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Mu pepalali, chubu cha mafunde oyenda a 220GHz cha broadband champhamvu kwambiri cholumikizidwa ndi masamba awiri chapangidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa. Choyamba, kapangidwe ka mafunde oyenda pang'onopang'ono ka planar double-beam staggered double-blade kaperekedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwirira ntchito ya dual-mode, magwiridwe antchito a transmission ndi bandwidth ndi pafupifupi kawiri kuposa a single-mode. Kachiwiri, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za mphamvu yotulutsa kwambiri ndikukweza kukhazikika kwa chubu cha mafunde oyenda, makina owonera amagetsi okhala ndi mawonekedwe a pensulo awiri adapangidwa, magetsi oyendetsa ndi 20~21 kV, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ndi 2 × 80 mA. Zolinga za kapangidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la chigoba ndi electrode yolamulira mu mfuti ya dual beam, mapensulo awiri amatha kuyang'aniridwa m'malo awo ndi chiŵerengero cha compression cha 7, mtunda wolunjika ndi pafupifupi 0.18mm, ndipo kukhazikika ndi kwabwino. Dongosolo loyang'ana maginito lofanana lakonzedwanso. Mtunda wokhazikika wa planar double electron beam ukhoza kufika 45 mm, ndipo mphamvu ya maginito yolunjika ndi 0.6 T, yomwe ndi yokwanira kuphimba dongosolo lonse la high frequency (HFS). Kenako, kuti mutsimikizire Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa dongosolo la ma electron-optical ndi magwiridwe antchito a kapangidwe ka mafunde oyenda pang'onopang'ono, maselo a tinthu tating'ono (PIC) kunachitidwanso pa HFS yonse. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti dongosolo lolumikizirana ndi beam likhoza kupeza mphamvu yotulutsa ya pafupifupi 310 W pa 220 GHz, voteji yokonzedwa bwino ya beam ndi 20.6 kV, mphamvu ya beam ndi 2 × 80 mA, phindu ndi 38 dB, ndipo bandwidth ya 3-dB imaposa 35 dB pafupifupi 70 GHz. Pomaliza, kupanga kwa microstructure yolondola kwambiri kumachitika kuti kutsimikizire magwiridwe antchito a HFS, ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a bandwidth ndi transmission akugwirizana bwino ndi zotsatira za simulation. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lomwe laperekedwa mu pepalali likuyembekezeka kupanga magwero amphamvu kwambiri, a ultra-broadband terahertz-band omwe angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo.
Monga chipangizo chamagetsi chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vacuum, traveling wave tube (TWT) imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazinthu zambiri monga radar yolimba kwambiri, njira zolumikizirana ndi satellite, ndi kufufuza malo 1,2,3. Komabe, pamene ma frequency ogwiritsira ntchito amalowa mu terahertz band, TWT yachikhalidwe yokhala ndi cavity ndi helical TWT yalephera kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu chifukwa cha mphamvu yochepa yotulutsa, bandwidth yopapatiza, komanso njira zovuta zopangira. Chifukwa chake, momwe mungawongolere magwiridwe antchito a THz band yakhala nkhani yovuta kwambiri kwa mabungwe ambiri ofufuza zasayansi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zomangamanga zatsopano za slow-wave (SWSs), monga zomangamanga za staggered dual-blade (SDV) ndi zomangamanga za folded waveguide (FW), zalandiridwa chidwi chachikulu chifukwa cha zomangamanga zawo zachilengedwe, makamaka ma SDV-SWS atsopano okhala ndi kuthekera kolonjeza. Kapangidwe kameneka kanaperekedwa ndi UC-Davis mu 20084. Kapangidwe ka planar katha kupangidwa mosavuta ndi njira zopangira micro-nano monga computer numeral control (CNC) ndi UV-LIGA, kapangidwe ka all-metal package kangapereke mphamvu yayikulu yotentha ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa. ndi gain, ndipo kapangidwe kofanana ndi waveguide kangaperekenso bandwidth yogwira ntchito yokulirapo. Pakadali pano, UC Davis adawonetsa koyamba mu 2017 kuti SDV-TWT imatha kupanga ma output amphamvu kwambiri opitilira 100 W ndi zizindikiro za bandwidth pafupifupi 14 GHz mu G-band5. Komabe, zotsatirazi zikadali ndi mipata yomwe singakwaniritse zofunikira zokhudzana ndi bandwidth yayikulu ndi bandwidth yayikulu mu terahertz band. Pa G-band SDV-TWT ya UC-Davis, ma sheet electron beams agwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti njira iyi ingawongolere kwambiri mphamvu yonyamula magetsi ya beam, n'kovuta kusunga mtunda wautali wotumizira chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa sheet beam electron optical system (EOS), ndipo pali njira yodutsa beam, yomwe ingayambitsenso beam kudzilamulira yokha. - Kusangalatsa ndi kugwedezeka 6,7. Kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira za mphamvu yotulutsa kwambiri, bandwidth yayikulu komanso kukhazikika bwino kwa THz TWT, SDV-SWS yokhala ndi ma dual-mode ikuperekedwa mu pepalali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuti tiwonjezere bandwidth yogwirira ntchito, ntchito ya ma dual-mode ikuperekedwa ndikuyambitsidwa mu kapangidwe kameneka. Ndipo, kuti tiwonjezere mphamvu yotulutsa, kugawa kwa planar kwa ma double pensulo beams kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Ma radio a pensulo beam ndi ochepa chifukwa cha zoletsa za kukula koyima. Ngati kuchuluka kwa current kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, current ya beam iyenera kuchepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yotulutsa ikhale yochepa. Kuti muwongolere current ya beam, planar distribution multibeam EOS yatuluka, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa lateral kwa SWS. Chifukwa cha kuyika kwa beam yodziyimira payokha, planar distribution multi-beam imatha kupeza mphamvu yotulutsa yayikulu mwa kusunga current yayikulu ya beam ndi current yaying'ono pa beam iliyonse, zomwe zingapewe overmode beam tunneling poyerekeza ndi zida za sheet-beam. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusunga kukhazikika kwa travel wave tube. Potengera ntchito yapitayi8,9, Pepala ili likupereka mphamvu ya maginito ya G-band yofanana ndi EOS, yomwe ingathandize kwambiri mtunda wokhazikika wa mtanda ndikuwonjezera malo olumikizirana ndi mtanda, motero ikukweza kwambiri mphamvu yotulutsa.
Kapangidwe ka pepalali ndi motere. Choyamba, kapangidwe ka maselo a SWS okhala ndi magawo, kusanthula kwa makhalidwe ofalikira ndi zotsatira za kuyerekezera kwapamwamba zafotokozedwa. Kenako, malinga ndi kapangidwe ka selo la unit, EOS yokhala ndi pensulo iwiri ndi dongosolo lolumikizirana kwa beam zapangidwa mu pepalali. Zotsatira za kuyerekezera kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mkati mwa maselo zimaperekedwanso kuti zitsimikizire kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa EOS ndi magwiridwe antchito a SDV-TWT. Kuphatikiza apo, pepalali likuwonetsa mwachidule zotsatira za kupanga ndi mayeso ozizira kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa HFS yonse. Pomaliza pangani chidule.
Monga chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri za TWT, mphamvu zogawanitsa za kapangidwe ka mafunde ocheperako zimasonyeza ngati liwiro la ma elekitironi likugwirizana ndi liwiro la gawo la SWS, motero limakhudza kwambiri kuyanjana kwa beam-wave. Kuti TWT yonse igwire bwino ntchito, kapangidwe kabwino ka kuyanjana kamapangidwa. Kapangidwe ka selo ya unit kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Poganizira kusakhazikika kwa beam ya pepala ndi malire a mphamvu ya beam ya cholembera chimodzi, kapangidwe kake kamagwiritsa ntchito beam ya cholembera chawiri kuti kawongolere mphamvu yotulutsa ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito. Pakadali pano, kuti awonjezere bandwidth yogwira ntchito, njira ziwiri zaperekedwa kuti SWS igwire ntchito. Chifukwa cha kulinganiza kwa kapangidwe ka SDV, yankho la equation ya electromagnetic field dispersion likhoza kugawidwa m'ma modes odd ndi even. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yoyambira ya odd ya gulu lotsika la ma frequency ndi njira yoyambira ya gulu lokwera la ma frequency amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse kulumikizana kwa broadband kwa kuyanjana kwa beam, motero kupititsa patsogolo bandwidth yogwira ntchito.
Malinga ndi zofunikira za mphamvu, chubu chonsecho chapangidwa ndi voltage yoyendetsa ya 20 kV ndi double beam current ya 2 × 80 mA. Kuti tigwirizane ndi voltage momwe tingathere ndi bandwidth yogwirira ntchito ya SDV-SWS, tifunika kuwerengera kutalika kwa nthawi p. Ubale pakati pa voltage ya beam ndi nthawi ukuwonetsedwa mu equation (1)10:
Mwa kuyika kusintha kwa gawo ku 2.5π pa frequency yapakati ya 220 GHz, nthawi ya p ikhoza kuwerengedwa kuti ndi 0.46 mm. Chithunzi 2a chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a kufalikira kwa selo ya unit ya SWS. Mzere wa 20 kV ukugwirizana bwino ndi curve ya bimodal. Ma frequency band ofanana amatha kufika pafupifupi 70 GHz mu 210–265.3 GHz (odd mode) ndi 265.4–280 GHz (even mode). Chithunzi 2b chikuwonetsa avereji ya coupling impedance, yomwe ndi yayikulu kuposa 0.6 Ω kuyambira 210 mpaka 290 GHz, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuyanjana kwamphamvu kungachitike mu operating bandwidth.
(a) Makhalidwe a kufalikira kwa SDV-SWS ya dual-mode yokhala ndi beamline ya ma electron ya 20 kV. (b) Kulepheretsa kuyanjana kwa dera la SDV slow-wave.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pali kusiyana kwa band pakati pa njira zosamveka bwino komanso zofanana, ndipo nthawi zambiri timatchula kusiyana kwa band iyi ngati band yoyimitsa, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2a. Ngati TWT ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi band iyi ya frequency, mphamvu yolumikizira ya beam yamphamvu ikhoza kuchitika, zomwe zingayambitse kugwedezeka kosafunikira. Mu ntchito zenizeni, nthawi zambiri timapewa kugwiritsa ntchito TWT pafupi ndi stopband. Komabe, zitha kuwoneka kuti kusiyana kwa band ya kapangidwe ka slow-wave aka ndi 0.1 GHz yokha. N'zovuta kudziwa ngati kusiyana kwa band iyi yaying'ono kumayambitsa kugwedezeka. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa ntchito mozungulira band yoyimitsa kudzafufuzidwa mu gawo lotsatira la PIC simulation kuti tiwone ngati kugwedezeka kosafunikira kungachitike.
Chitsanzo cha HFS yonse chikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 3. Chili ndi magawo awiri a SDV-SWS, olumikizidwa ndi Bragg reflectors. Ntchito ya reflector ndikudula kutumiza kwa chizindikiro pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kuletsa kugwedezeka ndi kuwunika kwa njira zosagwira ntchito monga njira zapamwamba zopangidwa pakati pa masamba apamwamba ndi otsika, motero kumawongolera kwambiri kukhazikika kwa chubu chonse. Kuti mulumikizane ndi chilengedwe chakunja, cholumikizira cholunjika chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kulumikiza SWS ku WR-4 standard waveguide. Chofunikira cha kutumiza kwa kapangidwe ka magawo awiri chimayesedwa ndi chosinthira nthawi mu pulogalamu yoyeserera ya 3D. Poganizira zotsatira zenizeni za gulu la terahertz pazinthuzo, zinthu za envelopu ya vacuum zimayikidwa poyamba kukhala zamkuwa, ndipo mphamvu yoyendetsera imachepetsedwa kufika pa 2.25×107 S/m12.
Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za kutumiza kwa HFS yokhala ndi ma couplers opindika komanso opanda ma linear. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti coupler ilibe mphamvu zambiri pa magwiridwe antchito a kutumiza kwa HFS yonse. Kutayika kobwerera (S11 < − 10 dB) ndi kutayika kwa insertion (S21 > − 5 dB) kwa dongosolo lonse mu 207~280 GHz broadband kukuwonetsa kuti HFS ili ndi makhalidwe abwino otumizira.
Monga mphamvu ya zida zamagetsi zotulutsa mpweya, mfuti ya ma elekitironi imatsimikiza mwachindunji ngati chipangizocho chingapange mphamvu yokwanira yotulutsa. Kuphatikiza ndi kusanthula kwa HFS mu Gawo II, EOS yokhala ndi mipata iwiri iyenera kupangidwa kuti ipereke mphamvu yokwanira. Mu gawoli, kutengera ntchito yapitayi mu W-band8,9, mfuti ya ma elekitironi awiri imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la chigoba chozungulira ndi ma elekitironi owongolera. Choyamba, malinga ndi zofunikira pakupanga kwa SWS mu Sect. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi. 2, mphamvu yamagetsi yoyendetsera magetsi ya UA ya ma electron beams imayikidwa poyamba pa 20 kV, ma currents I a ma electron beams awiri onse ndi 80 mA, ndipo m'mimba mwake wa beam dw wa ma electron beams ndi 0.13 mm. Nthawi yomweyo, kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuchuluka kwa magetsi a electron beam ndi cathode zitha kukwaniritsidwa, chiŵerengero cha compression cha ma electron beam chimayikidwa pa 7, kotero kuchuluka kwa magetsi a electron beam ndi 603 A/cm2, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magetsi a cathode ndi 86 A/cm2, komwe kungatheke ndi Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano za cathode. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe 14, 15, 16, 17, mfuti ya Pierce electron yachizolowezi ikhoza kuzindikirika mwapadera.
Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa zithunzi zopingasa ndi zowongoka za mfutiyo, motsatana. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mbiri ya mfuti ya electron yomwe ili mu x-direction ndi yofanana ndi ya mfuti ya electron yofanana ndi pepala, pomwe mu y-direction, ma electron beams awiriwa amalekanitsidwa pang'ono ndi chigoba. Malo a ma cathode awiriwa ali pa x = – 0.155 mm, y = 0 mm ndi x = 0.155 mm, y = 0 mm, motsatana. Malinga ndi zofunikira pakupanga kwa chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika ndi kukula kwa injection ya electron, miyeso ya malo awiri a cathode imatsimikiziridwa kukhala 0.91 mm × 0.13 mm.
Kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yolunjika yolandiridwa ndi electron beam iliyonse mu x-direction igwirizane ndi pakati pake, pepalali limagwiritsa ntchito electrode yowongolera ku mfuti ya electron. Mwa kuyika mphamvu ya electrode yolunjika ndi electrode yowongolera kufika pa −20 kV, ndi mphamvu ya anode kufika pa 0 V, titha kupeza njira yogawa mfuti ya dual beam, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 6. Zitha kuwoneka kuti ma electron otulutsidwa ali ndi kukanikizana kwabwino mu y-direction, ndipo electron beam iliyonse imalumikizana kupita ku x-direction motsatira pakati pake, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti electrode yowongolera imalinganiza mphamvu yamagetsi yosalingana yopangidwa ndi electrode yolunjika.
Chithunzi 7 chikuwonetsa denga la electron m'mbali mwa x ndi y. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti mtunda woyerekeza wa electron beam m'mbali mwa x ndi wosiyana ndi womwe uli m'mbali mwa y. Mtunda woponyera mu mbali ya x ndi pafupifupi 4mm, ndipo mtunda woponyera mu mbali ya y uli pafupi ndi 7mm. Chifukwa chake, mtunda weniweni woponyera uyenera kusankhidwa pakati pa 4 ndi 7 mm. Chithunzi 8 chikuwonetsa gawo lopingasa la electron beam pa 4.6 mm kuchokera pamwamba pa cathode. Titha kuwona kuti mawonekedwe a denga la electron ali pafupi ndi denga lozungulira la electron. Mtunda pakati pa denga la electron awiri uli pafupi ndi 0.31 mm yopangidwa, ndipo radius ndi pafupifupi 0.13 mm, yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe. Chithunzi 9 chikuwonetsa zotsatira zoyeserera za denga la electron. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mafunde awiri a beam ndi 76mA, zomwe zikugwirizana bwino ndi 80mA yopangidwa.
Poganizira kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu yoyendetsera galimoto pakugwiritsa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuphunzira mphamvu ya mphamvu ya galimoto ya chitsanzo ichi. Mu mphamvu ya magetsi ya 19.8 ~ 20.6 kV, ma envulopu a mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi amapezeka, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1 ndi Chithunzi 1.10 ndi 11. Kuchokera ku zotsatira zake, zitha kuwoneka kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu yoyendetsera galimoto sikukhudza mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi imangosintha kuchokera pa 0.74 mpaka 0.78 A. Chifukwa chake, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mfuti yamagetsi yopangidwa mu pepalali ili ndi mphamvu yabwino ya mphamvu yamagetsi.
Zotsatira za kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu yoyendetsera magetsi pa ma envelopu a x- ndi y-direction beam.
Munda wolunjika wa maginito wofanana ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwino loyang'ana maginito. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa maginito wofanana mu njira yonse ya beam, ndi woyenera kwambiri pa axisymmetric electron beams. Mu gawoli, dongosolo lolunjika la maginito lofanana losunga kutumizira kwa matabwa awiri a pensulo mtunda wautali laperekedwa. Pofufuza mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi envelopu ya beam, dongosolo la kapangidwe ka dongosolo loyang'ana likuperekedwa, ndipo vuto la kukhudzidwa likuphunziridwa. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chokhazikika cha beam imodzi ya pensulo18,19, mtengo wa magnetic field wa Brillouin ukhoza kuwerengedwa ndi equation (2). Mu pepalali, timagwiritsanso ntchito kufanana kumeneku kuti tiyerekeze mphamvu ya maginito ya beam iwiri yogawidwa mbali. Pophatikizidwa ndi mfuti ya electron yomwe idapangidwa mu pepalali, mtengo wa magnetic field wowerengedwa ndi pafupifupi 4000 Gs. Malinga ndi Ref. 20, nthawi 1.5-2 mtengo wowerengedwa nthawi zambiri umasankhidwa mu mapangidwe othandiza.
Chithunzi 12 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka dongosolo la maginito loyang'ana munda wamagetsi wofanana. Gawo labuluu ndi maginito okhazikika omwe ali ndi maginito mbali ya axial. Kusankha zinthu ndi NdFeB kapena FeCoNi. Br yomwe yakhazikitsidwa mu chitsanzo choyeserera ndi 1.3 T ndipo kutseguka kwake ndi 1.05. Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mtandawo ukufalikira bwino mu dera lonse, kutalika kwa maginito poyamba kumayikidwa pa 70 mm. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa maginito mbali ya x kumatsimikiza ngati mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa mu njira ya beam ndi yofanana, zomwe zimafuna kuti kukula kwa x kusakhale kochepa kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, poganizira mtengo ndi kulemera kwa chubu chonse, kukula kwa maginito sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, maginito poyamba amayikidwa pa 150 mm × 150 mm × 70 mm. Pakadali pano, kuti atsimikizire kuti dera lonse la mafunde oyenda pang'onopang'ono likhoza kuyikidwa mu dongosolo loyang'anira, mtunda pakati pa maginito umayikidwa pa 20mm.
Mu 2015, Purna Chandra Panda21 adapereka lingaliro la chidutswa cha pole chokhala ndi dzenje latsopano lolowera mu dongosolo loyang'ana maginito lofanana, lomwe lingachepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kutuluka kwa madzi kupita ku cathode ndi mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa yomwe imapangidwa pa dzenje la pole. Mu pepalali, tikuwonjezera kapangidwe ka pole ku chidutswa cha pole cha dongosolo loyang'ana. Kukhuthala kwa chidutswa cha pole kumayikidwa poyamba pa 1.5mm, kutalika ndi m'lifupi mwa masitepe atatu ndi 0.5mm, ndipo mtunda pakati pa mabowo a chidutswa cha pole ndi 2mm, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 13.
Chithunzi 14a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwa mphamvu ya maginito ya axial m'mizere yapakati ya ma electron beams awiri. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu ya maginito m'mizere iwiri ya ma electron ndi yofanana. Mphamvu ya maginito ndi pafupifupi 6000 Gs, zomwe ndi nthawi 1.5 kuposa mphamvu ya Brillouin yoyerekeza kuti iwonjezere kufalikira ndi kuyang'ana bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu ya maginito pa cathode ndi pafupifupi 0, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chidutswa cha pole chili ndi zotsatira zabwino poletsa kutayikira kwa maginito. Chithunzi 14b chikuwonetsa kugawa kwa mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa By mu njira ya z m'mphepete mwa ma electron beams awiri. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa ndi yochepera 200 Gs kokha pa dzenje la pole piece, pomwe mu slow-wave circuit, mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa ndi pafupifupi zero, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ya maginito yopingasa pa electron beam ndi yochepa. Kuti tipewe kukhuta kwa maginito kwa zidutswa za pole, ndikofunikira kuphunzira mphamvu ya mphamvu ya maginito mkati mwa zidutswa za pole. Chithunzi 14c chikuwonetsa phindu la kugawa kwa mphamvu ya maginito mkati mwa chidutswa cha pole. Zitha kuwoneka kuti phindu la Mphamvu ya maginito ndi yochepera 1.2T, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kukhuta kwa maginito kwa chidutswa cha pole sikudzachitika.
Kugawa kwa mphamvu ya maginito ya Br = 1.3 T.(a) Kugawa kwa gawo la Axial.(b) Kugawa kwa gawo la lateral By mu z direction.(c) Mtengo wokwanira wa kugawa kwa gawo mkati mwa pole piece.
Kutengera ndi CST PS module, malo olumikizirana a axial a mfuti ya dual beam ndi focusing system amakonzedwa bwino. Malinga ndi Ref. 9 ndi ma simulations, malo abwino kwambiri ndi pomwe chidutswa cha anode chimadutsana ndi chidutswa cha pole kutali ndi maginito. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti ngati remanence idayikidwa pa 1.3T, transmittance ya electron beam singafikire 99%. Mwa kuwonjezera remanence kufika pa 1.4 T, focusing magnetic field idzawonjezeka kufika pa 6500 Gs. Ma beam trajectories pa xoz ndi yoz planes akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 15. Zitha kuwoneka kuti beam ili ndi transmission yabwino, kusinthasintha pang'ono, komanso mtunda wotumizira woposa 45mm.
Ma trajectories a matabwa awiri a pensulo pansi pa dongosolo la maginito lofanana ndi Br = 1.4 T.(a) ndege ya xoz.(b) ndege ya yoz.
Chithunzi 16 chikuwonetsa gawo la mtanda wa mtanda pamalo osiyanasiyana kutali ndi cathode. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mawonekedwe a gawo la mtanda mu dongosolo loyang'ana akusamalidwa bwino, ndipo m'mimba mwake wa gawolo sasintha kwambiri. Chithunzi 17 chikuwonetsa ma envelopu a mtanda m'mbali za x ndi y, motsatana. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kusinthasintha kwa mtanda mbali zonse ziwiri ndi kochepa kwambiri. Chithunzi 18 chikuwonetsa zotsatira zoyeserera za mtanda wamagetsi. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ndi pafupifupi 2 × 80 mA, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mtengo wowerengedwa mu kapangidwe ka mfuti ya electron.
Gawo lopingasa la electron beam (lokhala ndi focus system) pamalo osiyanasiyana kutali ndi cathode.
Poganizira mavuto angapo monga zolakwika za msonkhano, kusinthasintha kwa magetsi, ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya maginito mu ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kusanthula kukhudzidwa kwa dongosolo loyang'ana. Chifukwa pali kusiyana pakati pa chidutswa cha anode ndi chidutswa cha pole pakukonza kwenikweni, kusiyana kumeneku kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa mu kuyerekezera. Mtengo wa kusiyana unayikidwa pa 0.2 mm ndipo Chithunzi 19a chikuwonetsa envelopu ya beam ndi mphamvu ya beam munjira ya y. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa envelopu ya beam sikofunikira ndipo mphamvu ya beam sikusintha kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, dongosololi silikhudzidwa ndi zolakwika za msonkhano. Pa kusinthasintha kwa magetsi oyendetsa, mtundu wa zolakwika wayikidwa pa ± 0.5 kV. Chithunzi 19b chikuwonetsa zotsatira zofananira. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kusintha kwa magetsi sikukhudza kwambiri envelopu ya beam. Mtundu wa zolakwika wayikidwa kuyambira -0.02 mpaka +0.03 T pakusintha kwa mphamvu ya maginito. Zotsatira zofananira zawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 20. Zitha kuwoneka kuti envelopu ya beam sikusintha kwenikweni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti EOS yonse sikhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya maginito.
Envelopu ya denga ndi zotsatira za magetsi pansi pa dongosolo lofanana la maginito loyang'ana.(a) Kulekerera kwa makonzedwe ndi 0.2 mm.(b) Kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yoyendetsera ndi ±0.5 kV.
Envelopu ya denga pansi pa dongosolo loyang'ana maginito lofanana ndi kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya maginito ya axial kuyambira 0.63 mpaka 0.68 T.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti dongosolo loyang'ana lomwe lapangidwa mu pepalali likugwirizana ndi HFS, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza dongosolo loyang'ana ndi HFS kuti lifufuzidwe. Chithunzi 21 chikuwonetsa kufananiza ma envulopu okhala ndi HFS yodzaza ndi yopanda. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti envulopu ya beam sisintha kwambiri HFS yonse ikadzazidwa. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo loyang'ana ndiloyenera HFS ya chubu choyendayenda cha mafunde cha kapangidwe kameneka.
Kuti titsimikizire kulondola kwa EOS yomwe yaperekedwa mu Gawo III ndikufufuza momwe 220 GHz SDV-TWT imagwirira ntchito, kuyerekezera kwa 3D-PIC kwa kulumikizana kwa beam-wave kumachitika. Chifukwa cha zoletsa za pulogalamu yoyeserera, sitinathe kuwonjezera EOS yonse ku HFS. Chifukwa chake, mfuti ya electron idasinthidwa ndi malo ofanana otulutsa mpweya okhala ndi mainchesi a 0.13mm ndi mtunda pakati pa malo awiri a 0.31mm, magawo omwewo monga mfuti ya electron yomwe idapangidwa pamwambapa. Chifukwa cha kusamva bwino komanso kukhazikika bwino kwa EOS, magetsi oyendetsa amatha kukonzedwa bwino kuti apeze mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotulutsa mu kuyerekezera kwa PIC. Zotsatira za kuyerekezera zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu yotulutsa yodzaza ndi kuchuluka zitha kupezeka pamagetsi oyendetsera a 20.6 kV, mphamvu ya beam ya 2 × 80 mA (603 A/cm2), ndi mphamvu yolowera ya 0.05 W.
Kuti mupeze chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri chotulutsa, chiwerengero cha ma cycle chiyeneranso kukonzedwa bwino. Mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotulutsa imapezeka pamene chiwerengero cha magawo awiri chili ma cycle 42 + 48, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 22a. Chizindikiro cholowera cha 0.05 W chimakulitsidwa kufika pa 314 W ndi phindu la 38 dB. Mphamvu yotulutsa yomwe imapezeka ndi Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ndi yoyera, yofika pachimake pa 220 GHz. Chithunzi 22b chikuwonetsa kugawa kwa axial position kwa mphamvu ya ma electron mu SWS, ndipo ma electron ambiri amataya mphamvu. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti SDV-SWS imatha kusintha mphamvu ya kinetic ya ma electron kukhala ma signal a RF, potero imapangitsa kuti chizindikiro chizikulitsidwa.
Chizindikiro chotulutsa cha SDV-SWS pa 220 GHz.(a) Mphamvu yotulutsa yokhala ndi sipekitiramu yophatikizidwa.(b) Kugawa mphamvu kwa ma elekitironi ndi kuwala kwa elekitironi kumapeto kwa gawo la SWS.
Chithunzi 23 chikuwonetsa mphamvu yotulutsa ndi kuchuluka kwa SDV-TWT ya dual-mode dual-beam. Kugwira ntchito kotulutsa kumatha kuwongoleredwa kwambiri ndi ma frequency oyambira 200 mpaka 275 GHz ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yoyendetsera. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti bandwidth ya 3-dB imatha kuphimba 205 mpaka 275 GHz, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kugwira ntchito kwa dual-mode kumatha kukulitsa kwambiri bandwidth yogwirira ntchito.
Komabe, malinga ndi Chithunzi 2a, tikudziwa kuti pali gulu loyimitsa pakati pa njira zosazolowereka komanso zofanana, zomwe zingayambitse kugwedezeka kosafunikira. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa ntchito kuzungulira malo oyimitsa kuyenera kuphunziridwa. Zithunzi 24a-c ndi zotsatira za kuyerekezera kwa 20 ns pa 265.3 GHz, 265.35 GHz, ndi 265.4 GHz, motsatana. Zitha kuwoneka kuti ngakhale zotsatira za kuyerekezera zili ndi kusinthasintha kwina, mphamvu yotulutsa ndi yokhazikika. Sipekitiramu ikuwonetsedwanso mu Chithunzi 24 motsatana, sipekitiramu ndi yoyera. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti palibe kudzigwedeza komwe kumadzizungulira pafupi ndi sipekitiramu.
Kupanga ndi kuyeza ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa HFS yonse. Mu gawo ili, HFS imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa computer numeral control (CNC) wokhala ndi chida cha mainchesi 0.1 mm ndi kulondola kwa makina a 10 μm. Zipangizo za kapangidwe ka high-frequency zimaperekedwa ndi mkuwa wopanda oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC). Chithunzi 25a chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kameneka. Kapangidwe konse kali ndi kutalika kwa 66.00 mm, m'lifupi mwake 20.00 mm ndi kutalika kwa 8.66 mm. Mabowo asanu ndi atatu a pini amagawidwa mozungulira kapangidwe kake. Chithunzi 25b chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kake mwa kusanthula maikulosikopu yamagetsi (SEM). Masamba a kapangidwe kameneka amapangidwa mofanana ndipo ali ndi kukhwima bwino pamwamba. Pambuyo poyesa molondola, cholakwika chonse cha makina ndi chochepera 5%, ndipo kukhwima pamwamba ndi pafupifupi 0.4μm. Kapangidwe ka makina kakukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe ndi kulondola.
Chithunzi 26 chikuwonetsa kufananiza pakati pa zotsatira zenizeni zoyesa ndi kuyerekezera kwa magwiridwe antchito a kutumiza. Doko 1 ndi Doko 2 mu Chithunzi 26a zikugwirizana ndi madoko olowera ndi otulutsa a HFS, motsatana, ndipo ndizofanana ndi Doko 1 ndi Doko 4 mu Chithunzi 3. Zotsatira zenizeni zoyezera za S11 ndizabwino pang'ono kuposa zotsatira zoyezera. Nthawi yomweyo, zotsatira zoyezera za S21 ndizoyipa pang'ono. Chifukwa chake chingakhale kuti mphamvu yoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zili mu kuyerekezera ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo kukhwima kwa pamwamba pambuyo pa makina enieni ndi koipa. Ponseponse, zotsatira zoyezera zikugwirizana bwino ndi zotsatira zoyezera, ndipo bandwidth yotumizira imakwaniritsa zofunikira za 70 GHz, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuthekera ndi kulondola kwa SDV-TWT yomwe ikuperekedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza ndi njira yeniyeni yopangira ndi zotsatira zoyesera, kapangidwe ka ultra-broadband dual-beam SDV-TWT komwe kwaperekedwa mu pepalali kungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake.
Mu pepalali, kapangidwe katsatanetsatane ka planar distribution 220 GHz dual-beam SDV-TWT kaperekedwa. Kuphatikiza kwa dual-mode operation ndi dual-beam excitation kumawonjezeranso bandwidth yogwirira ntchito ndi mphamvu yotulutsa. Kupanga ndi kuyesa kozizira kumachitikanso kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa HFS yonse. Zotsatira zenizeni zoyezera zikugwirizana bwino ndi zotsatira za simulation. Pa two-beam EOS yopangidwa, gawo la chigoba ndi ma control electrodes agwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi kuti apange two-pensile beam. Pansi pa uniform focusing magnetic field yopangidwa, electron beam ikhoza kutumizidwa mokhazikika pamtunda wautali ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Mtsogolomu, kupanga ndi kuyesa kwa EOS kudzachitika, ndipo mayeso otentha a TWT yonse adzachitikanso. Dongosolo la SDV-TWT lomwe laperekedwa mu pepalali limaphatikiza kwathunthu ukadaulo wamakono wa processing plane, ndipo likuwonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu mu zizindikiro za magwiridwe antchito ndi kukonza ndi kusonkhanitsa. Chifukwa chake, pepalali likukhulupirira kuti kapangidwe ka planar kangakhale njira yopangira zida zamagetsi za vacuum mu terahertz band.
Zambiri mwa deta yosaphika ndi zitsanzo zosanthula mu kafukufukuyu zaphatikizidwa mu pepalali. Zambiri zofunikira zitha kupezeka kuchokera kwa wolemba woyenerera ngati pakufunika kutero.
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