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Ingufu za mikorobe (MIC) ni ikibazo gikomeye mu nganda nyinshi, kuko zishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu. Super duplex stainless steel 2707 (2707 HDSS) ikoreshwa mu bidukikije byo mu mazi bitewe n’ubudahangarwa bwayo bwiza bwa shimi. Ariko, ubudahangarwa bwayo kuri MIC ntibwagaragajwe mu buryo bw’igerageza. Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye imyitwarire ya MIC 2707 HDSS iterwa na bagiteri ya Pseudomonas aeruginosa yo mu mazi. Isesengura rya electrochemical ryagaragaje ko iyo Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm iri mu buryo bwa 2216E, habaho impinduka nziza mu bushobozi bwa corruption no kwiyongera k’ubucucike bw’umuyoboro wa corruption. Isesengura rya X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ryagaragaje igabanuka ry’ibipimo bya Cr ku buso bw’icyitegererezo munsi ya biofilm. Isesengura ry’ibinogo ryagaragaje ko P. aeruginosa biofilm yatanze ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bwa 0.69 µm mu minsi 14 yo kwibasira. Nubwo ibi ari bito, bigaragaza ko 2707 HDSS idakingiwe burundu na MIC ya P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Ibyuma bitagira umugese (DSS) bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zitandukanye bitewe n’uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imiterere myiza ya mekanike no kurwanya ingese1,2. Ariko, gucukura ahantu runaka biracyabaho kandi bigira ingaruka ku busugire bw’iki cyuma3,4. DSS ntabwo irwanya ingese (MIC)5,6. Nubwo hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha DSS, haracyari ahantu aho kurwanya ingese kwa DSS bidahagije kugira ngo bikoreshwe igihe kirekire. Ibi bivuze ko ibikoresho bihenze cyane bifite ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwa ngese birakenewe. Jeon et al7 basanze ndetse n’ibyuma bitagira umugese bya super duplex (SDSS) bifite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe mu bijyanye no kurwanya ingese. Kubwibyo, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ibyuma bitagira umugese bya super duplex (HDSS) bifite ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwa ngese birakenewe. Ibi byatumye habaho iterambere rya HDSS ivanze cyane.
Ubudahangarwa bwa DSS bushingiye ku gipimo cya alpha na gamma kandi bigashira mu turere twa Cr, Mo na W 8, 9, 10 twegeranye n'icyiciro cya kabiri. HDSS irimo Cr, Mo na N11 nyinshi, bityo ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya corrosion kandi ifite agaciro kanini (45-50) k'umubare ungana na Cr (PREN) ugenwa na wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt. .% W) + 16% wt. N12. Ubudahangarwa bwayo bwiza bwo kurwanya corrosion bushingiye ku buryo buringaniye burimo hafi 50% ferritic (α) na 50% austenitic (γ). HDSS ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi irwanya corrosion. Ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kurwanya corrosion bwongera ikoreshwa rya HDSS mu bidukikije bya chloride ikaze cyane nko mu bidukikije byo mu mazi.
MIC ni ikibazo gikomeye mu nganda nyinshi nko mu nganda za peteroli na gaze n'amazi14. MIC igize 20% by'ibyangiritse byose byangiritse15. MIC ni ingese ya bioelectrochemical ishobora kugaragara mu bidukikije byinshi. Biofilms bikora ku buso bw'icyuma zihindura imiterere ya electrochemical, bityo bigira ingaruka ku ngeso ya corruption. Abantu benshi bemera ko MIC corruption iterwa na biofilms. Microorganisms za electrogen zirya ibyuma kugira ngo zibona ingufu zikeneye kugira ngo zirambe17. Ubushakashatsi bwa MIC buherutse bwerekanye ko EET (extracellular electron transfer) ari cyo kintu kigabanya igipimo muri MIC giterwa na microorganisms za electrogen. Zhang et al. 18 bagaragaje ko electron intermediaries zihutisha ihererekanya rya electron hagati ya selile za Desulfovibrio sessificans na 304 stainless steel, bigatera MIC kwibasirwa cyane. Anning et al. 19 na Wenzlaff et al. 20 bagaragaje ko biofilms za bagiteri zigabanya sulfate (SRBs) zishobora kwinjiza electron mu buryo butaziguye mu byuma, bigatera imyobo ikomeye.
DSS izwiho kwibasirwa na MIC mu buryo burimo SRBs, bagiteri zigabanya icyuma (IRBs), nibindi. 21. Izi bagiteri zitera imyobo iri ku buso bwa DSS munsi ya biofilms22,23. Bitandukanye na DSS, HDSS24 MIC ntabwo izwi cyane.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ni bagiteri ifite imiterere ya Gram-negative, igenda, ifite ishusho y'inkoni ikwirakwira cyane mu bidukikije25. Pseudomonas aeruginosa nayo ni itsinda rikomeye rya mikorobe mu bidukikije byo mu mazi, bigatuma ingano ya MIC yiyongera. Pseudomonas igira uruhare runini mu mikorere ya corruption kandi izwi nk'umukoloni w'ibanze mu gihe cyo gukora biofilm. Mahat et al. 28 na Yuan et al. 29 bagaragaje ko Pseudomonas aeruginosa ikunda kongera umuvuduko wa corruption w'icyuma cyoroshye n'ibindi birungo mu bidukikije byo mu mazi.
Intego nyamukuru y'uyu murimo kwari ugusuzuma imiterere ya MIC 2707 HDSS iterwa na bagiteri ya Pseudomonas aeruginosa yo mu mazi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa electrochemical, uburyo bwo gusesengura ubuso n'isesengura ry'ibicuruzwa bya corrosion. Inyigo za electrochemical, zirimo ubushobozi bwo gufungura ikirere (OCP), kwirinda kwa polarization ya linear (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), na potential dynamic polarization, zakozwe kugira ngo higwe imyitwarire ya MIC 2707 HDSS. Isesengura rya spectrometric rikwirakwiza ingufu (EDS) ryakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu bya chemical ku buso bwangiritse. Byongeye kandi, spectroscopy ya X-ray photoelectron (XPS) yakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo oxide film passivation ihagaze neza bitewe n'ibidukikije byo mu mazi birimo Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ubujyakuzimu bw'ibyobo bwapimwe hifashishijwe mikorosikopi ya laser scanning ya confocal (CLSM).
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza imiterere ya shimi ya 2707 HDSS. Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza ko 2707 HDSS ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike ifite imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro wa 650 MPa. Ku ishusho ya 1 igaragaza imiterere ya optique y'umuti wavuwe n'ubushyuhe wa 2707 HDSS. Mu miterere irimo hafi 50% bya austenite na 50% bya ferrite, hari imirongo miremire ya austenite na ferrite idafite ibice bya kabiri.
Ku ishusho ya 2a yerekana ubushobozi bwo gusohora amashanyarazi (Eocp) ugereranije n'igihe cyo gupima 2707 HDSS muri 2216E abiotic medium na P. aeruginosa broth mu minsi 14 kuri 37°C. Igaragaza ko impinduka nini kandi ikomeye muri Eocp ibaho mu masaha 24 ya mbere. Igipimo cya Eocp muri ibyo byiciro byombi cyageze ku rwego rwa -145 mV (ugereranije na SCE) mu masaha 16 hanyuma kigabanuka cyane, kigera kuri -477 mV (ugereranije na SCE) na -236 mV (ugereranije na SCE) ku gipimo cya abiotic. na P Pseudomonas aeruginosa coupons, uko bikurikirana). Nyuma y'amasaha 24, agaciro ka Eocp 2707 HDSS kuri P. aeruginosa kari gahagaze neza kuri -228 mV (ugereranije na SCE), mu gihe agaciro kangana n'ak'ibipimo bitari ibya binyabuzima kari hafi -442 mV (ugereranije na SCE). Eocp imbere ya P. aeruginosa yari hasi cyane.
Inyigo ya elegitoroniki ku bipimo 2707 bya HDSS mu buryo budafite abiotic n'umutobe wa Pseudomonas aeruginosa kuri 37 °C:
(a) Eocp nk'uko bigaragara mu gihe cyo kwigaragaza, (b) imiyoboro ya polarization ku munsi wa 14, (c) Rp nk'uko bigaragara mu gihe cyo kwigaragaza, na (d) icorr nk'uko bigaragara mu gihe cyo kwigaragaza.
Imbonerahamwe ya 3 igaragaza ibipimo bya electrochemical corruption bya 2707 HDSS ingero zashyizwe mu cyuma cya abiotic na Pseudomonas aeruginosa cyatewe mu gihe cy'iminsi 14. Ingano za anode na cathode curves zakuwemo kugira ngo haboneke aho zihurira zitanga corruption current (icorr), corruption potential (Ecorr) na Tafel slope (βα na βc) hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe30,31.
Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 2b, izamuka ry’umuyoboro wa P. aeruginosa ryatumye Ecorr yiyongera ugereranije n’umuyoboro wa abiotic. Agaciro ka icorr, gahwanye n’igipimo cya corrosion, kiyongereyeho 0.328 µA cm-2 mu gipimo cya Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kangana inshuro enye ugereranyije n’igipimo kitari icya biyolojiya (0.087 µA cm-2).
LPR ni uburyo bwa elegitoroniki budasenya ibintu mu gusesengura ingese byihuse. Yanakoreshejwe mu kwiga MIC32. Ku ishusho ya 2c yerekana ubudahangarwa bwa polarization (Rp) nk'uko igihe cyo kuyigaragaza cyagenze. Agaciro ka Rp kari hejuru bivuze ingese nke. Mu masaha 24 ya mbere, Rp 2707 HDSS yageze ku gipimo cya 1955 kΩ cm2 ku bipimo bya abiotic na 1429 kΩ cm2 ku bipimo bya Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ishusho ya 2c kandi igaragaza ko agaciro ka Rp kagabanutse vuba nyuma y'umunsi umwe hanyuma kagakomeza kuba kadahindutse mu minsi 13 yakurikiyeho. Agaciro ka Rp k'icyitegererezo cya Pseudomonas aeruginosa ni hafi kΩ cm2 40, kari munsi cyane y'agaciro ka 450 kΩ cm2 k'icyitegererezo kitari icya binyabuzima.
Agaciro ka icorr gahwanye n'igipimo kimwe cya corrosion. Agaciro kayo gashobora kubarwa uhereye kuri equation ya Stern-Giri ikurikira:
Nk’uko Zoe n’abandi 33 babivuga, agaciro gasanzwe k’umusozi wa Tafel B muri iki gikorwa kafashwe nka 26 mV/dec. Ishusho ya 2d igaragaza ko icorr y’icyitegererezo kitari icya binyabuzima 2707 yagumye ihamye, mu gihe icyitegererezo cya P. aeruginosa cyahindutse cyane nyuma y’amasaha 24 ya mbere. Agaciro ka icorr k’icyitegererezo cya P. aeruginosa kari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’igenzura ritari iry’ibinyabuzima. Iyi ngendo ihuye n’ibyavuye mu kurwanya polarisation.
EIS ni ubundi buryo butangiza bukoreshwa mu kugaragaza imikorere y'amashanyarazi ku buso bwangiritse. Impedance spectra n'agaciro ka capacitance kabazwe k'ibipimo byagaragaye mu bidukikije bidahumeka n'umuti wa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, passive film/biofilm resistance Rb byakozwe ku buso bw'icyitegererezo, charge transfer resistance Rct, electrical double layer capacitance Cdl (EDL) na constant QCPE Phase element parameters (CPE). Ibi bipimo byasesenguwe cyane hashyirwa amakuru hakoreshejwe moderi ya equivalent circuit (EEC).
Ku ishusho ya 3 hagaragaramo uduce dusanzwe twa Nyquist (a na b) na Bode (a' na b') ku bipimo 2707 bya HDSS mu buryo budafite ibinyabuzima n'umushongi wa P. aeruginosa mu bihe bitandukanye byo kwibasira. Umurambararo w'impeta ya Nyquist ugabanuka iyo Pseudomonas aeruginosa ihari. Ishusho ya Bode (Ishusho ya 3b') igaragaza ukwiyongera kwa impedance yose. Amakuru yerekeye igihe cyo kuruhuka ashobora kuboneka kuri phase maxima. Ku ishusho ya 4 hagaragaramo imiterere ishingiye kuri monolayer (a) na bilayer (b) hamwe na EECs bihuye. CPE yinjijwe muri moderi ya EEC. Kwemera kwayo no kubangamira kwayo bigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
Moderi ebyiri zifatika n'imirongo ingana ijyanye nayo kugira ngo ishyiremo impedance spectrum y'icyitegererezo 2707 HDSS:
aho Y0 ari agaciro ka KPI, j ni umubare wiyumvirwa cyangwa (-1) 1/2, ω ni frequency ya angular, n ni index y'imbaraga ya KPI iri munsi ya rimwe 35. Inversion y'ubudahangarwa bwo kohereza charge (ni ukuvuga 1/Rct) ihuye n'igipimo cya corruption. Uko Rct ntoya, niko igipimo cya corruption cyiyongera 27. Nyuma y'iminsi 14 yo gucukura, Rct ya Pseudomonas aeruginosa ingero zageze kuri 32 kΩ cm2, ari munsi cyane ya 489 kΩ cm2 y'ingero zitari iza biyoloji (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Amashusho ya CLSM n'amashusho ya SEM ku Ishusho ya 5 bigaragaza neza ko irangi rya biofilm ku buso bw'icyitegererezo cya HDSS 2707 nyuma y'iminsi 7 ryari ryinshi. Ariko, nyuma y'iminsi 14, ubwinshi bwa biofilm bwari bubi cyane kandi hari uturemangingo twapfuye twagaragaye. Imbonerahamwe ya 5 igaragaza ubunini bwa biofilm ku ngero 2707 za HDSS nyuma yo kwandura P. aeruginosa mu minsi 7 na 14. Ubunini ntarengwa bwa biofilm bwahindutse buva kuri 23.4 µm nyuma y'iminsi 7 bugera kuri 18.9 µm nyuma y'iminsi 14. Ubunini bwa biofilm mpuzandengo nabwo bwemeje iyi ntambwe. Yagabanutse kuva kuri 22.2 ± 0.7 μm nyuma y'iminsi 7 igera kuri 17.8 ± 1.0 μm nyuma y'iminsi 14.
(a) Ishusho ya 3-D CLSM mu minsi 7, (b) Ishusho ya 3-D CLSM mu minsi 14, (c) Ishusho ya SEM mu minsi 7, na (d) Ishusho ya SEM mu minsi 14.
EMF yagaragaje ibintu bya chimique muri biofilms n'ibikomoka kuri corruption ku bipimo byagaragaye kuri P. aeruginosa mu minsi 14. Ku ishusho ya 6, igaragaza ko ingano ya C, N, O, na P muri biofilms n'ibikomoka kuri corruption iri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ibiri mu byuma bisukuye, kubera ko ibyo bintu bifitanye isano na biofilms na metabolites zabyo. Mikorobe zikenera gusa ingano nto ya chromium na fer. Igipimo cyo hejuru cya Cr na Fe muri biofilm n'ibikomoka kuri corruption ku buso bw'ibipimo bigaragaza ko icyuma cyatakaje ibintu kubera corruption.
Nyuma y'iminsi 14, imyobo irimo na idafite P. aeruginosa yagaragaye mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 2216E. Mbere yo kuyishyiramo, ubuso bw'ingero bwari bworoshye kandi nta nenge bwari bufite (Ishusho ya 7a). Nyuma yo kuyishyiramo no gukuraho biofilm na corruption products, imyobo miremire cyane ku buso bw'ingero yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe CLSM, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7b na c. Nta mwobo ugaragara wabonetse ku buso bw'igenzura ritari iry'ibinyabuzima (ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bw'imyobo 0.02 µm). Ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bw'imyobo bwatewe na P. aeruginosa bwari 0.52 µm mu minsi 7 na 0.69 µm mu minsi 14, hashingiwe ku bujyakuzimu ntarengwa bw'imyobo bwavuye mu ngero 3 (ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa 10 bw'imyobo bwatoranijwe kuri buri ngero). Ibyagezweho ni 0.42 ± 0.12 µm na 0.52 ± 0.15 µm, uko bikurikirana (Imbonerahamwe ya 5). Ubujyakuzimu bw'imyobo ni buke ariko ni ingenzi.
(a) mbere yo kugaragara, (b) iminsi 14 ahantu hatari ibinyabutabire, na (c) iminsi 14 mu mufa wa Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Ku ishusho ya 8, imbonerahamwe yerekana imiterere ya XPS y’ubuso butandukanye bw’icyitegererezo, kandi imiterere y’imiti yasesenguwe kuri buri buso ikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya 6. Muri Imbonerahamwe ya 6, ijanisha rya atome rya Fe na Cr mu gihe P. aeruginosa (ingero A na B) ryari hasi cyane ugereranyije n’iry’igenzura ritari iry’ibinyabuzima. (ingero C na D). Ku rugero rwa P. aeruginosa, umurongo wa spectral ku rwego rwa nucleus ya Cr 2p washyizwe ku bice bine by’isonga bifite ingufu zo gufatanya (BE) za 574.4, 576.6, 578.3 na 586.8 eV, bishobora kwitirirwa Cr, Cr2O3, CrO3. na Cr(OH)3, uko bikurikirana (Ishusho ya 9a na b). Ku ngero zitari iy’ibinyabuzima, spectrum y’urwego rw’ingenzi rwa Cr 2p irimo imisozi ibiri y’ingenzi ya Cr (573.80 eV kuri BE) na Cr2O3 (575.90 eV kuri BE) mu mbonerahamwe. 9c na d, uko bikurikirana. Itandukaniro rigaragara cyane hagati y’ibipimo bya abiotic na P. aeruginosa ni ukuba hari Cr6+ hamwe n’igipimo kinini cya Cr(OH)3 (BE 586.8 eV) munsi ya biofilm.
Imiterere ya XPS yagutse y'ubuso bw'icyitegererezo cya 2707 HDSS mu buryo bubiri ni iminsi 7 na 14, uko bikurikirana.
(a) iminsi 7 yo guhura na P. aeruginosa, (b) iminsi 14 yo guhura na P. aeruginosa, (c) iminsi 7 mu bidukikije bitagira ibinyabuzima, na (d) iminsi 14 mu bidukikije bitagira ibinyabuzima.
HDSS igaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rwo kurwanya ingese mu bidukikije byinshi. Kim et al.2 bavuze ko HDSS UNS S32707 yagaragaye ko ari DSS ifite PREN irenze 45. Agaciro ka PREN k'icyitegererezo cya 2707 HDSS muri iki gikorwa kari 49. Ibi biterwa n'ingano ya chromium nyinshi n'ingano ya molybdenum na nikeli nyinshi, ingirakamaro mu bidukikije bifite aside nyinshi. Byongeye kandi, imiterere itunganye neza n'imiterere mito idafite inenge ni ingirakamaro mu gutuma imiterere ikomera kandi irwanya ingese. Ariko, nubwo ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese neza, amakuru y'igerageza muri iki gikorwa agaragaza ko 2707 HDSS idakingiwe burundu na P. aeruginosa biofilm MICs.
Ibisubizo bya elegitoroniki byagaragaje ko igipimo cya 2707 HDSS mu mufa wa P. aeruginosa cyiyongereye cyane nyuma y'iminsi 14 ugereranije n'ibidukikije bitari ibya binyabuzima. Ku Ishusho ya 2a, igabanuka rya Eocp ryagaragaye haba mu buryo bwa abiotic no mu mufa wa P. aeruginosa mu masaha 24 ya mbere. Nyuma y'ibyo, biofilm itwikira ubuso bw'icyitegererezo burundu, maze Eocp iba ihamye36. Ariko, urwego rwa Eocp mu binyabuzima rwari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'urwego rwa Eocp rutari urw'ibinyabuzima. Hari impamvu zo kwizera ko iri tandukaniro rifitanye isano no kuremwa kwa P. aeruginosa biofilms. Ku ishusho ya 2d imbere ya P. aeruginosa, agaciro ka icorr 2707 HDSS kageze kuri 0.627 μA cm-2, kari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'urwego rwa abiotic (0.063 μA cm-2), byari bihuye n'agaciro ka Rct kapimwe na EIS. Mu minsi mike ya mbere, agaciro k’impedansi mu muyoboro wa P. aeruginosa kariyongereye bitewe no gufatana kwa selile za P. aeruginosa no gukora biofilms. Ariko, iyo biofilm itwikiriye ubuso bw’icyitegererezo, impedansi iragabanuka. Urusobe rw’uburinzi rwibasirwa ahanini bitewe no gukora biofilms na metabolites za biofilm. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubudahangarwa bwa corruption bwaragabanutse uko igihe cyagiye gihita kandi gufatana kwa P. aeruginosa byateraga corruption. Imiterere y’ibidukikije bitari abiotic yari itandukanye. Ubudahangarwa bwa corruption bw’igenzura ritari abiotic bwari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’agaciro k’ingero zagaragaye ku muyoboro wa P. aeruginosa. Byongeye kandi, ku bijyanye no gufatana kwa abiotic, agaciro ka Rct 2707 HDSS kageze kuri 489 kΩ cm2 ku munsi wa 14, kari hejuru inshuro 15 ugereranyije n’agaciro ka Rct (32 kΩ cm2) iyo P. aeruginosa yari irimo. Bityo, 2707 HDSS ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese mu kirere kidahumanye, ariko ntirwanya MICs zituruka kuri P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Ibi bisubizo bishobora kandi kugaragara uhereye ku miterere ya polarization iri ku ishusho ya 2b. Ishami rya anodic ryagiye rifitanye isano no kurema Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm no gukora oxidation y'icyuma. Muri iki gihe, reaction ya cathodic ni ukugabanuka kwa ogisijeni. Kuba P. aeruginosa yarazamuye cyane ubucucike bw'umuyoboro wa corrosion, ku rugero runini kurusha mu igenzura rya abiotic. Ibi bigaragaza ko P. aeruginosa biofilm yongera corrosion ya localized ya 2707 HDSS. Yuan n'abandi 29 basanze ubucucike bw'umuyoboro wa corrosion wa Cu-Ni 70/30 alloy bwiyongereye bitewe n'ibikorwa bya P. aeruginosa biofilm. Ibi bishobora guterwa na biocatalysis yo kugabanya ogisijeni na Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Iki gitekerezo gishobora kandi gusobanura MIC 2707 HDSS muri iki gikorwa. Hashobora kandi kuba ogisijeni nke munsi ya biofilms za aerobic. Kubwibyo, kwanga kongera gukoresha ogisijeni ku buso bw'icyuma bishobora kuba ikintu gituma MIC muri iki gikorwa ikora.
Dickinson n'abandi 38 bavuze ko igipimo cy'imikorere ya shimi n'amashanyarazi gishobora kugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere ya bagiteri za sessile ku buso bw'icyitegererezo n'imiterere y'ibikomoka ku ingese. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5 n'Imbonerahamwe ya 5, umubare w'uturemangingo n'ubugari bwa biofilm byagabanutse nyuma y'iminsi 14. Ibi bishobora gusobanurwa neza n'uko nyuma y'iminsi 14, inyinshi mu turemangingo twa sessile ku buso bwa 2707 HDSS zapfuye kubera kugabanuka kw'intungamubiri mu buryo bwa 2216E cyangwa kurekurwa kwa iyoni z'icyuma zihumanya ziva muri matrix ya 2707 HDSS. Iyi ni imbogamizi ku bushakashatsi bw'itsinda.
Muri iki gikorwa, biofilm ya P. aeruginosa yagize uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa Cr na Fe munsi ya biofilm ku buso bwa 2707 HDSS (Ishusho ya 6). Imbonerahamwe ya 6 igaragaza igabanuka rya Fe na Cr mu cyitegererezo cya D ugereranije n'icyitegererezo cya C, bigaragaza ko Fe na Cr byashongeshejwe byatewe na biofilm ya P. aeruginosa byakomeje mu minsi 7 ya mbere. ibidukikije bya 2216E bikoreshwa mu kwigana ibidukikije byo mu mazi. Birimo 17700 ppm Cl-, bingana n'ibiri mu mazi karemano yo mu nyanja. Kuba hari 17700 ppm Cl- ni byo byatumye Cr igabanuka mu bipimo bya abiotic by'iminsi 7 na 14 byasesenguwe na XPS. Ugereranije n'ibipimo bya P. aeruginosa, gushonga kwa Cr mu bipimo bya abiotic byari bike cyane bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bukomeye bwa 2707 HDSS kuri chlorine mu gihe cy'abiotic. Ku ishusho ya 9 bigaragaza ko hari Cr6+ muri filimi idakora. Bishobora kuba bifite uruhare mu gukuraho chromium mu byuma hakoreshejwe P. aeruginosa biofilms, nk'uko Chen na Clayton babivuze.
Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bwa bagiteri, agaciro ka pH y’ubuso mbere na nyuma yo guhinga kari 7.4 na 8.2. Bityo, munsi ya P. aeruginosa biofilm, kwangirika kwa aside organic ntibishoboka ko byagira uruhare muri iki gikorwa bitewe na pH iri hejuru mu buso. pH y’ubuso butari ubw’ibinyabuzima ntiyahindutse cyane (kuva kuri 7.4 ya mbere kugeza kuri 7.5 ya nyuma) mu gihe cy’iminsi 14 y’igerageza. Ukwiyongera kwa pH mu buso bw’imbuto nyuma yo gukubitwa byatewe n’imikorere ya P. aeruginosa kandi byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka zimwe kuri pH mu gihe nta mirongo y’igerageza irimo.
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7, ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bw'icyobo cyatewe na P. aeruginosa biofilm bwari 0.69 µm, buruta cyane ubw'icyobo cy'ubuhumekero (0.02 µm). Ibi bihuye n'amakuru ya elegitoroniki yavuzwe haruguru. Ubujyakuzimu bw'icyobo bwa 0.69 µm ni bugufi inshuro zirenga icumi ugereranyije n'agaciro ka 9.5 µm kavuzwe kuri 2205 DSS mu bihe bimwe. Aya makuru agaragaza ko 2707 HDSS igaragaza ubudahangarwa bwiza kuri MICs kurusha 2205 DSS. Ibi ntibikwiye gutungurana kuko 2707 HDSS ifite urugero rwa Cr rwinshi rutanga passivation ndende, bigoranye cyane gukuramo passivation ya P. aeruginosa, kandi kubera imiterere yayo iringaniye nta mvura yangiza itera imyanda.
Mu gusoza, imyobo ya MIC yabonetse ku buso bwa 2707 HDSS mu mufa wa P. aeruginosa ugereranije n'imyobo idakomeye iri mu bidukikije bidakoresha imiti. Uyu murimo ugaragaza ko 2707 HDSS ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza kuri MIC kurusha 2205 DSS, ariko ntabwo irakingirwa burundu na MIC bitewe na P. aeruginosa biofilm. Ibi bisubizo bifasha mu guhitamo ibyuma bitagira umugese bikwiye no kumara igihe kirekire mu bidukikije byo mu mazi.
Kuponi ya 2707 HDSS yatanzwe n'Ishuri ry'Ubutabire rya Kaminuza ya Northeastern (NEU) i Shenyang, mu Bushinwa. Imiterere y'ibice bya 2707 HDSS igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, yasesenguwe n'Ishami rishinzwe gusesengura no gusuzuma ibikoresho bya NEU. Ingero zose zavuwe kugira ngo zihabwe umuti ukomeye kuri 1180°C mu gihe cy'isaha 1. Mbere yo gupima ingese, 2707 HDSS ifite ubuso bufunguye bwa cm2 1 yasibwe kugeza ku gishishwa cya 2000 ikoresheje sandpaper ya silicon carbide hanyuma irangi rya Al2O3 rya 0.05 µm. Impande n'inyuma birinzwe irangi ritagira isuku. Nyuma yo kumisha, ingero zogejwe n'amazi yakuwemo inzoga hanyuma zigashyirwamo ethanol ya 75% (v/v) mu gihe cy'amasaha 0.5. Hanyuma zarumishwaga mu kirere munsi y'urumuri rwa ultraviolet (UV) mu gihe cy'amasaha 0.5 mbere yo gukoreshwa.
Ubwoko bwa Marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCCC 1A00099 bwaguzwe mu kigo cya Xiamen Marine Culture Collection Center (MCCC), mu Bushinwa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa yahinzwe mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwa aerobic kuri 37°C. mu macupa ya mililitiro 250 n’uturemangingo tw’ibirahuri twa mililitiro 500 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Marine 2216E (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, mu Bushinwa). Ingano irimo (g/l): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.08 SrBr2, 0.022 H3BO3, 0.004 NaSiO3, 0016 6NH26NH3, 3.0016 NH3 5.0 peptone, 1.0 ifu y'umusemburo na 0.1 citrate y'icyuma. Shyira kuri 121°C mu gihe cy'iminota 20 mbere yo gutera. Bara uturemangingo twa sessile na planktonic ukoresheje hemocytometer munsi ya mikorosikopi y'urumuri kuri 400x magnification. Ingano ya mbere ya planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa ako kanya nyuma yo gutera yari hafi uturemangingo 106/ml.
Ibizamini bya elegitoroniki byakozwe mu kazu k’ikirahure ka electrode eshatu gasanzwe gafite ingano iciriritse ya mililitiro 500. Urupapuro rwa platine na electrode ya calomel yuzuye (SAE) byahujwe n’icyuma gica mu miyoboro ya Luggin yuzuyemo ibiraro by’umunyu, byakoreshejwe nk’ibice birwanya n’ibipimo. Mu gukora electrode zikora, insinga z’umuringa zakozwe mu rubuzo zashyizwe kuri buri gipimo maze zitwikirwa na epoxy resin, hasigara ahantu hatakingiwe electrode ikora ku ruhande rumwe. Mu gihe cyo gupima electrochemical, ingero zashyizwe mu buryo bwa 2216E kandi zibikwa ku bushyuhe buhoraho bwo gucukura (37°C) mu bwogero bw’amazi. OCP, LPR, EIS n’amakuru ya polarization ashobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe Autolab potentiostat (Reference 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA). Ibizamini bya LPR byafashwe ku gipimo cya scan cya 0.125 mV s-1 mu ntera iri hagati ya -5 na 5 mV na Eocp n’igipimo cya sampling cya 1 Hz. EIS yakozwe hakoreshejwe umuraba wa sine ku ntera ya frequency iri hagati ya 0.01 na 10.000 Hz hakoreshejwe voltage ya 5 mV kuri Eocp ihamye. Mbere yo gukurura ubushobozi, electrodes zari mu buryo butagira icyo zikora kugeza igihe agaciro gahamye k'ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ku buntu kageze. Imirongo ya polarization yapimwe kuva kuri -0.2 kugeza kuri 1.5 V nk'uko Eocp ikora ku gipimo cya scan cya 0.166 mV/s. Buri kizamini cyasubiwemo inshuro 3 hamwe na P. aeruginosa kandi idafite.
Ingero zo gusesengura metallographic zaratunganyijwe hakoreshejwe impapuro za SiC 2000 zitose hanyuma zikongerwaho ifu ya Al2O3 ya 0.05 µm kugira ngo zirebe neza. Isesengura rya metallographic ryakozwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'urumuri. Ingero zashushanyijwe hakoreshejwe umuti wa 10 wt% wa potassium hydroxide 43.
Nyuma yo gukaraba, ingero zogejwe inshuro 3 na fosfeti buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) hanyuma zigashyirwamo 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde mu gihe cy'amasaha 10 kugira ngo hakorwe biofilms. Hanyuma zashyizweho ethanol yakuwemo (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% na 100% by'ingano) mbere yo kumisha umwuka. Amaherezo, agapira ka zahabu gashyirwa ku buso bw'icyitegererezo kugira ngo hatangwe ubushobozi bwo kugenzura SEM. Amashusho ya SEM yibanze ku duce dufite utunyangingo twa P. aeruginosa twinshi ku buso bwa buri cyitegererezo. Kora isesengura rya EDS kugira ngo umenye ibintu bya shimi. Mikorosikopi ya Zeiss confocal laser scanning (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Ubudage) yakoreshejwe mu gupima ubujyakuzimu bw'icyobo. Kugira ngo harebwe ibyobo byangiritse munsi ya biofilm, icyitegererezo cy’ikizamini cyabanje gusukurwa hakurikijwe Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubushinwa (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 kugira ngo hakureho ibikoresho byangiritse na biofilm ku buso bw’icyitegererezo cy’ikizamini.
Isesengura rya X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB250 surface analysis system, Thermo VG, USA) ryakozwe hakoreshejwe isoko rya X-ray monochromatic (umurongo wa Aluminium Kα ufite ingufu za 1500 eV n'imbaraga za 150 W) mu bwoko bwinshi bw'ingufu zo gufatanya 0 mu bihe bisanzwe bya -1350 eV. Spektara zo hejuru zafashwe hakoreshejwe ingufu zo kohereza 50 eV n'intambwe ya 0.2 eV.
Ingero zashyizwemo zakuwemo hanyuma zogezwa buhoro buhoro na PBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) mu gihe cy'amasegonda 1545. Kugira ngo harebwe ubushobozi bwa bagiteri bwa biofilms ku bipimo, biofilms zashyizwemo irangi hakoreshejwe LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA). Iyi kit irimo amarangi abiri ya fluorescent: irangi ry'icyatsi kibisi rya SYTO-9 na irangi ry'umutuku rya propidium iodide (PI). Muri CLSM, utudomo tw'icyatsi kibisi n'umutuku tugaragaza uturemangingo tuzima n'utw'abapfuye, uko bikurikirana. Mu gusiga irangi, ml 1 y'uruvange rurimo 3 µl ya SYTO-9 na 3 µl ya PI yashyizwemo irangi mu gihe cy'iminota 20 ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba (23°C) mu mwijima. Nyuma yaho, ingero zashyizwemo irangi zasuzumwe ku bunini bubiri (488 nm ku turemangingo tuzima na 559 nm ku turemangingo twapfuye) hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya Nikon CLSM (C2 Plus, Nikon, Ubuyapani). Ubunini bwa biofilm bwapimwe mu buryo bwa 3D scanning.
Uburyo bwo kuvuga iyi nkuru: Li, H. et al. Ingufu za mikorobe zo mu cyuma gikozwe muri 2707 super duplex na Pseudomonas aeruginosa marine biofilm. the science. 6, 20190. doi: 10.1038/srep20190 (2016).
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