Ba lallai ba ne a yi aiki da bakin ƙarfe, amma walda tana buƙatar kulawa sosai ga cikakkun bayanai. Ba ya wargaza zafi kamar ƙarfe mai laushi ko aluminum, kuma yana iya rasa wasu juriyar tsatsa idan aka saka zafi da yawa a ciki. Mafi kyawun ayyuka suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye juriyar tsatsa. Hoto: Miller Electric
Juriyar tsatsa ta bakin ƙarfe ta sa ya zama zaɓi mai kyau ga aikace-aikacen bututu masu mahimmanci, gami da abinci da abin sha masu tsafta, magunguna, tasoshin matsin lamba da aikace-aikacen petrochemical. Duk da haka, wannan kayan ba ya wargaza zafi kamar ƙarfe mai laushi ko aluminum, kuma walda mara kyau na iya rage juriyar tsatsa. Sanya yawan shigar zafi da amfani da ƙarfe mara kyau su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan.
Bin wasu hanyoyi mafi kyau don walda na bakin karfe zai iya taimakawa wajen inganta sakamako da kuma tabbatar da cewa ƙarfen yana riƙe da juriyar tsatsa. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka tsarin walda zai iya kawo fa'idodin aiki ba tare da rage inganci ba.
A cikin walda ta bakin karfe, zaɓin ƙarfe mai cikewa yana da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yawan carbon. Ƙaramin ƙarfe da ake amfani da shi don walda bututun bakin karfe ya kamata ya inganta aikin walda kuma ya cika buƙatun aikace-aikace.
Nemi ƙarfe masu cikawa waɗanda ke da alamar "L", kamar ER308L, domin suna samar da ƙarancin sinadarin carbon wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye juriyar tsatsa na ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon. Walda ƙarfe mai ƙarancin sinadarin carbon tare da ƙarfe masu cikawa na yau da kullun yana ƙara yawan sinadarin carbon na haɗin da aka haɗa, yana ƙara haɗarin tsatsa. Guji ƙarfe masu cikawa waɗanda aka yiwa alama da "H" domin waɗannan suna samar da ƙarin sinadarin carbon kuma an tsara su ne don aikace-aikace waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfi mai yawa a yanayin zafi mai yawa.
Lokacin walda bakin karfe, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi ƙarfe mai cikewa mai ƙarancin matakan alama (wanda kuma aka sani da ƙazanta) na abubuwa. Waɗannan abubuwa ne da suka rage a cikin kayan da ake amfani da su don yin ƙarfe mai cikewa, gami da antimony, arsenic, phosphorus da sulfur. Suna iya yin tasiri sosai ga juriyar tsatsa na kayan.
Tunda bakin karfe yana da matukar saurin kamuwa da zafi, shirya hadin gwiwa da kuma hadawa yadda ya kamata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa zafi don kiyaye kayan aiki. Saboda gibin da ke tsakanin sassa ko rashin daidaito, tocilan dole ne ya daɗe a wuri ɗaya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfe mai cikewa don cike waɗannan gibin. Wannan na iya haifar da taruwar zafi a yankin da abin ya shafa, wanda zai iya ƙara zafi a ɓangaren. Rashin dacewa kuma yana iya sa ya fi wahala a cike gibin da kuma samun shigar walda da ake buƙata. Yi hankali don tabbatar da cewa sassan sun shiga cikin bakin karfe kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Tsaftar wannan kayan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ƙaramin gurɓatawa ko datti a cikin haɗin da aka haɗa na iya haifar da lahani wanda ke rage ƙarfi da juriyar tsatsa na samfurin ƙarshe. Don tsaftace substrate kafin walda, yi amfani da goga na musamman na bakin ƙarfe wanda ba a yi amfani da shi akan ƙarfen carbon ko aluminum ba.
A cikin bakin karfe, abin da ke haifar da rashin juriya ga tsatsa shine babban abin da ke haifar da asarar juriya ga tsatsa. Wannan na iya faruwa lokacin da zafin walda da saurin sanyaya suka canza sosai, wanda ke canza tsarin kayan.
Wannan walda ta OD da aka yi a kan bututun ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe, wadda aka yi wa walda ta amfani da GMAW da kuma ajiyar ƙarfe mai tsari (RMD) ba tare da an cire tushen hanyar ba, tana kama da walda da aka yi da GTAW mai laushi.
Muhimmin ɓangare na juriyar tsatsa ta bakin ƙarfe shine chromium oxide. Amma idan sinadarin carbon a cikin walda ya yi yawa, chromium carbide zai samar. Waɗannan suna ɗaure chromium kuma suna hana samuwar chromium oxide da ake so, wanda ke ba da juriya ga tsatsa ta bakin ƙarfe. Idan babu isasshen chromium oxide, kayan ba zai sami halayen da ake so ba kuma tsatsa zai faru.
Hana jin daɗi ya ta'allaka ne ga zaɓin ƙarfe mai cikewa da kuma sarrafa shigar zafi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi ƙarfe mai cikewa mai ƙarancin carbon don walda na bakin ƙarfe. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ana buƙatar carbon don samar da ƙarfi ga wasu aikace-aikace. Kula da zafi yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da ƙarfe mai cikewa mai ƙarancin carbon ba zaɓi bane.
Rage lokacin da yankin walda da abin da zafi ya shafa ke ci gaba da kasancewa a yanayin zafi mai yawa - yawanci ana ɗaukarsa daga digiri 950 zuwa 1,500 Fahrenheit (digiri 500 zuwa 800 Celsius). Da ƙarancin lokacin da walda ke ɗauka a wannan kewayon, ƙarancin zafin da yake samarwa. Kullum duba da kuma lura da zafin interpass a cikin tsarin walda.
Wani zaɓi kuma shine a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai cikewa wanda aka ƙera da abubuwan haɗawa kamar titanium da niobium don hana samuwar chromium carbide. Saboda waɗannan abubuwan suna shafar ƙarfi da tauri, ba za a iya amfani da waɗannan ƙarfe mai cikewa a duk aikace-aikacen ba.
Walda ta hanyar amfani da bututun ƙarfe mai kama da gas (GTAW) don tushen hanya ita ce hanyar gargajiya ta walda bututun ƙarfe mai kama da bakin ƙarfe. Wannan yawanci yana buƙatar sake amfani da argon don taimakawa hana iskar shaka a bayan walda. Duk da haka, amfani da hanyoyin walda na waya a cikin bututun ƙarfe mai kama da bakin ƙarfe yana ƙara zama ruwan dare. A cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda iskar gas daban-daban ke shafar juriyar tsatsa na kayan.
Lokacin walda bakin karfe ta amfani da hanyar walda karfe ta gas (GMAW), ana amfani da argon da carbon dioxide, cakuda argon da oxygen, ko cakuda gas uku (helium, argon, da carbon dioxide) a al'ada. Yawanci, waɗannan gaurayawan suna ɗauke da galibi argon ko helium kuma ƙasa da kashi 5% na carbon dioxide, saboda carbon dioxide yana samar da carbon ga wurin walda kuma yana ƙara haɗarin jin daɗi. Ba a ba da shawarar argon mai tsabta ga GMAW akan bakin karfe ba.
An ƙera waya mai kama da Flux-core don bakin ƙarfe don aiki tare da cakuda gargajiya na argon 75% da 25% carbon dioxide. Flux ya ƙunshi sinadaran da aka ƙera don hana carbon daga iskar gas mai karewa gurɓata walda.
Yayin da hanyoyin GMAW suka bunƙasa, sun sauƙaƙa wahalhalun bututun ƙarfe da bututun ƙarfe. Duk da cewa wasu aikace-aikacen na iya buƙatar hanyoyin GTAW, hanyoyin waya na zamani na iya samar da irin wannan inganci da kuma yawan aiki a aikace-aikacen ƙarfe da yawa.
Walda na ID na bakin ƙarfe da aka yi da GMAW RMD suna kama da inganci da kamanni da walda na OD da suka dace.
Tsarin tushen ta amfani da tsarin GMAW mai gyara kamar Miller's Regulated Metal Deposition (RMD) yana kawar da koma-baya a wasu aikace-aikacen ƙarfe na austenitic. Ana iya bin tsarin tushen RMD ta hanyar GMAW mai pulsed ko cikawar walda mai flux-cored arc da kuma rufe murfin - wani canji wanda ke adana lokaci da kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da amfani da GTAW tare da goge baya, musamman akan manyan bututu.
RMD yana amfani da canja wurin ƙarfe na ɗan gajeren zango mai sarrafawa don samar da kyakkyawan baka da kududdufi mai natsuwa. Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin damar yin sanyi ko rashin haɗuwa, ƙarancin fashewa da kuma ingantaccen hanyar wucewar tushen bututu. Canjin ƙarfe mai sarrafawa daidai yana ba da damar ajiye ɗigon ruwa iri ɗaya da kuma sauƙin sarrafa wurin walda don haka shigar da zafi da saurin walda.
Tsarin da ba na al'ada ba na iya ƙara yawan aikin walda. Lokacin amfani da RMD, saurin walda zai iya zama inci 6 zuwa 12/min. Saboda tsarin yana ƙara yawan aiki ba tare da ƙarin dumama sassa ba, yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye halaye da juriyar tsatsa na bakin ƙarfe. Rage yawan zafin da ake samu a cikin tsarin kuma yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa nakasar substrate.
Wannan tsarin GMAW mai bugun zuciya yana ba da gajerun tsayin baka, ƙananan mazurari na baka da ƙarancin shigar zafi fiye da canja wurin bugun feshi na al'ada. Tunda tsarin yana rufe-madauri, bambance-bambancen nisan baka da tip-to-workpiece kusan an kawar da su. Wannan yana ba da sauƙin sarrafa kududdufi don walda a wurinsa da kuma a waje. A ƙarshe, haɗa GMAW mai bugun zuciya don cika da murfin bead tare da RMD don tushen bead yana ba da damar yin aikin walda ta amfani da waya ɗaya da iskar gas ɗaya, yana kawar da lokutan canza tsari.
Jaridar Tube & Pipe ta zama mujallar farko da aka keɓe don hidimar masana'antar bututun ƙarfe a shekarar 1990. A yau, ita ce kawai mujallar da aka keɓe ga masana'antar kuma ta zama tushen bayanai mafi aminci ga ƙwararrun bututu.
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