Anthu nthawi zambiri amagula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopangidwa kale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zovuta kwambiri zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuziganizira.
Monga zipangizo zambiri, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chili ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zambiri. Chitsulo chimaonedwa ngati "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" ngati alloy ili ndi 10.5% chromium, yomwe imapanga oxide wosanjikiza womwe umapangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba ndi asidi komanso dzimbiri. Kukana dzimbiri kumeneku kumatha kuwongoleredwa kwambiri powonjezera kuchuluka kwa chromium ndikuwonjezera zinthu zina zophatikizira.
Kapangidwe ka "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri", kusakonza bwino, kulimba, komanso kumalizidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa pamwamba kumapangitsa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale monga zomangamanga, mipando, chakudya ndi zakumwa, zamankhwala, ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimafuna mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa chitsulo.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala chokwera mtengo kuposa zitsulo zina. Komabe, chimapereka ubwino wa chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ndi kulemera, zomwe zimathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a zinthu zopyapyala poyerekeza ndi magiredi achikhalidwe, zomwe zingapangitse kuti ndalama zisawonongeke. Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wonse, masitolo ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyenera kuti apewe kutaya ndalama zambiri komanso kukonzanso zinthuzi.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa kuti ndi chovuta kuchilukiza chifukwa chimachotsa kutentha mwachangu ndipo chimafunika kusamala kwambiri pomaliza ndi kupukuta.
Kugwira ntchito ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri kumafuna wowotcherera kapena wogwiritsa ntchito wodziwa bwino ntchito kuposa kugwira ntchito ndi chitsulo cha kaboni, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala cholimba kwambiri. Kutalika kwake kungachepe pamene magawo ena akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka panthawi yowotcherera. Chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, n'zomveka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito odziwa zambiri azigwiritsa ntchito.
“Nthawi zambiri anthu amagula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwake,” akutero Jonathan Douville, mkulu wa makampani ofufuza ndi chitukuko padziko lonse ku Walter Surface Technologies ku Pointe-Claire, Quebec. “Izi zikuwonjezera zoletsa zomwe ogwira ntchito ayenera kuganizira.”
Kaya ndi kukula kwa mzere wa 4 kapena kukula kwa galasi la 8, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zikulemekezedwa ndipo kumaliza sikuwonongeka panthawi yogwira ntchito ndi kukonza. Izi zitha kuchepetsanso njira zokonzekera ndi kuyeretsa, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti magawo apangidwa bwino.
“Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi, chinthu choyamba kuchita ndikuonetsetsa kuti ndi zoyera, zoyera, komanso zoyera,” anatero Rick Hatelt, Woyang'anira Dziko la Canada ku PFERD Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario. “Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuonetsetsa kuti muli ndi mlengalenga woyera (wopanda kaboni), kuyeretsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti muchotse zinyalala zomwe zingayambitse kukhuthala (dzimbiri) pambuyo pake ndikuletsa kumangidwanso kwa gawo losasinthika, ndikupanga gawo loteteza kuti lichepetse kukhuthala.”
Mukagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthuzo ndi malo ozungulira ziyenera kutsukidwa. Kuchotsa mafuta ndi zotsalira za pulasitiki pazinthuzo ndi malo abwino oyambira. Zodetsa pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kuyambitsa okosijeni, koma zimathanso kukhala zovuta panthawi yowotcherera ndipo zingayambitse zolakwika. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa pamwamba musanayambe kusungunula.
Malo ogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri si oyera kwambiri, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kungakhale vuto mukamagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi kaboni. Nthawi zambiri sitolo imakhala ndi mafani ambiri kapena imagwiritsa ntchito ma air conditioner kuti iziziritse antchito, zomwe zimatha kukankhira zinthu zodetsa pansi kapena kuyambitsa kuuma kwa madzi kapena kusonkhanitsa zinthu zopangira. Izi zimakhala zovuta makamaka pamene tinthu ta kaboni timene timakhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri timawombedwa pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kulekanitsa zinthuzi ndikuzisunga pamalo oyera kumapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pankhani yolumikiza bwino.
Ndikofunikira kuchotsa kusintha kwa mtundu kuti dzimbiri lisakume pakapita nthawi ndikufooketsa kapangidwe kake konse. Ndikofunikanso kuchotsa buluu kuti mtundu wa pamwamba ufanane.
Ku Canada, chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso yozizira, kusankha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri choyenera ndikofunikira. Douville anafotokoza kuti masitolo ambiri poyamba adasankha 304 chifukwa cha mtengo wake. Koma ngati sitolo ingagwiritse ntchito zinthuzo kunja, angakulimbikitseni kusintha kupita ku 316, ngakhale kuti zimadula kawiri kuposa pamenepo. 304 imatha kudwala dzimbiri ngati ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusungidwa panja. Ngakhale pamwamba pake patsukidwa ndipo passive layer ikapangidwa, zinthu zakunja zimatha kukhudza pamwamba pake, kuwononga passive layer ndikupangitsa kuti dzimbiri libwererenso.
“Kukonzekera kusonkha ndikofunika pazifukwa zingapo zazikulu,” akutero Gabi Miholics, katswiri wopanga mapulogalamu, Abrasive Systems Division, 3M Canada, London, Ontario.”Kuchotsa dzimbiri, utoto ndi ma chamfer ndikofunikira kuti kuwotcherera bwino. Sipayenera kukhala kuipitsidwa pamwamba pa kuwotcherera komwe kungafooketse mgwirizano.”
Hatelt akuwonjezera kuti kuyeretsa malowo n'kofunika kwambiri, koma kukonzekera kusanalowetsedwe kungaphatikizeponso kupukuta nsaluyo kuti zitsimikizire kuti kulumikizidwa bwino ndi kulimba.
Pakulumikiza zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ndikofunikira kusankha chitsulo choyenera chodzaza chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala chovuta kwambiri ndipo chimafuna kuti mipata yolumikizira ivomerezedwe ndi mtundu womwewo wa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo choyambira cha 316 chimafuna chitsulo chodzaza cha 316. Olumikiza chitsulo sangangogwiritsa ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa chitsulo chodzaza, mtundu uliwonse wosapanga dzimbiri umafuna chodzaza china chake kuti chigwirizane ndi cholumikizira choyenera.
“Pamene mukusonkha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, wosonkha zitsulo ayenera kuyang'anira kutentha,” anatero Michael Radaelli, woyang'anira zinthu ku Norton | Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Worcester, MA. “Pali zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa kutentha kwa chosonkha ndi gawo pamene chosonkha zitsulo chikutentha, chifukwa ngati pali ming'alu mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, gawolo limawonongeka.”
Radaelli anawonjezera kuti wowotcherera ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti sakukhala pamalo omwewo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuwotcherera kwa multilayer ndi njira yabwino yotetezera substrate kuti isatenthe kwambiri. Kuwotcherera kwa nthawi yayitali kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri choyambira kungayambitse kutentha kwambiri ndi kusweka.
"Kulukira ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kungatenge nthawi yambiri, komanso ndi luso lomwe limafuna manja odziwa bwino ntchito," adatero Radaelli.
Kukonzekera pambuyo pa weld kumadalira kwambiri chinthu chomaliza ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Nthawi zina, Miholics anafotokoza, weld siiwoneka kwenikweni, kotero kuyeretsa kochepa pambuyo pa weld kumafunika, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse kooneka kumachotsedwa mwachangu. Kapena weld ingafunike kulinganizidwa kapena kutsukidwa, koma palibe kukonzekera kwina komwe kumafunika. Ngati pakufunika kumaliza bwino kapena galasi, njira zina zopukutira zingafunike. Zimangodalira momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito.
“Si mtundu umene uli vuto,” anatero Miholics. “Kusintha kwa mtundu kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti chitsulocho chasintha ndipo tsopano chikhoza kusungunuka/kuzizira.”
Kusankha chida chomaliza chosinthasintha liwiro kudzapulumutsa nthawi ndi ndalama ndipo kulola wogwiritsa ntchitoyo kufanana ndi chomalizacho.
Ndikofunikira kuchotsa kusintha kwa mtundu kuti dzimbiri lisakume pakapita nthawi ndikufooketsa kapangidwe kake konse. Ndikofunikanso kuchotsa buluu kuti mtundu wa pamwamba ufanane.
Kuyeretsa kumeneku kungawononge malo, makamaka pamene mankhwala amphamvu akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyeretsa kosayenera kungalepheretse kupanga gawo losagwira ntchito. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akatswiri ambiri amalimbikitsa kuyeretsa ndi manja magawo olumikizidwa awa.
“Mukayeretsa ndi manja, ngati simulola mpweya kuti ugwirizane ndi pamwamba kwa maola 24 kapena 48, mulibe nthawi yomanga pamwamba popanda mpweya,” adatero Douville. Anafotokoza kuti pamwambapo pamafunika mpweya kuti ugwirizane ndi chromium mu alloy kuti apange gawo losasinthika. Masitolo ena amakonda kuyeretsa, kulongedza ziwalo ndikuzitumiza nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimachedwetsa ntchito ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha dzimbiri.
Ndizachilendo kwa opanga ndi olumikiza zitsulo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, monga tanenera kale, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumawonjezera zoletsa zina. Kutenga nthawi yoyeretsa gawolo ndi gawo loyamba labwino, koma limakhala labwino malinga ndi malo omwe lili.
Hatelt anati akupitiriza kuona malo ogwirira ntchito oipitsidwa. Kuchotsa kupezeka kwa kaboni m'malo ogwirira ntchito achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikofunikira. Sizachilendo kuti masitolo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo asinthe kukhala chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri popanda kukonzekera bwino malo ogwirira ntchito a chipangizochi. Ichi ndi cholakwika, makamaka ngati sangathe kusiyanitsa zipangizo ziwirizi kapena kugula zida zawozawo.
“Ngati muli ndi burashi ya waya yopera kapena yokonzera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo mugwiritsa ntchito pa chitsulo cha kaboni, simungagwiritsenso ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri,” anatero Radaelli. “Maburashi tsopano ali ndi kaboni ndipo ali ndi dzimbiri. Maburashi akangoipitsidwa, sangayeretsedwe.”
Masitolo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyana pokonzekera zipangizo, koma ayeneranso kulemba zidazo kuti "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokha" kuti apewe kuipitsidwa kosafunikira, anatero Hatelt.
Masitolo ayenera kuganizira zinthu zambiri posankha zida zokonzera zotenthetsera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, kuphatikizapo njira zotenthetsera kutentha, mtundu wa mchere, liwiro lake ndi kukula kwa tirigu.
“Kusankha chopopera chopopera ndi chopopera chochotsa kutentha ndi malo abwino oyambira,” anatero Miholics. “Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi cholimba kwambiri ndipo chimapanga kutentha kwambiri chikaphwanyidwa kuposa chitsulo chofewa. Kutentha kuyenera kupita kwinakwake, kotero pali chopopera chomwe chimalola kutentha kuyenda mpaka m'mphepete mwa diski m'malo mongokhala pomwe mukuphwanyidwa. Panthawiyo, zinali bwino kwambiri.”
Kusankha chotsukira tsitsi kumatengeranso momwe chimaonekera chonse, akuwonjezera. Chimawoneka bwino kwambiri kwa wowonera. Michere ya alumina mu zotsukira tsitsi ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomaliza. Kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chiwoneke ngati chabuluu pamwamba, mineral silicon carbide iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi yakuthwa kwambiri ndipo imasiya mabala akuya omwe amawonetsa kuwala mosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yabuluu. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito akufuna mawonekedwe apadera kapena apadera, ndibwino kulankhula ndi wogulitsa.
“RPM ndi vuto lalikulu,” anatero Hatelt. “Zida zosiyanasiyana zimafuna ma RPM osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito RPM yoyenera kumatsimikizira zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, poganizira momwe ntchitoyo yachitikira mwachangu komanso momwe yachitikira bwino. Dziwani zomwe mukufuna kumaliza komanso momwe zimayezera.”
Douville adawonjezera kuti kuyika ndalama mu zida zomaliza zosinthasintha ndi njira imodzi yothetsera mavuto a liwiro. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amayesa chopukusira chachizolowezi kuti amalize, koma chimakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu lodulira. Kumaliza ntchitoyi kumafuna kuchepetsa liwiro. Kusankha chida chomaliza chosinthasintha kudzapulumutsa nthawi ndi ndalama ndikulola wogwiritsa ntchitoyo kuti agwirizane ndi kumaliza.
Komanso, grit ndi yofunika posankha chotsukira. Wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyamba ndi grit yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito.
Kuyambira ndi grit ya 60 kapena 80 (yapakatikati), wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kufika pa grit ya 120 (yochepa) nthawi yomweyo ndikulowa mu grit ya 220 (yochepa kwambiri), yomwe imapangitsa kuti chosapanga dzimbiri chikhale pa nambala 4.
“Zingakhale zosavuta monga masitepe atatu,” anatero Radaelli. “Komabe, ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akugwira ntchito ndi chosungunula chachikulu, sangayambe ndi grit ya 60 kapena 80, ndipo angasankhe grit ya 24 (yolimba kwambiri) kapena 36 (yolimba). Izi zimawonjezera gawo lowonjezera ndipo zingakhale zovuta kuchotsa muzinthuzo. Pali mikwingwirima yozama pa iyo.”
Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera mankhwala opopera kapena gel woletsa kupopera kungakhale bwenzi lapamtima la wowotcherera, koma nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa powotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, akutero Douville. Zigawo zokhala ndi mankhwala opopera ziyenera kuchotsedwa, zomwe zimatha kukanda pamwamba, kufunikira njira zina zopera ndikuwononga nthawi yambiri. Gawoli likhoza kuchotsedwa mosavuta ndi njira yoletsa kupopera.
Lindsay Luminoso, Mkonzi Wothandizana, akuthandizira ku Metal Fabrication Canada ndi Fabrication and Welding Canada. Kuyambira 2014-2016, anali Mkonzi Wothandizana/Mkonzi wa Webusaiti ku Metal Fabrication Canada, posachedwapa monga Mkonzi Wothandizana wa Design Engineering.
Luminoso ali ndi digiri ya Bachelor of Arts kuchokera ku Carleton University, digiri ya Bachelor of Education kuchokera ku University of Ottawa, ndi Graduate Certificate mu Books, Magazines and Digital Publishing kuchokera ku Centennial College.
Khalani ndi nkhani zatsopano, zochitika ndi ukadaulo waposachedwa pa zitsulo zonse kuchokera m'makalata athu awiri pamwezi olembedwa okha kwa opanga aku Canada!
Tsopano popeza tili ndi mwayi wopeza kope la digito la Canadian Metalworking, titha kupeza mosavuta zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makampani athu.
Tsopano popeza tili ndi mwayi wopeza kope la digito la Made in Canada ndi Welding, titha kupeza mosavuta zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makampani.
Randy McDonald, Woyang'anira Zogulitsa Wopuma Pantchito ku Overtone, akugawana malangizo ndi malangizo kuchokera ku zaka 40 zomwe wakhala akugwira ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito FEIN WPO 14-25E variable speed polisher ndi zowonjezera zomaliza ndi kupukuta kuchokera ku mndandanda waukulu wa zowonjezera zopukuta za FEIN Canada, Randy amatitsogolera mu ndondomekoyi sitepe ndi sitepe.