Abantu bavame ukuthenga insimbi engagqwali esetshenziswe ngaphambilini, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi abaqhubi bacabangele izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Njengezinto eziningi zokwakha, insimbi engagqwali inezinzuzo eziningi kanye nokungalungi. Insimbi ibhekwa njengensimbi engagqwali uma ingxube iqukethe okungenani i-chromium engu-10.5%, eyakha ungqimba lwe-oxide oluyenza imelane ne-asidi kanye nokugqwala. Lokhu kumelana nokugqwala kungathuthukiswa ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kanye nokwengeza ezinye izinto zokuhlanganisa.
Izakhiwo “zensimbi engagqwali” zale nto, ukugcinwa kwayo okuphansi, ukuqina kwayo, kanye nokuqedwa kwayo okuhlukahlukene kwenza ifaneleke ezimbonini ezifana nokwakha, ifenisha, ukudla neziphuzo, ezokwelapha, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezidinga amandla nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi.
Insimbi engagqwali ivame ukubiza kakhulu kunezinye izinsimbi. Kodwa-ke, inikeza izinzuzo zesilinganiso samandla nesisindo, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kobukhulu bezinto ezincane uma kuqhathaniswa namamaki avamile, okungaholela ekongeni izindleko. Ngenxa yezindleko zayo zizonke, izitolo zidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenzisa amathuluzi afanele ukugwema imfucuza ebizayo kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwale nto.
Insimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengenzima ukuyishibiliza ngoba isusa ukushisa ngokushesha futhi idinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu ezigabeni zokugcina zokuqeda nokupholisha.
Ukusebenza ngensimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile kudinga umuntu onolwazi olukhulu ngokushisela noma opharetha kunokusebenza ngensimbi yekhabhoni, okuvame ukuqina kakhulu. Ububanzi bayo bungancipha uma kufakwa amapharamitha athile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushisela. Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zensimbi engagqwali, kunengqondo ukuthi opharetha abanolwazi kakhulu bayisebenzise.
“Abantu bavame ukuthenga insimbi engagqwali ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo,” kusho uJonathan Douville, umphathi omkhulu womkhiqizo wocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nentuthuko eWalter Surface Technologies ePointe-Claire, eQuebec.”Lokhu kunezela ezinkingeni okumele abaqhubi bazicabangele.”
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungukuqedwa kokwakheka okuqondile okungusayizi 4 noma ukuqedwa kwesibuko okungusayizi 8, opharetha kumele aqinisekise ukuthi izinto ziyahlonishwa futhi ukuqedwa akulimali ngesikhathi sokuphathwa nokucubungula. Lokhu kunganciphisa nezinketho zokulungiselela nokuhlanza, ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhiqizwa okuhle kwezingxenye.
“Uma usebenza ngale nto, into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlanzekile, ihlanzekile, ihlanzekile,” kusho uRick Hatelt, uMphathi Wezwe waseCanada we-PFERD Ontario, eMississauga, e-Ontario. “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unesimo esihlanzekile (esingenakhabhoni), ukuhlanza insimbi engagqwali ukuze ususe ukungcola okungabangela ukugqwala (ukugqwala) kamuva kanye nokwenqabela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwengqimba yokungaphazamisi, ukudala ungqimba oluvikelayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukugqwala.”
Uma usebenzisa insimbi engagqwali, izinto kanye nendawo ezungezile kumele kuhlanzwe. Ukususa amafutha kanye nezinsalela zepulasitiki ezintweni kuyindawo enhle yokuqala. Izinto ezingcolile ensimbi engagqwali zingabangela ukubola, kodwa zingaba yinkinga ngesikhathi sokushisela futhi zingabangela amaphutha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlanza indawo ngaphambi kokuqala ukushisela.
Izindawo zokusebenzela azihlali zihlanzekile kakhulu, futhi ukungcola okuxubile kungaba yinkinga lapho usebenza ngensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-carbon steel. Ngokuvamile isitolo sinamafeni amaningi noma sisebenzisa ama-air conditioner ukupholisa abasebenzi, okungacindezela ukungcola phansi noma kubangele ukuvuza noma ukuqoqana ezintweni zokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kuyinselele ikakhulukazi lapho izinhlayiya zensimbi engagqwali zipheshulwa ensimbi engagqwali. Ukuhlukanisa lezi zinto nokuzigcina endaweni ehlanzekile kwenza umehluko omkhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokushisela okusebenzayo.
Kubalulekile ukususa ukushintsha kombala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugqwala akuqongelelani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kunciphise isakhiwo sonke. Kuhle futhi ukususa ukuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kulingane umbala wobuso.
ECanada, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo kakhulu nesasebusika, ukukhetha izinga elifanele lensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile. UDouville uchaze ukuthi izitolo eziningi ekuqaleni zakhetha i-304 ngenxa yentengo yayo. Kodwa uma isitolo singasebenzisa izinto ezingaphandle, angancoma ukuthi kushintshelwe ku-316, noma ngabe ibiza kabili kunalokho. I-304 isengozini yokugqwala uma isetshenziswa noma igcinwe ngaphandle. Ngisho noma indawo ihlanzwa futhi kwakheka ungqimba lokugqwala, izimo zangaphandle zingathinta indawo, zigugule ungqimba lokugqwala futhi ekugcineni zibangele ukuthi igqwale futhi.
“Ukulungiswa kokushisela kubalulekile ngezizathu eziningi eziyisisekelo,” kusho uGabi Miholics, uchwepheshe wokuthuthukiswa kwezicelo, i-Abrasive Systems Division, 3M Canada, eLondon, e-Ontario.”Ukususwa kokugqwala, upende kanye nama-chamfer kuyadingeka ukuze kushiselwe kahle. Akufanele kube nokungcola ebusweni bokushisela okungase kunciphise isibopho.”
UHatelt unezela ngokuthi ukuhlanza indawo kubalulekile, kodwa ukulungiselela kusengaphambili ukushisela kungahlanganisa nokushisela impahla ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela kahle kokushisela kanye nokuqina.
Ukuze kufakwe insimbi engagqwali, kubalulekile ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa efanele yezinga elisetshenzisiwe. Insimbi engagqwali iyazwela kakhulu futhi idinga ukuthi imithungo yokugcwalisa iqinisekiswe ngohlobo olufanayo lwezinto. Isibonelo, insimbi eyisisekelo engu-316 idinga insimbi yokugcwalisa engu-316. Abashiseli abakwazi ukusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwensimbi yokugcwalisa, izinga ngalinye elingagqwali lidinga isitsha esithile sokugcwalisa ukuze kufakwe insimbi efanele.
“Uma ushisela insimbi engagqwali, umshiseli kufanele aqaphele izinga lokushisa,” kusho uMichael Radaelli, umphathi womkhiqizo eNorton | Saint-Gobain Abrasives, eWorcester, MA.”Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamadivayisi angasetshenziswa ukukala izinga lokushisa lensimbi kanye nengxenye njengoba umshiseli eshisa, ngoba uma kukhona ukuqhekeka ensimbini engagqwali, ingxenye yonakele kakhulu.”
URadaelli wengeze ngokuthi umshiseli kudingeka aqinisekise ukuthi akahlali endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside. Ukushisela okunezingqimba eziningi kuyindlela enhle yokugcina i-substrate ingashisi kakhulu. Ukushisela isikhathi eside kwensimbi engagqwali eyisisekelo kungabangela ukuthi ishise kakhulu futhi iqhekeke.
“Ukushisela ngensimbi engagqwali kungadla isikhathi esiningi, kodwa futhi kuwubuciko obudinga izandla ezinolwazi,” kusho uRadaelli.
Ukulungiswa ngemva kokushintshwa kuncike kakhulu kumkhiqizo wokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Kwezinye izimo, uMiholics wachaza, ukushintshwa akubonakali ngempela, ngakho-ke kudingeka ukuhlanzwa okulinganiselwe ngemva kokushintshwa, futhi noma yikuphi ukuchitheka okubonakalayo kususwa ngokushesha. Noma ukushintshwa kungadinga ukulinganiswe noma ukuhlanzwa, kodwa akudingeki ukulungiswa kwendawo ethile. Uma kudingeka ukuqedwa okuncane noma kwesibuko, kungadingeka izinyathelo zokupholisha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuxhomeke kuphela ekusetshenzisweni.
“Akuwona umbala oyinkinga,” kusho uMiholics. “Lokhu kushintsha kombala wobuso kubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zensimbi sezishintshile futhi manje zingaba yi-oxidize/rust.”
Ukukhetha ithuluzi lokuqeda isivinini esiguquguqukayo kuzokonga isikhathi nemali futhi kuvumele opharetha ukuthi afane nokuqeda.
Kubalulekile ukususa ukushintsha kombala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugqwala akuqongelelani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kunciphise isakhiwo sonke. Kuhle futhi ukususa ukuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kulingane umbala wobuso.
Inqubo yokuhlanza ingalimaza izindawo, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali anamandla. Ukuhlanza okungalungile kungavimbela ukwakheka kwengqimba yokungashukumi. Yingakho ochwepheshe abaningi bencoma ukuhlanzwa ngesandla kwalezi zingxenye ezihlanganisiwe.
“Uma uhlanza ngesandla, uma ungavumeli umoya-mpilo ukuthi usabele ebusweni amahora angama-24 noma angama-48, awunaso isikhathi sokwakha ubuso obungenamsebenzi,” kusho uDouville. Uchaze ukuthi ubuso budinga umoya-mpilo ukuze busabele ne-chromium engxubeni ukuze bakhe ungqimba lokungasebenzisi. Ezinye izitolo zivame ukuhlanza, ukupakisha izingxenye bese zizithumela ngokushesha, okunciphisa ijubane lenqubo futhi kwandisa ingozi yokugqwala.
Kuvamile ukuthi abakhiqizi nabashiseli basebenzise izinto eziningi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali kwengeza imikhawulo ethile. Ukuzinika isikhathi sokuhlanza ingxenye kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esihle, kodwa kuhle kuphela ngendawo ekuyo.
UHatelt uthe uyaqhubeka nokubona izindawo zokusebenza ezingcolile. Ukuqeda ukuba khona kwekhabhoni endaweni yokusebenza yensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile. Akuvamile ukuthi izitolo ezisebenzisa insimbi zishintshele ensimbi engagqwali ngaphandle kokulungiselela kahle indawo yokusebenza yale nto. Lokhu kuyiphutha, ikakhulukazi uma zingakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezimbili noma ukuthenga amathuluzi azo.
“Uma unebhulashi locingo lokugaya noma lokulungisa insimbi engagqwali, futhi ulisebenzisa ensimbini yekhabhoni, awusakwazi ukusebenzisa insimbi engagqwali,” kusho uRadaelli. “Amabhulashi manje angcoliswe yikhabhoni futhi agqwalile. Uma amabhulashi esengcoliswe yi-cross-contamination, awasakwazi ukuhlanzwa.”
Izitolo kufanele zisebenzise amathuluzi ahlukene ukulungiselela izinto, kodwa kufanele futhi zibhale amathuluzi ngokuthi “insimbi engagqwali kuphela” ukuze kugwenywe ukungcola okungadingekile, kusho uHatelt.
Izitolo kufanele zicabangele izici eziningi lapho zikhetha amathuluzi okulungiselela ukushiswa kwensimbi engagqwali, okuhlanganisa izinketho zokushabalalisa ukushisa, uhlobo lwamaminerali, isivinini kanye nosayizi wezinhlamvu.
“Ukukhetha i-abrasive ene-coating-disassipating coating kuyindawo enhle yokuqala,” kusho uMiholics. “Insimbi engagqwali inzima kakhulu futhi izokhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe lapho igaywa kunensimbi ethambile. Ukushisa kufanele kuye ndawana thile, ngakho-ke kukhona i-coating evumela ukushisa ukuthi kugeleze emaphethelweni ediski esikhundleni sokuhlala nje lapho ugaywa. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakufanelekile.”
Ukukhetha i-abrasive kuncike ekutheni isiphetho sonke kufanele sibukeke kanjani, uyanezela. Empeleni kusemehlweni omuntu obonayo. Amaminerali e-alumina kuma-abrasives ayindlela evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ezinyathelweni zokuqeda. Ukuze insimbi engagqwali ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebusweni, kufanele kusetshenziswe i-silicon carbide yamaminerali. Ibukhali futhi ishiya ukuchezuka okujulile okubonisa ukukhanya ngendlela ehlukile, okwenza kube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uma umqhubi efuna isiphetho sobuso esithile noma esiyingqayizivele, kungcono ukukhuluma nomhlinzeki.
“I-RPM iyinkinga enkulu,” kusho uHatelt. “Amathuluzi ahlukene adinga ama-RPM ahlukene, futhi avame ukusebenza ngokushesha kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa i-RPM efanele kuqinisekisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu, kokubili maqondana nokuthi umsebenzi wenziwa ngokushesha kangakanani nokuthi wenziwa kahle kangakanani. Yazi ukuthi ufuna ukuqeda ini nokuthi kanjani.
UDouville wengeze ngokuthi ukutshala imali kumathuluzi okuqeda ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo kuyindlela eyodwa yokunqoba izinkinga zesivinini. Abasebenzi abaningi bazama umshini wokugaya ojwayelekile wokuqeda, kodwa unesivinini esikhulu sokusika kuphela. Ukuqedela inqubo kudinga ukwehlisa ijubane. Ukukhetha ithuluzi lokuqeda ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo kuzokonga isikhathi nemali futhi kuvumele opharetha ukuthi afane nomshini wokuqeda.
Futhi, i-grit ibalulekile lapho ukhetha i-abrasive. Umsebenzisi kufanele aqale nge-grit engcono kakhulu yohlelo lokusebenza.
Ukuqala ngegrit engu-60 noma engu-80 (ephakathi), umqhubi angagxumela cishe ngokushesha kugrit engu-120 (encane) abe yigrit engu-220 (encane kakhulu), okuzonikeza i-stainless ukuqeda okungu-No. 4.
“Kungaba lula njengezinyathelo ezintathu,” kusho uRadaelli. “Kodwa-ke, uma umqhubi ebhekene ne-weld enkulu, akakwazi ukuqala nge-grit engu-60 noma engu-80, futhi angase akhethe i-grit engu-24 (eqinile kakhulu) noma engu-36 (eqinile). Lokhu kunezela isinyathelo esengeziwe futhi kungaba nzima ukuyisusa ezintweni. Kukhona imihuzuko ejulile kuyo.”
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufaka i-spray noma ijeli evimbela ukuchitheka kungaba umngane omkhulu womshiseli, kodwa kuvame ukunganakwa lapho kushiselwa insimbi engagqwali, kusho uDouville. Izingxenye ezine-spatter zidinga ukususwa, ezingaklwebha indawo, zidinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokugaya futhi zichithe isikhathi esiningi. Lesi sinyathelo singasuswa kalula ngohlelo oluvimbela ukuchitheka.
ULindsay Luminoso, uMhleli Ohlangene, unegalelo ku-Metal Fabrication Canada kanye ne-Fabrication and Welding Canada. Kusukela ngo-2014-2016, wayenguMhleli Ohlangene/uMhleli Wewebhu kwa-Metal Fabrication Canada, muva nje enguMhleli Ohlangene we-Design Engineering.
ULuminoso uneziqu zeBachelor of Arts ezivela eCarleton University, iziqu zeBachelor of Education ezivela eNyuvesi yase-Ottawa, kanye nesitifiketi se-Graduate in Books, Magazines and Digital Publishing ezivela eCentennial College.
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Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-Canadian Metalworking, ukufinyelela okulula kwezinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile embonini.
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URandy McDonald, uMphathi Womkhiqizo Othathe Umhlalaphansi kwa-Overtone, wabelana ngamathiphu namathiphu avela eminyakeni yakhe engama-40 yesipiliyoni. Esebenzisa i-FEIN WPO 14-25E speed polisher kanye nezesekeli zokuqeda nokupholisha ezivela ohlwini olukhulu lwezesekeli zokupholisha ze-FEIN Canada, uRandy usihambisa ngenqubo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.