Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo eyenziwe kwangaphambili, nto leyo eyongeza ubunzima bezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabaqhubi.
Njengezinye izinto ezininzi, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ineengenelo ezininzi kunye neengxaki. Intsimbi ithathwa njenge "ntsimbi engagqwaliyo" ukuba i-alloy ine-10.5% ye-chromium, eyenza umaleko we-oxide owenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana ne-asidi kunye nokugqwala. Olu xhathiso lokugqwala lunokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokwandisa umxholo we-chromium kunye nokongeza ezinye ii-alloying agents.
Iimpawu "zentsimbi engagqwaliyo" zezixhobo, ukugcinwa okuphantsi, ukuqina, kunye nokugqitywa okuhlukeneyo komphezulu kwenza ukuba zifaneleke kumashishini afana nokwakha, ifenitshala, ukutya neziselo, ezonyango, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezifuna amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi.
Intsimbi engatyiwayo idla ngokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunezinye iintsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, inika iingenelo zomlinganiselo wokuqina-ubunzima, ivumela ukusetyenziswa kobukhulu bezinto ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa neeklasi zesiqhelo, nto leyo enokubangela ukonga iindleko. Ngenxa yexabiso layo lilonke, iivenkile kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zisebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ukunqanda inkunkuma ebiza kakhulu kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona kwezi zinto.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo idla ngokuthathwa njengenzima ukuyishibiliza kuba isusa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ifuna unonophelo olukhulu kwizigaba zokugqibela zokugqiba nokupholisha.
Ukusebenza ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kudla ngokufuna umntu onamava ngakumbi ekudibaniseni okanye ekusebenziseni intsimbi yekhabhoni, nto leyo edla ngokuba namandla ngakumbi. Ububanzi bayo bunokuncipha xa kuqaliswa iiparameter ezithile, ingakumbi ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kuyavakala ukuba abantu abanamava ngakumbi bayisebenzise.
“Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngenxa yokugqitywa kwayo,” utshilo uJonathan Douville, umphathi omkhulu wemveliso kuphando lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuhliso kwiWalter Surface Technologies ePointe-Claire, eQuebec. “Oku kongeza kwimida ekufuneka abaqhubi bayiqwalasele.”
Nokuba kukugqitywa kobume obunemigca emi-4 okanye ukugqitywa kwesipili okunemigca emi-8, umqhubi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba izinto ziyahlonitshwa kwaye ukugqitywa akonakalanga ngexesha lokuphathwa nokucutshungulwa. Oku kunokunciphisa ukhetho lokulungiselela nokucoca, olubalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni imveliso elungileyo yenxalenye.
“Xa usebenza ngale nto, into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenze kukuqinisekisa ukuba icocekile, icocekile, icocekile,” utshilo uRick Hatelt, uMphathi welizwe laseKhanada kwiPFERD eOntario, eMississauga, eOntario. “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba unemozulu ecocekileyo (engenakhabhoni), ukucoca intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuze ususe ukungcola okunokubangela i-oxidation (ukugqwala) kamva kwaye ungavumeli ukwakhiwa kwakhona komaleko wokungasebenzisi, udale umaleko okhuselayo ukuze kuncitshiswe i-oxidation.”
Xa usebenzisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, izinto kunye nendawo engqongileyo kufuneka zicocwe. Ukususa intsalela yeoyile kunye neplastiki kwizinto yindawo elungileyo yokuqala. Izinto ezingcolisayo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo zinokubangela i-oxidation, kodwa zinokuba yingxaki ngexesha lokuwelda kwaye zinokubangela iziphene. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukucoca umphezulu ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukunyibilikisa.
Iindawo zokusebenzela azisoloko zicocekile, kwaye ungcoliseko oludibanisa izinto lunokuba yingxaki xa usebenza ngentsimbi engatyiwayo nekhabhoni. Rhoqo ivenkile isebenzisa iifeni ezininzi okanye isebenzisa ii-air conditioner ukupholisa abasebenzi, nto leyo enokutyhala ungcoliseko phantsi okanye ibangele ukuvuza okanye ukuqokelelana kwezinto eziluhlaza. Oku kunzima ngakumbi xa amasuntswana entsimbi yekhabhoni evuthelwa kwintsimbi engatyiwayo. Ukwahlula ezi zinto nokuzigcina kwindawo ecocekileyo kwenza umahluko omkhulu xa kufikwa kwi-welding esebenzayo.
Kubalulekile ukususa umbala oguqukayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlwa awuqokeleli ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ubuthathaka isakhiwo siphela. Kukwalungile nokususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze umbala womphezulu ulingane.
EKhanada, ngenxa yemozulu ebanda kakhulu neyobusika, ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwali kubalulekile. UDouville uchaze ukuba uninzi lweevenkile ekuqaleni bakhethe i-304 ngenxa yexabiso layo. Kodwa ukuba ivenkile ibinokusebenzisa izinto ezingaphandle, angacebisa ukuba kutshintshwe iye kwi-316, nangona ibiza kabini. I-304 isengozini yokugqwala ukuba isetyenziswa okanye igcinwe ngaphandle. Nokuba umphezulu ucociwe kwaye kwavela umaleko wokugqwala, iimeko zangaphandle zinokuchaphazela umphezulu, zitshabalalise umaleko wokugqwala kwaye ekugqibeleni zibangele ukuba ugqwale kwakhona.
“Ukulungiswa kwe-weld kubalulekile ngezizathu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo,” utshilo uGabi Miholics, ingcali yophuhliso lwezicelo, iCandelo leeNkqubo ze-Abrasive, 3M Canada, eLondon, eOntario.” Ukususwa komhlwa, ipeyinti kunye nee-chamfers kuyimfuneko ukuze kufakwe i-welding ngokufanelekileyo. Akufuneki kubekho ungcoliseko kumphezulu we-welding olunokwenza buthathaka ukubopha.”
UHatelt wongeza ngelithi ukucoca indawo kubalulekile, kodwa ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kokuwelda kungabandakanya ukutshixa izinto ukuqinisekisa ukunamathelana okufanelekileyo kokuwelda kunye nokuqina.
Kwi-stainless steel welding, kubalulekile ukukhetha i-filler metal efanelekileyo yodidi olusetyenzisiweyo. I-stainless steel inobuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ifuna ukuba i-welding seams iqinisekiswe ngohlobo olufanayo lwezixhobo. Umzekelo, i-316 base metal ifuna i-316 filler metal. Aba-welders abanakusebenzisa naluphi na uhlobo lwe-filler metal, uhlobo ngalunye lwe-stainless steel lufuna i-filler ethile ukuze i-welding ifaneleke.
“Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, umthungi kufuneka ajonge ubushushu,” utshilo uMichael Radaelli, umphathi wemveliso eNorton | Saint-Gobain Abrasives, eWorcester, MA.” Zininzi izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubushushu bomthungiyo kunye nenxalenye njengoko umthungi eshushu, kuba ukuba kukho umngxuma kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, inxalenye yonakele.”
URadaelli wongeze ngelithi umthungi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba akahlali kwindawo enye ixesha elide. Ukuthungela ii-multilayer yindlela entle yokugcina i-substrate ingatshisi kakhulu. Ukuthungela intsimbi engatyiwayo esisiseko ixesha elide kunokubangela ukuba itshise kakhulu kwaye iqhekeke.
“Ukuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunokuthatha ixesha elininzi, kodwa kukwangumsebenzi wobugcisa ofuna izandla ezinamava,” utshilo uRadaelli.
Ukulungiswa emva kokuwelda kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimveliso yokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kwezinye iimeko, uMiholics ucacisile, ukuwelda akubonakali ngokwenene, ngoko ke kufuneka ukucocwa okulinganiselweyo emva kokuwelda, kwaye naluphi na ukungcola okubonakalayo kususwa ngokukhawuleza. Okanye ukuwelda kunokufuna ukuba kulinganiswe okanye kucocwe, kodwa akukho mfuneko yokulungiswa komphezulu othile. Ukuba kufuneka ukugqitywa okuncinci okanye kwesipili, kunokufuneka amanyathelo okupolisha ayinkimbinkimbi. Kuxhomekeke kuphela ekusetyenzisweni.
“Asingombala onengxaki,” utshilo uMiholics. “Oku kutshintsha kombala womphezulu kubonisa ukuba iimpawu zesinyithi zitshintshile kwaye ngoku zinokunyibilika/zigqwale.”
Ukukhetha isixhobo sokugqiba esitshintsha isantya kuya konga ixesha nemali kwaye kuvumela umqhubi ukuba afane nokugqitywa.
Kubalulekile ukususa umbala oguqukayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlwa awuqokeleli ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ubuthathaka isakhiwo siphela. Kukwalungile nokususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze umbala womphezulu ulingane.
Inkqubo yokucoca inokonakalisa iindawo, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa iikhemikhali eziqatha. Ukucoca okungafanelekanga kunokuthintela ukwakheka komaleko ongashukumiyo. Yiyo loo nto iingcali ezininzi zicebisa ukuba ezi ndawo zitshixiweyo zicocwe ngesandla.
“Xa ucoca ngesandla, ukuba awuvumeli ioksijini ukuba isabelane nomphezulu kangangeeyure ezingama-24 okanye ezingama-48, awunalo ixesha lokwakha umphezulu ongasebenziyo,” utshilo uDouville. Ucacisile ukuba umphezulu udinga ioksijini ukuze usebenze ne-chromium kwi-alloy ukuze wenze umaleko wokungasebenzisi. Ezinye iivenkile zihlala zicoca, zipakishe iindawo kwaye zithumele ngoko nangoko, nto leyo ecothisa inkqubo kwaye yonyusa umngcipheko wokugqwala.
Kuqhelekile ukuba abavelisi kunye nabashicileli basebenzise izinto ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kongeza imida ethile. Ukuzinika ixesha lokucoca indawo linyathelo lokuqala elihle, kodwa kulungile kuphela kwimeko-bume ekuyo.
UHatelt uthe uhlala ebona iindawo zokusebenza ezingcolisiweyo. Ukususa ubukho bekhabhoni kwindawo yokusebenza yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kubalulekile. Akuqhelekanga ukuba iivenkile ezisebenzisa intsimbi zitshintshele kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo ngaphandle kokulungiselela kakuhle indawo yokusebenza yale nto. Le yimpazamo, ingakumbi ukuba azikwazi ukwahlula ezi zinto zimbini okanye ukuthenga izixhobo zazo.
“Ukuba unebrashi yocingo yokusila okanye yokulungisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, kwaye uyisebenzisa kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, awusakwazi ukuyisebenzisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo,” utshilo uRadaelli. “Iibrashi ngoku zingcoliswe yikhabhoni kwaye zinomhlwa. Nje ukuba iibrashi zingcoliswe ngokunqamlezayo, azinakucocwa.”
Iivenkile kufuneka zisebenzise izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukulungiselela izinto, kodwa kufuneka zibhale ezi zixhobo ngokuthi “ziintsimbi ezingasebenziyo kuphela” ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko olungeyomfuneko, utshilo uHatelt.
Iivenkile kufuneka ziqwalasele izinto ezininzi xa zikhetha izixhobo zokulungiselela ukuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kuquka iindlela zokusasaza ubushushu, uhlobo lweeminerali, isantya kunye nobukhulu beenkozo.
“Ukukhetha i-abrasive ene-coating-dissipating coating yindawo elungileyo yokuqala,” utshilo uMiholics. “Intsimbi engatyiwayo inzima kakhulu kwaye iya kuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi xa igrunjwa kunentsimbi ethambileyo. Ubushushu kufuneka buye ndaweni ithile, ngoko ke kukho i-coating evumela ubushushu ukuba buhambe buye emaphethelweni ediski endaweni yokuhlala nje apho ugrunjwa khona. Ngelo xesha, yayifanelekile.”
Ukukhetha i-abrasive kuxhomekeke ekubeni isiphelo sisonke sifanele sibonakale njani, wongeza athi. Ikwiliso lomntu oyibonayo. Iiminerali ze-alumina kwi-abrasives zezona zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okugqiba. Ukuze intsimbi engatyiwayo ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumphezulu, kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-silicon carbide yeminerali. Ibukhali kwaye ishiya imicu enzulu ebonakalisa ukukhanya ngendlela eyahlukileyo, nto leyo eyenza ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuba umqhubi ufuna isiphelo somphezulu esithile okanye esahlukileyo, kungcono ukuthetha nomthengisi.
“I-RPM yingxaki enkulu,” utshilo uHatelt. “Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zifuna ii-RPM ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zihlala zisebenza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa i-RPM efanelekileyo kuqinisekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo, zombini malunga nokuba umsebenzi wenziwa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kwaye wenziwe kakuhle kangakanani. Yazi ukuba ufuna ukugqiba ntoni kwaye ulinganisa njani.”
UDouville wongeze ngelithi ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokugqiba ezinesantya esiguquguqukayo yindlela enye yokoyisa iingxaki zesantya. Abaqhubi abaninzi bazama isixhobo sokusila esiqhelekileyo sokugqiba, kodwa sinesantya esiphezulu sokusika kuphela. Ukugqiba inkqubo kufuna ukucothisa isantya. Ukukhetha isixhobo sokugqiba esinesantya esiguquguqukayo kuya konga ixesha nemali kwaye kuvumele umsebenzisi ukuba afane nokugqiba.
Kwakhona, i-grit ibalulekile xa ukhetha i-abrasive. Umsebenzisi kufuneka aqale nge-grit efanelekileyo kwisicelo.
Ukuqala ngegrit engama-60 okanye engama-80 (ephakathi), umqhubi angatsibela ngokukhawuleza kwigrit eyi-120 (encinci) aze angene kwigrit engama-220 (encinci kakhulu), eya kunika i-stainless isiphelo esinguNombolo 4.
“Kunokuba lula nje ngamanyathelo amathathu,” utshilo uRadaelli. “Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umqhubi usebenzisana ne-weld enkulu, akanakuqala nge-grit engama-60 okanye engama-80, kwaye angakhetha i-grit engama-24 (eqinileyo kakhulu) okanye engama-36 (eqinileyo). Oku kongeza inyathelo elongezelelweyo kwaye kunokuba nzima ukuyisusa kwizinto. Kukho imikrwelo enzulu kuyo.”
Ngaphezu koko, ukongeza isitshizi okanye ijeli ethintela ukutshiza kunokuba ngumhlobo osenyongweni womshiseli, kodwa kudla ngokunganakwa xa kutshizwa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, utsho uDouville. Iindawo ezinesitshizi kufuneka zisuswe, ezinokukrwela umphezulu, zifune amanyathelo ongezelelweyo okusila kwaye zichithe ixesha elingakumbi. Eli nyathelo linokususwa ngokulula ngenkqubo ethintela ukutshiza.
ULindsay Luminoso, uMhleli oNcedisayo, unegalelo kwiMetal Fabrication Canada kunye neFabrication and Welding Canada. Ukusukela ngo-2014-2016, wayenguMhleli oNcedisayo/uMhleli weWebhu kwiMetal Fabrication Canada, kutshanje njengoMhleli oNcedisayo kwiDesign Engineering.
ULuminoso unedigri yeBachelor of Arts kwiYunivesithi yaseCarleton, idigri yeBachelor of Education kwiYunivesithi yaseOttawa, kunye neSatifikethi seGraduate in Books, Magazines and Digital Publishing evela kwiCentennial College.
Hlala usesikhathini ngeendaba zamva nje, imicimbi kunye netekhnoloji kuzo zonke iintsimbi ezivela kwiincwadana zethu zeendaba zenyanga ezimbini ezibhalelwe abavelisi baseKhanada kuphela!
Ngoku ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuhlelo lwedijithali lweCanadian Metalworking, ukufikelela lula kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
Ngoku ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuhlelo lwedijithali lweMade in Canada kunye neWelding, kulula ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
URandy McDonald, uMphathi weeMveliso othathe umhlala-phantsi e-Overtone, wabelana ngeengcebiso kunye neengcebiso ezivela kwiminyaka yakhe engama-40 yamava. Esebenzisa i-FEIN WPO 14-25E speed polisher kunye nezixhobo zokugqiba nokupolisha ezivela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokupolisha ze-FEIN Canada, uRandy usihambisa kwinkqubo inyathelo ngenyathelo.