Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayinzima kangako ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa ukuyifaka ngentsimbi yokudibanisa kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kwiinkcukacha. Ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium, kwaye inokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala ukuba ufaka ubushushu obuninzi kuyo. Iindlela ezilungileyo zinceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Umfanekiso: Miller Electric
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olunomtsalane kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokufaka iityhubhu, kubandakanya ukutya okucocekileyo kakhulu kunye neziselo, amayeza, imithambo yoxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-petrochemical. Nangona kunjalo, le nto ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium, kwaye ukuwelda okungafanelekanga kunokunciphisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye nokusebenzisa isinyithi esingalunganga yingxaki ezimbini.
Ukulandela ezinye iindlela ezilungileyo zokuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunokunceda ukuphucula iziphumo nokuqinisekisa ukuba intsimbi igcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Ukongeza, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuwelda kunokuzisa iingenelo zemveliso ngaphandle kokubeka umgangatho esichengeni.
Kwi-stainless steel welding, ukukhetha i-filler metal kubalulekile ekulawuleni umxholo wekhabhoni. Ii-filler metals ezisetyenziselwa i-stainless steel pipe welding kufuneka ziphucule ukusebenza kwe-weld kwaye zihlangabezane neemfuno zesicelo.
Khangela iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezinegama elithi “L”, njenge-ER308L, njengoko zibonelela ngomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni onceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwee-alloys zentsimbi engagqwali ezinekhabhoni ephantsi. Ukuwelda isinyithi esisisiseko sekhabhoni ephantsi ngeentsimbi zokuzalisa eziqhelekileyo kwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni kwijoyinti eweldiweyo, okwandisa umngcipheko wokugqwala. Ziphephe iintsimbi zokuzalisa eziphawulwe ngo-“H” njengoko ezi zibonelela ngomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni kwaye zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ezifuna amandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, kubalulekile nokukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa enezinga eliphantsi lokulandelelana (ekwaziwa ngokuba yingcola) yezinto. Ezi zizinto eziseleyo kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukwenza iintsimbi zokuzalisa, kuquka i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus kunye ne-sulfur. Zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Ekubeni intsimbi engatyiwayo ibuthathaka kakhulu ekufakweni kobushushu, ukulungiswa kwamalungu kunye nokuhlanganiswa okufanelekileyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ubushushu ukuze kugcinwe iimpawu zezinto. Ngenxa yezithuba phakathi kwamalungu okanye ukungalingani, itotshi kufuneka ihlale kwindawo enye ixesha elide kwaye kufuneka isinyithi esizalisayo ukuze kuzaliswe ezo zithuba. Oku kunokubangela ukuba ubushushu buqokeleleke kwindawo echaphazelekayo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba inxalenye ifudumale kakhulu. Ukungalingani kakuhle kunokwenza kube nzima ukuvala isithuba kwaye ufumane ukungena kwe-weld okufunekayo. Lumka ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zingena kwintsimbi engatyiwayo kufutshane kakhulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ukucoceka kwesi sixhobo nako kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukungcola okuncinci kakhulu okanye ukungcola kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo kunokubangela iziphene ezinciphisa amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwemveliso yokugqibela. Ukucoca isiseko ngaphambi kokudityaniselwa, sebenzisa ibrashi ekhethekileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engasetyenziswanga kwintsimbi yekhabhoni okanye kwi-aluminium.
Kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, uvakalelo lolona bangela luphambili lokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala. Oku kunokwenzeka xa ubushushu bokuwelda kunye nesantya sokuphola sitshintsha kakhulu, sitshintsha isakhiwo sezinto.
Le weld ye-OD kumbhobho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo, edityaniswe kusetyenziswa i-GMAW kunye ne-regulated metal deposition (RMD) ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-backflushing ye-root pass, ifana ngembonakalo nangomgangatho we-welds ezenziwe nge-backflushed GTAW.
Inxalenye ephambili yokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali yi-chromium oxide. Kodwa ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni kwi-weld uphezulu kakhulu, i-chromium carbide iya kwakheka. Ezi zibopha i-chromium kwaye zithintele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide oyifunayo, enika ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali. Ukuba akukho chromium oxide yaneleyo, loo nto ayiyi kuba neempawu ezifunwayo kwaye kuya kubakho ukugqwala.
Ukuthintela ukuziva ushushu kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni isinyithi esizalisa kunye nokulawula igalelo lobushushu. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha isinyithi esizalisa ikhabhoni ephantsi ukuze kufakwe intsimbi engagqwaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, ikhabhoni ngamanye amaxesha iyadingeka ukuze kunikwe amandla kwiindlela ezithile zokusebenza. Ulawulo lobushushu lubaluleke kakhulu xa iintsimbi ezizalisa ikhabhoni ephantsi zingeyondlela ifanelekileyo.
Nciphisa ixesha elichithwa yi-weld kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu—ngokuqhelekileyo athathwa njenge-950 ukuya kwi-1,500 degrees Fahrenheit (500 ukuya kwi-800 degrees Celsius). Ukuba ixesha elincinci lokufaka i-soldering kolu luhlu, kokukhona ubushushu buncinci obuveliswayo. Soloko ujonga kwaye ujonge ubushushu be-interpass kwinkqubo yokufaka i-soldering.
Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iintsimbi zokugcwalisa ezenziwe ngezinto ezidibanisa i-alloying ezifana ne-titanium kunye ne-niobium ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide. Ngenxa yokuba ezi nxalenye zikwachaphazela amandla kunye nokuqina, ezi ntsimbi zokugcwalisa azinakusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkqubo.
Ukuwelda kwe-arc yegesi ye-tungsten (i-GTAW) ye-root pass yindlela yendabuko yokuwelda umbhobho wentsimbi engagqwali. Oku kudla ngokufuna ukuhlanjwa kwe-argon ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliswa kwe-oxidation ngasemva kwe-weld. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuwelda ngocingo kwiityhubhu zentsimbi engagqwali kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi. Kwezi zicelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iigesi ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ezichaphazela ngayo ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwentsimbi yegesi (i-GMAW), i-argon kunye ne-carbon dioxide, kusetyenziswa umxube we-argon kunye ne-oxygen, okanye umxube wegesi ezintathu (i-helium, i-argon, kunye ne-carbon dioxide). Ngokwesiqhelo, le mixube iqulathe i-argon okanye i-helium kwaye ingaphantsi kwe-5% ye-carbon dioxide, njengoko i-carbon dioxide inika ikhabhoni kwidama lokudityaniswa kwaye yandisa umngcipheko wokuziva ukhululekile. I-argon ecocekileyo ayikhuthazwa kwi-GMAW kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ucingo olune-flux-core lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo luyilelwe ukuba lusebenze nomxube wendabuko we-75% argon kunye ne-25% carbon dioxide. I-Flux iqulethe izithako ezenzelwe ukuthintela ikhabhoni kwigesi ekhuselayo ekungcoliseni i-weld.
Njengoko iinkqubo ze-GMAW ziye zatshintsha, ziye zenza lula ukuwelda kweetyhubhu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye neepayipi. Nangona ezinye izicelo zisenokufuna iinkqubo ze-GTAW, iinkqubo zentambo eziphambili zinokubonelela ngomgangatho ofanayo kunye nemveliso ephezulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ii-welds ze-ID zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezenziwe nge-GMAW RMD zifana ngomgangatho kunye nenkangeleko kwii-welds ze-OD ezifanayo.
I-root pass esebenzisa inkqubo ye-GMAW ye-modified short-circuit efana ne-Miller's Regulated Metal Deposition (RMD) isusa i-backflushing kwezinye izicelo ze-austenitic stainless steel. I-RMD root pass inokulandelwa yi-pulsed GMAW okanye i-flux-cored arc welding fill and cap passes—utshintsho olugcina ixesha nemali xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa i-GTAW nge-back-purging, ingakumbi kwiipayipi ezinkulu.
I-RMD isebenzisa udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuvelisa i-arc ezolileyo, ezinzileyo kunye nedama le-weld. Oku kubonelela ngamathuba amancinci okudlula okubandayo okanye ukungabikho kokudibana, ukuchitheka okuncinci kunye nokudlula kweengcambu zombhobho okumgangatho ophezulu. Udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo lukwabonelela ngokufakwa kwamaconsi afanayo kunye nolawulo olulula lwedama le-weld, ngaloo ndlela ke ukufakwa kobushushu kunye nesantya se-welding.
Iinkqubo ezingaqhelekanga zinokunyusa imveliso yokuwelda. Xa usebenzisa i-RMD, isantya sokuwelda singaba yi-6 ukuya kwi-12 in./min. Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo yonyusa imveliso ngaphandle kokufudumeza okongeziweyo kwamalungu, inceda ekugcineni iipropati kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali. Ukunciphisa ubushushu benkqubo kunceda ukulawula ukuguquguquka kwesiseko.
Le nkqubo ye-pulsed GMAW inika ubude obufutshane be-arc, ii-arc cones ezincinci kunye nokufakwa kobushushu okuncinci kunokudluliselwa kwe-pulse ye-spray eqhelekileyo. Ekubeni le nkqubo ivaliwe, ukutshintsha kwe-arc kunye nomgama we-tip-to-workpiece kuyasuswa phantse. Oku kubonelela ngolawulo olulula lwe-puddle kwi-welding kwindawo nangaphandle kwendawo. Okokugqibela, ukudibanisa i-pulsed GMAW ye-fill and cap bead ne-RMD ye-root bead kuvumela inkqubo ye-welding ukuba yenziwe kusetyenziswa ucingo olunye kunye negesi enye, kususa amaxesha okutshintsha kwenkqubo.
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