli ye-HFS iyonke iboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Inezigaba ezibini ze-SDV-SWS, eziqhagamshelwe ziiBragg reflectors. Umsebenzi wesibonisi kukusika ukuhanjiswa kwesignali phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini, ukucinezela ukushukuma kunye nokubonakaliswa kweendlela ezingasebenziyo ezifana neendlela eziphezulu eziveliswa phakathi kweeblade eziphezulu nezisezantsi, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula kakhulu uzinzo lwetyhubhu yonke. Ukunxibelelana nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle, i-coupler ethe tyaba ethe tyaba ikwasetyenziswa ukuqhagamshela i-SWS kwi-waveguide eqhelekileyo ye-WR-4. I-coefficient yokudluliselwa kwesakhiwo samanqanaba amabini ilinganiswa yi-time domain solver kwisoftware ye-3D simulation. Ukuqwalasela isiphumo sokwenyani sebhendi ye-terahertz kwizinto, izinto ze-vacuum envelope ziqala zibekwe kwi-copper, kwaye i-conductivity incitshiswa ibe yi-2.25×107 S/m12.
Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa iziphumo zokudluliselwa kwe-HFS kunye nezixhumi ezixineneyo ezithe tyaba kunye nezingenazo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ixhumi ayinampembelelo ingako ekusebenzeni kokudluliselwa kwe-HFS iyonke. Ilahleko yokubuya (S11 < − 10 dB) kunye nelahleko yokufakwa (S21 > − 5 dB) yenkqubo yonke kwi-broadband ye-207~280 GHz ibonisa ukuba i-HFS ineempawu ezilungileyo zokudluliselwa.
Njengombane wezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezingenanto, umpu we-electron umisela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba isixhobo singakwazi ukuvelisa amandla aneleyo okukhupha. Xa idibene nohlalutyo lwe-HFS kwiCandelo lesi-2, kufuneka kuyilwe i-EOS ene-dual-beam ukuze inike amandla aneleyo. Kule nxalenye, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi wangaphambili kwi-W-band8,9, umpu we-electron wepensile ephindwe kabini uyilwe kusetyenziswa inxalenye yemaski ejikelezileyo kunye nee-electrode zolawulo. Okokuqala, ngokweemfuno zoyilo ze-SWS kwiCandelo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFIG. 2, i-drive voltage Ua yemiqadi ye-electron iqale ibekwe kwi-20 kV, imijelo I yemiqadi emibini ye-electron zombini ziyi-80 mA, kwaye ububanzi be-beam dw yemiqadi ye-electron yi-0.13 mm. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxinano lwangoku lwe-electron beam kunye ne-cathode zinokufikelelwa, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-electron beam usethwe kwi-7, ngoko ke uxinano lwangoku lwe-electron beam yi-603 A/cm2, kwaye uxinano lwangoku lwe-cathode yi-86 A/cm2, olunokufezekiswa Oku kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezintsha ze-cathode. Ngokwethiyori yoyilo 14, 15, 16, 17, umpu we-electron oqhelekileyo we-Pierce unokuchongwa ngokukodwa.
Umfanekiso 5 ubonisa imizobo ethe tye nethe nkqo yesibhamu, ngokulandelelana. Kuyabonakala ukuba iprofayili yesibhamu se-electron kwicala le-x ifana kakhulu neyompu ye-electron efana nephepha, ngelixa kwicala le-y imiqadi emibini ye-electron yahlulwe kancinci yimaski. Izikhundla zee-cathodes ezimbini zikwi-x = – 0.155 mm, y = 0 mm kunye ne-x = 0.155 mm, y = 0 mm, ngokulandelelana. Ngokweemfuno zoyilo lomlinganiselo woxinzelelo kunye nobukhulu be-injection ye-electron, ubukhulu beendawo ezimbini ze-cathode bumiselwa ukuba yi-0.91 mm × 0.13 mm.
Ukuze intsimi yombane egxile kwi-electron beam nganye kwicala le-x ibe yi-symmetrical malunga nembindi wayo, eli phepha lisebenzisa i-electrode yokulawula kwi-electron gun. Ngokubeka i-voltage ye-focussing electrode kunye ne-control electrode kwi-−20 kV, kunye ne-voltage ye-anode kwi-0 V, sinokufumana usasazo lwe-trajectory ye-dual beam gun, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 6. Kuyabonakala ukuba ii-electron ezikhutshiweyo zinokucinezeleka okuhle kwicala le-y, kwaye i-electron beam nganye idibana iye kwicala le-x ecaleni kwembindi yayo yokulinganisa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-electrode yokulawula ilinganisela intsimi yombane engalinganiyo eveliswa yi-focusing electrode.
Umfanekiso 7 ubonisa i-beam envelope kwicala lika-x no-y. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umgama oqikelelweyo we-electron beam kwicala lika-x wahlukile kulowo ukwicala lika-y. Umgama wokuphosa kwicala lika-x umalunga ne-4mm, kwaye umgama wokuphosa kwicala lika-y umalunga ne-7mm. Ke ngoko, umgama wokuphosa okwenyani kufuneka ukhethwe phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-7 mm. Umfanekiso 8 ubonisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo le-electron beam kwi-4.6 mm ukusuka kumphezulu we-cathode. Sinokubona ukuba imilo yecandelo elinqamlezileyo ikufutshane ne-standard circular electron beam. Umgama phakathi kwe-electron beams ezimbini ukufutshane ne-0.31 mm eyiliweyo, kwaye i-radius imalunga ne-0.13 mm, ehlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo. Umfanekiso 9 ubonisa iziphumo zokulinganisa ze-beam current. Kunokubonwa ukuba i-beam currents ezimbini ziyi-76mA, evumelana kakuhle ne-80mA eyiliweyo.
Ukuqwalasela ukuguquguquka kwevolthi yokuqhuba kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, kuyimfuneko ukufunda uvakalelo lwevolthi yale modeli. Kuluhlu lwevolthi ye-19.8 ~ 20.6 kV, kufunyanwa iimvulophu zangoku kunye nezemiqadi, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1 kunye noMfanekiso 1.10 kunye no-11. Ukusuka kwiziphumo, kunokubonwa ukuba utshintsho lwevolthi yokuqhuba alunampembelelo kwimvulophu yemiqadi ye-electron, kwaye umbane wemiqadi ye-electron utshintsha kuphela ukusuka kwi-0.74 ukuya kwi-0.78 A. Ke ngoko, kunokuqwalaselwa ukuba umpu we-electron owenziwe kweli phepha unovakalelo oluhle kwivolthi.
Impembelelo yokuguquguquka kwevolthi yokuqhuba kwiimvilophu zebham ze-x- kunye ne-y-direction.
Intsimi egxile kwimagnethi efanayo yinkqubo eqhelekileyo egxile kwimagnethi esisigxina. Ngenxa yokusasazwa kwentsimi yemagnethi efanayo kuyo yonke itshaneli yemitha, ifanelekile kakhulu kwimibhobho ye-electron e-axisymmetric. Kweli candelo, kucetyiswa inkqubo egxile kwimagnethi efanayo yokugcina ukuhanjiswa komgama omde kwemitha yepensile ephindwe kabini. Ngokuhlalutya intsimi yemagnethi evelisiweyo kunye nemvulophu yemitha, kucetyiswa iskimu soyilo lwenkqubo egxile, kwaye kufundwa ingxaki yobuntununtunu. Ngokwethiyori yokudluliselwa okuzinzileyo kwemitha yepensile enye18,19, ixabiso lentsimi yemagnethi yeBrillouin lingabalwa nge-equation (2). Kweli phepha, sikwasebenzisa olu linganiso ukuqikelela intsimi yemagnethi yemitha yepensile ephindwe kabini esasazwe ecaleni. Idityaniswe nesibhamu se-electron esiyilwe kweli phepha, ixabiso lentsimi yemagnethi elibaliweyo limalunga ne-4000 Gs. NgokweRef. 20, ixabiso elibaliweyo lihlala likhethwa kwiindlela ezisebenzayo.
Umfanekiso 12 ubonisa ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yentsimi yemagnethi efanayo. Inxalenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yimagnethi esisigxina eneemagnethi kwicala le-axial. Ukukhethwa kwezinto yiNdFeB okanye iFeCoNi. Iseti ye-Br ehlala ihleli kwimodeli yokulinganisa yi-1.3 T kwaye ukuvuleka yi-1.05. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuzinzileyo kwe-beam kwisekethe yonke, ubude bemagnethi buqala bubekwe kwi-70 mm. Ukongeza, ubungakanani bemagnethi kwicala le-x bumisela ukuba intsimi yemagnethi enqamlezileyo kwitshaneli ye-beam iyafana na, nto leyo efuna ukuba ubungakanani kwicala le-x bungabi buncinci kakhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, xa kujongwa ixabiso kunye nobunzima betyhubhu yonke, ubungakanani bemagnethi akufuneki bube bukhulu kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iimagnethi ziqala zibekwe kwi-150 mm × 150 mm × 70 mm. Okwangoku, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isekethe yonke ye-slow-wave inokubekwa kwinkqubo yokugxila, umgama phakathi kweemagnethi ubekwe kwi-20mm.
Ngowama-2015, iPurna Chandra Panda21 icebise isiqwenga sepali esinomngxuma omtsha onamagxa kwinkqubo yokugxila kwimagnethi efanayo, enokunciphisa ngakumbi ubukhulu bokuvuza kwe-flux kwi-cathode kunye nentsimi yemagnethi enqamlezileyo eveliswa kumngxuma wepali. Kweli phepha, songeza isakhiwo esinamagxa kwinxalenye yepali yenkqubo yokugxila. Ubukhulu besiqwenga sepali buqale bubekwe kwi-1.5mm, ukuphakama nobubanzi bamanyathelo amathathu yi-0.5mm, kwaye umgama phakathi kwemingxunya yesiqwenga sepali yi-2mm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 13.
Umfanekiso 14a ubonisa usasazo lwe-axial magnetic field ecaleni kwemigca esembindini yemitha emibini yee-electron. Kuyabonakala ukuba amandla e-magnetic field ecaleni kwemitha emibini yee-electron ayalingana. Ixabiso le-magnetic field limalunga ne-6000 Gs, eliphindwe kayi-1.5 kune-theory Brillouin field ukwandisa uthumelo kunye nokusebenza okugxile. Kwangaxeshanye, i-magnetic field kwi-cathode iphantse ibe yi-0, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isiqwenga se-pole sinefuthe elihle ekuthinteleni ukuvuza kwe-magnetic flux. Umfanekiso 14b ubonisa usasazo lwe-transverse magnetic field By kwicala le-z kumda ophezulu wemitha emibini yee-electron. Kuyabonakala ukuba i-transverse magnetic field ingaphantsi kwe-200 Gs kuphela kumngxuma we-pole piece, ngelixa kwisekethe ye-slow-wave, i-transverse magnetic field iphantse ibe yi-zero, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba impembelelo ye-transverse magnetic field kwi-electron beam ayinamsebenzi. Ukuthintela ukugcwala kwe-magnetic field kweziqwenga ze-pole, kuyimfuneko ukufunda amandla e-magnetic field ngaphakathi kweziqwenga ze-pole. Umfanekiso 14c ubonisa ixabiso elipheleleyo losasazo lwe-magnetic field ngaphakathi kwesiqwenga se-pole. Kuyabonakala ukuba ixabiso elipheleleyo le amandla e-magnetic field angaphantsi kwe-1.2T, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-magnetic saturation ye-pole piece ayizukwenzeka.
Ukusasazwa kwamandla entsimi yemagnethi yeBr = 1.3 T.(a) Ukusasazwa kwentsimi ye-Axial.(b) Ukusasazwa kwentsimi yecala Ngu kwicala lika-z.(c) Ixabiso elipheleleyo lokusasazwa kwentsimi ngaphakathi kwesiqwenga sepali.
Ngokusekelwe kwi-CST PS module, indawo ehambelanayo ye-axial yesibhamu se-dual beam kunye nenkqubo yokugxila ilungiselelwe kakuhle. NgokweRef. 9 kunye neesimulations, indawo efanelekileyo kulapho iqhekeza le-anode ligquma iqhekeza le-pole kude nemagnethi. Nangona kunjalo, kufunyaniswe ukuba ukuba i-remanence imiselwe kwi-1.3T, ukudluliselwa kwe-electron beam akunakufikelela kwi-99%. Ngokwandisa i-remanence ukuya kwi-1.4 T, intsimi yemagnethi egxile iya kwandiswa ukuya kwi-6500 Gs. Iindlela ze-beam kwi-xoz kunye ne-yoz planes ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 15. Kunokubonwa ukuba i-beam inokudluliselwa okuhle, ukuguquguquka okuncinci, kunye nomgama wokudluliselwa ongaphezulu kwe-45mm.
Iindlela zemiqadi yepensile ephindwe kabini phantsi kwenkqubo yemagnethi efanayo eneBr = 1.4 T.(a) xoz plane.(b) yoz aircraft.
Umfanekiso 16 ubonisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo lomqadi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kude ne-cathode. Kuyabonakala ukuba imilo yecandelo lomqadi kwinkqubo yokugxila igcinwe kakuhle, kwaye ububanzi becandelo abutshintshi kakhulu. Umfanekiso 17 ubonisa ii-envelopes ze-beam kwicala le-x kunye ne-y, ngokulandelelana. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukuguquguquka komqadi kuzo zombini iindlela kuncinci kakhulu. Umfanekiso 18 ubonisa iziphumo zokulinganisa komqadi womqadi. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umqadi umalunga ne-2 × 80 mA, nto leyo ehambelana nexabiso elibaliweyo kuyilo lwesibhamu se-electron.
Icandelo elinqamlezayo le-electron beam (enenkqubo yokugxila) kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kude ne-cathode.
Ukuqwalasela uthotho lweengxaki ezifana neempazamo zendibano, ukuguquguquka kwevolthi, kunye notshintsho kumandla emagnethi kwizicelo zokucubungula ezisebenzayo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya uvakalelo lwenkqubo yokugxila. Ngenxa yokuba kukho umsantsa phakathi kweqhekeza le-anode kunye neqhekeza lepole ekucutshungulweni kwangempela, esi sikhewu kufuneka sibekwe kwi-simulation. Ixabiso lesithuba limiselwe kwi-0.2 mm kwaye uMfanekiso 19a ubonisa i-beam envelope kunye nomsinga we-beam kwicala le-y. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-beam envelope alubalulekanga kwaye umsinga we-beam awutshintshi kangako. Ke ngoko, inkqubo ayinamvakalelo kwiimpazamo zendibano. Ukuguquguquka kwevolthi yokuqhuba, uluhlu lweempazamo lumiselwe kwi-±0.5 kV. UMfanekiso 19b ubonisa iziphumo zokuthelekisa. Kuyabonakala ukuba utshintsho lwevolthi alunampembelelo ingako kwi-beam envelope. Uluhlu lweempazamo lumiselwe ukusuka kwi--0.02 ukuya kwi-+0.03 T kwiinguqu kumandla e-magnetic field. Iziphumo zokuthelekisa ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 20. Kuyabonakala ukuba i-beam envelope ayitshintshi kangako, oko kuthetha ukuba yonke i-EOS ayinamvakalelo kutshintsho kumandla e-magnetic field.
Imvulophu yemitha kunye neziphumo zangoku phantsi kwenkqubo efanayo yokugxila kwemagnethi.(a) Ukunyamezelana kwendibano yi-0.2 mm.(b) Ukuguquguquka kwevolthi yokuqhuba yi-±0.5 kV.
Imvulophu yemitha phantsi kwenkqubo yokugxila yemagnethi efanayo kunye nokuguquguquka kwamandla entsimi yemagnethi ye-axial ukusuka kwi-0.63 ukuya kwi-0.68 T.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkqubo yokugxila eyilwe kweli phepha ingahambelana ne-HFS, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa inkqubo yokugxila kunye ne-HFS kuphando. Umfanekiso 21 ubonisa uthelekiso lwee-beam envelopes ezine-HFS ezilayishiweyo nezingenazo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-beam envelope ayitshintshi kakhulu xa i-HFS iyonke ilayishiwe. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokugxila ifanelekile kwi-HFS yetyhubhu yamaza ehambahambayo yoyilo olungasentla.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-EOS ecetywayo kwiCandelo lesi-3 kunye nokuphanda ukusebenza kwe-220 GHz SDV-TWT, kwenziwa ukulinganisa kwe-3D-PIC kokusebenzisana kwe-beam-wave. Ngenxa yemingcele yesoftware yokulinganisa, asikwazanga ukongeza i-EOS yonke kwi-HFS. Ngenxa yoko, isibhamu se-electron satshintshwa ngumphezulu okhuphayo olinganayo onobubanzi be-0.13mm kunye nomgama phakathi kwemiphezulu emibini ye-0.31mm, iiparameter ezifanayo nesibhamu se-electron esiyilwe ngasentla. Ngenxa yokungaziva kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-EOS, i-drive voltage inokulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe amandla okukhupha angcono kwi-PIC simulation. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zibonisa ukuba amandla okukhupha agcweleyo kunye nokuzuza kunokufumaneka kwi-drive voltage ye-20.6 kV, i-beam current ye-2 × 80 mA (603 A/cm2), kunye namandla okufaka we-0.05 W.
Ukuze kufunyanwe isignali yokukhupha eyona ilungileyo, inani lemijikelo nalo kufuneka liphuculwe. Amandla okukhupha angcono afunyanwa xa inani lezigaba ezibini liyimijikelo engama-42 + 48, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 22a. Isignali yokufaka ye-0.05 W yonyuswa ukuya kwi-314 W ngenzuzo ye-38 dB. I-spectrum yamandla okukhupha efunyenwe yiFast Fourier Transform (FFT) icocekile, ifikelela kwi-220 GHz. Umfanekiso 22b ubonisa ukusasazwa kwe-axial position yamandla e-electron kwi-SWS, uninzi lwee-electron zilahlekelwa ngamandla. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-SDV-SWS inokuguqula amandla e-kinetic ee-electron abe yimiqondiso ye-RF, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa ukwandiswa kwesignali.
Isignali yesiphumo se-SDV-SWS kwi-220 GHz.(a) Amandla okukhupha ane-spectrum efakiweyo.(b) Ukusasazwa kwamandla ee-electron kunye nomqadi we-electron ekupheleni kwe-inset ye-SWS.
Umfanekiso 23 ubonisa i-bandwidth yamandla okukhupha kunye nokufumana i-SDV-TWT ye-dual-mode dual-beam. Ukusebenza kokukhupha kunokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokufaka amaza ombane ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-275 GHz kunye nokwenza ngcono i-drive voltage. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-bandwidth ye-3-dB inokugubungela i-205 ukuya kwi-275 GHz, oko kuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kwe-dual-mode kunokwandisa kakhulu i-bandwidth yokusebenza.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho koMfanekiso 2a, siyazi ukuba kukho ibhendi yokumisa phakathi kweendlela ezingaqhelekanga nezilinganayo, ezinokukhokelela ekushukumeni okungafunekiyo. Ke ngoko, uzinzo lomsebenzi ojikeleze iindawo zokumisa kufuneka lufundwe. Imifanekiso 24a-c ziziphumo zokulinganisa ze-20 ns kwi-265.3 GHz, 265.35 GHz, kunye ne-265.4 GHz, ngokwahlukeneyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba nangona iziphumo zokulinganisa zineziguquguquko ezithile, amandla okukhupha azinzile. I-spectrum ikwaboniswe kuMfanekiso 24 ngokwahlukeneyo, i-spectrum icocekile. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba akukho ngokuzenzekelayo kufutshane ne-stopband.
Ukwenziwa nokulinganiswa kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-HFS iyonke. Kule nxalenye, i-HFS yenziwe kusetyenziswa iteknoloji yokulawula amanani ekhompyutha (CNC) enobubanzi besixhobo obuyi-0.1 mm kunye nokuchaneka komatshini we-10 μm. Izinto zokwakha ezisebenzisa i-high-frequency zibonelelwa yi-oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper. Umfanekiso 25a ubonisa isakhiwo esenziweyo. Isakhiwo sonke sinobude obuyi-66.00 mm, ububanzi obuyi-20.00 mm kunye nokuphakama kwe-8.66 mm. Imingxunya yeephini ezisibhozo isasazwe kwisakhiwo. Umfanekiso 25b ubonisa isakhiwo ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM). Iiblade zesi sakhiwo ziveliswa ngokulinganayo kwaye zinoburhabaxa obuhle bomphezulu. Emva kokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo, impazamo iyonke yomatshini ingaphantsi kwe-5%, kwaye uburhabaxa bomphezulu bumalunga ne-0.4 μm. Isakhiwo somatshini sihlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo kunye nokuchaneka.
Umfanekiso 26 ubonisa uthelekiso phakathi kweziphumo zovavanyo zokwenyani kunye nokulinganisa ukusebenza kothumelo. Izibuko 1 kunye nezibuko 2 kuMfanekiso 26a zihambelana nezibuko zokufaka kunye nokuphuma ze-HFS, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye zilingana nezibuko 1 kunye nezibuko 4 kuMfanekiso 3. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zokwenyani ze-S11 zingcono kancinci kuneziphumo zokulinganisa. Kwangaxeshanye, iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo ze-S21 zimbi kancinci. Isizathu sisenokuba ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kuthumelo kuphezulu kakhulu kwaye uburhabaxa bomphezulu emva kokwenziwa komatshini abulunganga. Ngokubanzi, iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo ziyavumelana kakuhle neziphumo zokulinganisa, kwaye i-bandwidth yothumelo ihlangabezana neemfuno ze-70 GHz, eziqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kwaye kuchanekile kwe-SDV-TWT ecetywayo. Ke ngoko, xa idibene nenkqubo yokwenziwa kunye neziphumo zovavanyo, uyilo lwe-ultra-broadband dual-beam SDV-TWT olucetywayo kweli phepha lunokusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo.
Kule phepha, uyilo oluneenkcukacha lwe-planar distribution 220 GHz dual-beam SDV-TWT luveziwe. Udibaniso lokusebenza kwe-dual-mode kunye ne-dual-beam excitation lunyusa ngakumbi i-bandwidth yokusebenza kunye namandla okukhupha. Ukwenziwa kunye novavanyo lokubanda kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-HFS iyonke. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zokwenyani ziyavumelana kakuhle neziphumo zokulinganisa. Kwi-two-beam EOS eyilwe nge-two-beam, icandelo lemaski kunye nee-electrode zokulawula zisetyenzisiwe kunye ukuvelisa i-two-pensile beam. Phantsi kwe-uniform focusing magnetic field eyilwe nge-uniform, i-electron beam inokudluliselwa ngokuzinzileyo kumgama omde ngemilo elungileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, imveliso kunye novavanyo lwe-EOS luya kwenziwa, kwaye uvavanyo lobushushu lwe-TWT iyonke nalo luya kwenziwa. Olu cwangciso loyilo lwe-SDV-TWT olucetywayo kweli phepha ludibanisa ngokupheleleyo itekhnoloji yokucubungula i-plane evuthiweyo yangoku, kwaye lubonisa amandla amakhulu kwizalathisi zokusebenza kunye nokucubungula kunye nokuhlanganisa. Ke ngoko, eli phepha likholelwa ukuba ulwakhiwo lwe-planar lunokuba ngumkhwa wophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-vacuum kwi-terahertz band.
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