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He pilikia koʻikoʻi ka palaho microbial (MIC) i nā ʻoihana he nui, no ka mea hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pohō waiwai nui. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila super duplex 2707 (2707 HDSS) i nā wahi kai ma muli o kona kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka MIC ma ke ʻano hoʻokolohua. Ua nānā kēia haʻawina i ke ʻano o MIC 2707 HDSS i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka bacteria aerobic kai ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi electrochemical i ke alo o ka biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa i loko o ka medium 2216E, kahi loli maikaʻi i ka hiki ke palaho a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ke au corrosion. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi o ka spectroscopy photoelectron X-ray (XPS) i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike Cr ma ka ʻili o ka laʻana ma lalo o ka biofilm. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi ʻike maka o nā lua ua hana ka biofilm P. aeruginosa i ka hohonu o ka lua he 0.69 µm i loko o 14 mau lā o ka incubation. ʻOiai he mea liʻiliʻi kēia, hōʻike ia ʻaʻole i palekana loa ʻo 2707 HDSS i ka MIC o nā biofilms P. aeruginosa.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kila kila Duplex (DSS) ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole ma muli o ka hui kūpono o nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion1,2. Eia nō naʻe, ke hana mau nei ka pitting kūloko a hoʻopilikia i ka pono o kēia kila3,4. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka DSS i ka corrosion microbial (MIC)5,6. ʻOiai ka laulā o nā noi no DSS, aia nō nā wahi kahi i lawa ʻole ai ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka DSS no ka hoʻohana lōʻihi. ʻO ia hoʻi, pono nā mea pipiʻi me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe. Ua ʻike ʻo Jeon et al7 ʻoiai nā kila kila super duplex (SDSS) he mau palena ko lākou e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion. No laila, i kekahi mau hihia, pono nā kila kila super duplex (HDSS) me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka HDSS alloyed kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka DSS i ka palaho e pili ana i ka lakio o nā pae alpha a me gamma a ua hoʻopau ʻia ma nā ʻāpana Cr, Mo a me W 8, 9, 10 e pili ana i ka pae ʻelua. Loaʻa i ka HDSS kahi ʻike kiʻekiʻe o Cr, Mo a me N11, no laila he kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa ia a me kahi waiwai kiʻekiʻe (45-50) o ka helu kūpaʻa pitting like (PREN) i hoʻoholo ʻia e wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt. .%W) + 16% wt. N12. ʻO kona kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka palaho e pili ana i kahi hui kaulike e loaʻa ana ma kahi o 50% ferritic (α) a me 50% austenitic (γ) mau pae. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical o ka HDSS a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho chloride. ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa palaho e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana o HDSS i nā wahi chloride ʻoi aku ka ikaika e like me nā wahi kai.
He pilikia nui nā MIC i nā ʻoihana he nui e like me ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me nā ʻoihana wai14. ʻO MIC ka helu no 20% o nā pōʻino corrosion āpau15. ʻO MIC kahi corrosion bioelectrochemical hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi he nui. Hoʻololi nā Biofilms e hana ʻia ma nā ʻili metala i nā kūlana electrochemical, a laila e hoʻopilikia ana i ke kaʻina hana corrosion. Ua manaʻo nui ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka corrosion MIC e nā biofilms. ʻAi nā microorganisms Electrogenic i nā metala e loaʻa ai ka ikehu e pono ai lākou e ola17. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina MIC hou ʻo EET (extracellular electron transfer) ka mea e kaupalena ana i ka wikiwiki ma MIC i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā microorganisms electrogenic. Ua hōʻike ʻo Zhang et al. 18 e hoʻolalelale nā ​​​​​​mea waena electron i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā electrons ma waena o nā cell Desulfovibrio sessificans a me 304 stainless steel, e hopena ana i ka hoʻouka kaua MIC koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻo Anning et al. 19 a me Wenzlaff et al. 20 e hiki i nā biofilms o nā bacteria corrosive sulfate-reducing (SRBs) ke omo pololei i nā electrons mai nā substrates metala, e hopena ana i ka pitting koʻikoʻi.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo DSS he mea hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e MIC i loko o nā media e loaʻa ana nā SRB, nā bacteria hoʻemi hao (IRB), a pēlā aku. 21. Hoʻokumu kēia mau bacteria i ka pitting kūloko ma ka ʻili o DSS ma lalo o nā biofilms22,23. ʻAʻole e like me DSS, ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia ka HDSS24 MIC.
He bacteria Gram-negative, motile, ʻano koʻokoʻo ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma ke ʻano25. He hui microbial nui nō hoʻi ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa i loko o ke kai, e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻano MIC. Ke komo ikaika nei ʻo Pseudomonas i ke kaʻina hana corrosion a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he colonizer paionia i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm. Ua hōʻike ʻo Mahat et al. 28 lāua ʻo Yuan et al. 29 e hoʻonui ana ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa i ka nui o ka corrosion o ke kila akahai a me nā alloys i nā wahi wai.
ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o kēia hana, ʻo ia ke noiʻi ʻana i nā waiwai o MIC 2707 HDSS i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka bacteria aerobic kai ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano electrochemical, nā ʻano loiloi ʻili a me ka loiloi huahana corrosion. Ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina electrochemical, me ka open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a me ka potential dynamic polarization, e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka MIC 2707 HDSS. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi spectrometric dispersive ikehu (EDS) e ʻike i nā mea kemika ma luna o kahi ʻili i ʻino ʻia. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) e hoʻoholo i ke kūpaʻa o ka passivation film oxide ma lalo o ka mana o kahi kaiapuni kai e loaʻa ana iā Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ua ana ʻia ka hohonu o nā lua ma lalo o kahi microscope scanning laser confocal (CLSM).
Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka haku mele kemika o 2707 HDSS. Hōʻike ka Papa 2 he mau waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa ko 2707 HDSS me ka ikaika yield o 650 MPa. Ma ke kiʻi 1 hōʻike i ka microstructure optical o ka solution i mālama ʻia me ka wela 2707 HDSS. I loko o ka microstructure e loaʻa ana ma kahi o 50% austenite a me 50% ferrite phases, ʻike ʻia nā kaula elongated o nā austenite a me nā ferrite phases me ka ʻole o nā lua.
Ma ke kiʻi 2a e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke kaapuni hāmama (Eocp) e kūʻē i ka manawa hōʻike no 2707 HDSS i loko o ka 2216E abiotic medium a me ka P. aeruginosa broth no 14 mau lā ma 37°C. Hōʻike ia ʻo ka loli nui loa a koʻikoʻi loa ma Eocp e hana ʻia i loko o nā hola 24 mua. ʻO nā waiwai Eocp i nā hihia ʻelua i piʻi i luna ma -145 mV (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SCE) ma kahi o 16 h a laila hāʻule koke, hiki i ka -477 mV (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SCE) a me -236 mV (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SCE) no ka laʻana abiotic. a me nā kūpona P Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kēlā me kēia). Ma hope o 24 mau hola, ua paʻa ka waiwai Eocp 2707 HDSS no P. aeruginosa ma -228 mV (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SCE), ʻoiai ʻo ka waiwai like no nā laʻana ʻaʻole biological ma kahi o -442 mV (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SCE). Ua haʻahaʻa loa ka Eocp i ke alo o P. aeruginosa.
Haʻawina electrochemical o 2707 mau laʻana HDSS i loko o ka medium abiotic a me ka wai Pseudomonas aeruginosa ma 37 °C:
(a) ʻO Eocp ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa hōʻike, (b) nā piʻo polarization i ka lā 14, (c) ʻO Rp ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa hōʻike, a me (d) ʻo icorr ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa hōʻike.
Hōʻike ka Papa 3 i nā palena electrochemical corrosion o 2707 mau laʻana HDSS i hōʻike ʻia i nā media abiotic a me Pseudomonas aeruginosa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o 14 mau lā. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā tangents o nā piʻo anode a me cathode e loaʻa ai nā intersections e hāʻawi ana i ka corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr) a me Tafel slope (βα a me βc) e like me nā ʻano maʻamau 30,31.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 2b, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana i luna o ke kiʻikuhi P. aeruginosa i hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o Ecorr i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kiʻikuhi abiotic. ʻO ka waiwai icorr, i kūlike me ka helu corrosion, ua piʻi aʻe i 0.328 µA cm-2 i loko o ka laʻana Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻehā manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka laʻana non-biological (0.087 µA cm-2).
He ʻano hana electrochemical maʻamau ʻaʻole luku ʻia ka LPR no ka loiloi wikiwiki ʻana i ka pala. Ua hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ia e aʻo iā MIC32. Ma ke kiʻi 2c e hōʻike ana i ke kū'ē polarization (Rp) ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa hōʻike. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka waiwai Rp ʻo ia hoʻi ka emi ʻana o ka pala. I loko o nā hola 24 mua, ua piʻi ka Rp 2707 HDSS i ka 1955 kΩ cm2 no nā specimens abiotic a me 1429 kΩ cm2 no nā specimens Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hōʻike pū ka Kiʻi 2c ua emi koke ka waiwai Rp ma hope o hoʻokahi lā a laila noho mau i ka loli ʻole i nā lā 13 e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka waiwai Rp o kahi laʻana Pseudomonas aeruginosa ma kahi o 40 kΩ cm2, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka waiwai 450 kΩ cm2 o kahi laʻana ʻaʻole biological.
Ua like ka waiwai o icorr me ka nui o ka palaho like. Hiki ke helu ʻia kona waiwai mai ka hoohalike Stern-Giri ma lalo nei:
Wahi a Zoe et al. 33, ua lawe ʻia ka waiwai maʻamau o ka pali Tafel B ma kēia hana he 26 mV/dec. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2d ua noho paʻa ka icorr o ka hāpana ʻole-biological 2707, ʻoiai ua loli nui ka hāpana P. aeruginosa ma hope o nā hola 24 mua. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai icorr o nā hāpana P. aeruginosa ma mua o nā kaohi ʻole-biological. Kūlike kēia ʻano me nā hopena o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka polarization.
ʻO EIS kekahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i nā hopena electrochemical ma nā ʻili i ʻino ʻia. ʻO nā spectra impedance a me nā waiwai capacitance i helu ʻia o nā laʻana i hōʻike ʻia i kahi kaiapuni abiotic a me ka hopena Pseudomonas aeruginosa, passive film/biofilm resistance Rb i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili laʻana, charge transfer resistance Rct, electrical double layer capacitance Cdl (EDL) a me nā palena QCPE Phase element constant (CPE). Ua kālailai hou ʻia kēia mau palena ma ke kau ʻana i ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike equivalent circuit (EEC).
Ma ke kiʻi 3 e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻi Nyquist maʻamau (a a me b) a me nā kiʻi Bode (a' a me b') no 2707 mau laʻana HDSS i loko o nā pāpaho abiotic a me ka wai P. aeruginosa no nā manawa hoʻoulu like ʻole. Ke emi nei ke anawaena o ke apo Nyquist i ke alo o Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hōʻike ka kiʻi Bode (Kiʻi 3b') i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka impedance holoʻokoʻa. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka manawa hoʻomaha mai ka pae maxima. Ma ke kiʻi 4 e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano kino e pili ana i kahi monolayer (a) a me kahi bilayer (b) a me nā EEC e pili ana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo CPE i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike EEC. Hōʻike ʻia kona komo ʻana a me ka impedance penei:
ʻElua mau kumu hoʻohālike kino a me nā kaapuni like e pili ana no ke kūpono ʻana i ka spectrum impedance o ka laʻana 2707 HDSS:
kahi ʻo Y0 ka waiwai KPI, ʻo j ka helu hoʻokalakupua a i ʻole (-1)1/2, ʻo ω ke alapine angular, ʻo n ka helu mana KPI i emi iho ma mua o hoʻokahi35. ʻO ka hoʻohuli kū'ē hoʻoili hoʻouka (ʻo ia hoʻi 1/Rct) e pili ana i ka helu corrosion. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o Rct, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu corrosion27. Ma hope o 14 mau lā o ka incubation, ua hōʻea ka Rct o nā laʻana Pseudomonas aeruginosa i 32 kΩ cm2, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka 489 kΩ cm2 o nā laʻana ʻaʻole olaola (Papa 4).
Hōʻike maopopo nā kiʻi CLSM a me nā kiʻi SEM ma ke Kiʻi 5 ua mānoanoa ka uhi biofilm ma ka ʻili o ka laʻana HDSS 2707 ma hope o 7 mau lā. Eia naʻe, ma hope o 14 mau lā, ua maikaʻi ʻole ka uhi biofilm a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau cell make. Hōʻike ka Papa 5 i ka mānoanoa biofilm ma 2707 mau laʻana HDSS ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana iā P. aeruginosa no 7 a me 14 mau lā. Ua loli ka mānoanoa biofilm kiʻekiʻe loa mai 23.4 µm ma hope o 7 mau lā a i 18.9 µm ma hope o 14 mau lā. Ua hōʻoia pū ka mānoanoa biofilm awelika i kēia ʻano. Ua emi iho ia mai 22.2 ± 0.7 μm ma hope o 7 mau lā a i 17.8 ± 1.0 μm ma hope o 14 mau lā.
(a) Kiʻi 3-D CLSM i nā lā 7, (b) Kiʻi 3-D CLSM i nā lā 14, (c) Kiʻi SEM i nā lā 7, a me (d) Kiʻi SEM i nā lā 14.
Ua hōʻike ʻo EMF i nā mea kemika i loko o nā biofilms a me nā huahana pala ma nā laʻana i hōʻike ʻia iā P. aeruginosa no 14 mau lā. Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 6 ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike o C, N, O, a me P i loko o nā biofilms a me nā huahana pala ma mua o nā metala maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai ua pili kēia mau mea me nā biofilms a me kā lākou metabolites. Pono nā microbes i nā nui liʻiliʻi o ka chromium a me ka hao. ʻO nā pae kiʻekiʻe o Cr a me Fe i loko o ka biofilm a me nā huahana pala ma ka ʻili o nā laʻana e hōʻike ana ua nalowale nā ​​​​mea o ka matrix metala ma muli o ka pala.
Ma hope o 14 mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia nā lua me a me ka ʻole o P. aeruginosa ma ka medium 2216E. Ma mua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ua laumania ka ʻili o nā laʻana a ʻaʻohe kīnā (Kiʻi 7a). Ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i ka biofilm a me nā huahana corrosion, ua nānā ʻia nā lua hohonu loa ma ka ʻili o nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CLSM, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7b a me c. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi pitting maopopo ma ka ʻili o nā kaohi ʻole biological (ka hohonu pitting kiʻekiʻe loa 0.02 µm). ʻO ka hohonu lua kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻokumu ʻia e P. aeruginosa he 0.52 µm i 7 mau lā a me 0.69 µm i 14 mau lā, ma muli o ka awelika hohonu lua kiʻekiʻe mai 3 mau laʻana (ua koho ʻia he 10 mau hohonu lua kiʻekiʻe no kēlā me kēia laʻana). Hoʻokō ʻia he 0.42 ± 0.12 µm a me 0.52 ± 0.15 µm, kēlā me kēia (Papa 5). He liʻiliʻi kēia mau waiwai hohonu lua akā he mea nui.
(a) ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana, (b) 14 mau lā i loko o kahi ʻano abiotic, a me (c) 14 mau lā i loko o ka wai Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Papa 8 i nā spectra XPS o nā ʻili laʻana like ʻole, a ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka haku mele kemika i kālailai ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻili ma ka Papa 6. Ma ka Papa 6, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā pakeneka atomika o Fe a me Cr i ke alo o P. aeruginosa (nā laʻana A a me B) ma mua o nā kaohi ʻole olaola. (nā laʻana C a me D). No kahi laʻana P. aeruginosa, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke kiʻikuhi spectral ma ka pae o ka nucleus Cr 2p i ʻehā mau ʻāpana piko me nā ikehu hoʻopaʻa (BE) o 574.4, 576.6, 578.3 a me 586.8 eV, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia iā Cr, Cr2O3, CrO3. a me Cr(OH)3, kēlā me kēia (Kiʻi 9a a me b). No nā laʻana ʻaʻole olaola, aia i loko o ka spectrum o ka pae Cr 2p nui ʻelua mau piko nui no Cr (573.80 eV no BE) a me Cr2O3 (575.90 eV no BE) ma nā Kiʻi 9c a me d, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi loa ma waena o nā laʻana abiotic a me nā laʻana P. aeruginosa ʻo ia ke alo o Cr6+ a me kahi ʻāpana pili kiʻekiʻe o Cr(OH)3 (BE 586.8 eV) ma lalo o ka biofilm.
ʻO nā spectra XPS ākea o ka ʻili o ka laʻana 2707 HDSS ma nā pāpaho ʻelua he 7 a me 14 mau lā, kēlā me kēia.
(a) 7 lā o ka ʻike ʻana iā P. aeruginosa, (b) 14 lā o ka ʻike ʻana iā P. aeruginosa, (c) 7 lā i loko o kahi kaiapuni abiotic, a me (d) 14 lā i loko o kahi kaiapuni abiotic.
Hōʻike ʻo HDSS i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi. Ua hōʻike ʻo Kim et al.2 ua ʻike ʻia ʻo HDSS UNS S32707 he DSS i hoʻohuihui nui ʻia me ka PREN ʻoi aku ma mua o 45. ʻO ka waiwai PREN o ka laʻana 2707 HDSS ma kēia hana he 49. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka molybdenum a me ka nickel, he mea pono ia i nā wahi waikawa. a me nā wahi me ka nui o ka chloride. Eia kekahi, he mea maikaʻi ka hoʻohuihui kaulike a me ka microstructure kīnā ʻole no ke kūpaʻa o ka hoʻonohonoho a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai kona kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi loa, hōʻike ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua ma kēia hana ʻaʻole i pale loa ʻo 2707 HDSS i nā P. aeruginosa biofilm MICs.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena electrochemical ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka pala o 2707 HDSS i loko o ka wai P. aeruginosa ma hope o 14 mau lā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kaiapuni ʻole-biological. Ma ke Kiʻi 2a, ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o Eocp ma ka medium abiotic a me ka wai P. aeruginosa i nā hola 24 mua. Ma hope o kēlā, uhi piha ka biofilm i ka ʻili o ka laʻana, a lilo ʻo Eocp i mea paʻa36. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae Eocp biological ma mua o ka pae Eocp non-biological. Aia nā kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ua pili kēia ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā biofilms P. aeruginosa. Ma ke kiʻi 2d i ke alo o P. aeruginosa, ua hiki ka waiwai icorr 2707 HDSS i 0.627 μA cm-2, ʻo ia ke kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka mana abiotic (0.063 μA cm-2), i kūlike me ka waiwai Rct i ana ʻia e EIS. I nā lā mua, ua piʻi aʻe nā waiwai impedance i loko o ka wai P. aeruginosa ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pūnaewele P. aeruginosa a me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā biofilms. Eia naʻe, i ka wā e uhi piha ai ka biofilm i ka ʻili o ka laʻana, emi iho ka impedance. Hoʻouka nui ʻia ka papa pale ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā biofilms a me nā metabolites biofilm. No laila, ua emi ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka palaho i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa a ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o P. aeruginosa i hoʻokumu i ka palaho kūloko. Ua ʻokoʻa nā ʻano i nā wahi abiotic. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka palaho o ka mana ʻole-biological ma mua o ka waiwai like o nā laʻana i hōʻike ʻia i ka wai P. aeruginosa. Eia kekahi, no nā komo abiotic, ua hiki ka waiwai Rct 2707 HDSS i 489 kΩ cm2 i ka lā 14, ʻo ia hoʻi he 15 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka waiwai Rct (32 kΩ cm2) i ke alo o P. aeruginosa. No laila, loaʻa i ka 2707 HDSS ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala i loko o kahi kaiapuni sterile, akā ʻaʻole ia e kū i nā MIC mai nā biofilms P. aeruginosa.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau hopena mai nā piʻo polarization ma nā Kiʻi 2b. Ua pili ka lālā Anodic me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa a me nā hopena oxidation metala. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hopena cathodic ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka oxygen. ʻO ke alo o P. aeruginosa i hoʻonui nui i ka nui o ke au corrosion, ma kahi o ke kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka mana abiotic. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka biofilm P. aeruginosa i ka corrosion kūloko o 2707 HDSS. Ua ʻike ʻo Yuan et al.29 ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ke au corrosion o ka Cu-Ni 70/30 alloy ma lalo o ka hana a P. aeruginosa biofilm. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka biocatalysis o ka hōʻemi oxygen e nā biofilms Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hiki i kēia ʻike ke wehewehe i ka MIC 2707 HDSS ma kēia hana. Hiki paha ke emi ka oxygen ma lalo o nā biofilms aerobic. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka ʻili metala me ka oxygen he mea ia e kōkua ai i ka MIC ma kēia hana.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Dickinson et al. 38 e hiki ke hoʻopilikia pololei ʻia ka wikiwiki o nā hopena kemika a me nā electrochemical e ka hana metabolic o nā bacteria sessile ma ka ʻili o ka laʻana a me ke ʻano o nā huahana corrosion. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5 a me ka Papa 5, ua emi ka helu o nā cell a me ka mānoanoa o ka biofilm ma hope o 14 mau lā. Hiki ke wehewehe pono ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o 14 mau lā, ua make ka hapa nui o nā cell sessile ma ka ʻili o 2707 HDSS ma muli o ka emi ʻana o nā meaʻai i loko o ka medium 2216E a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā ion metala ʻawahia mai ka matrix 2707 HDSS. He palena kēia o nā hoʻokolohua batch.
Ma kēia hana, ua hāʻawi kahi biofilm P. aeruginosa i ka hoʻopau kūloko o Cr a me Fe ma lalo o ka biofilm ma ka ʻili o 2707 HDSS (Kiʻi 6). Hōʻike ka Papa 6 i ka emi ʻana o Fe a me Cr i loko o ka laʻana D i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka laʻana C, e hōʻike ana ua mau ka Fe a me Cr i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka biofilm P. aeruginosa no nā lā 7 mua. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kaiapuni 2216E e hoʻohālike i ke kaiapuni kai. Loaʻa iā ia he 17700 ppm Cl-, kahi e like me kona ʻike i loko o ka wai kai maoli. ʻO ke alo o 17700 ppm Cl- ke kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o Cr i nā laʻana abiotic 7- a me 14 lā i kālailai ʻia e XPS. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā laʻana P. aeruginosa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Cr i loko o nā laʻana abiotic ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ikaika o 2707 HDSS i ka chlorine ma lalo o nā kūlana abiotic. Ma ke kiʻi 9 hōʻike i ke alo o Cr6+ i loko o ka ʻili passivating. Hiki paha ke pili i ka wehe ʻana o ka chromium mai nā ʻili kila e nā biofilms P. aeruginosa, e like me ka manaʻo o Chen lāua ʻo Clayton.
Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria, ʻo nā waiwai pH o ka medium ma mua a ma hope o ka mahi ʻana he 7.4 a me 8.2, kēlā me kēia. No laila, ma lalo o ka biofilm P. aeruginosa, ʻaʻole paha e kōkua ka palaho waikawa organik i kēia hana ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pH i loko o ka medium nui. ʻAʻole i loli nui ka pH o ka medium kaohi ʻole-biological (mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 7.4 a i ka hope loa 7.5) i ka wā hoʻāʻo 14 lā. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH i loko o ka medium hua ma hope o ka incubation ma muli o ka hana metabolic o P. aeruginosa a ua ʻike ʻia he hopena like ma ka pH i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7, ʻo ka hohonu o ka lua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka biofilm P. aeruginosa he 0.69 µm, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka medium abiotic (0.02 µm). He kūlike kēia me ka ʻikepili electrochemical i wehewehe ʻia ma luna. ʻOi aku ka hohonu o ka lua o 0.69 µm ma mua o ka ʻumi manawa ma mua o ka waiwai 9.5 µm i hōʻike ʻia no 2205 DSS ma lalo o nā kūlana like. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili e hōʻike ana ʻo 2707 HDSS i ka pale ʻana i nā MIC ma mua o 2205 DSS. ʻAʻole pono kēia e lilo i mea kupanaha no ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā pae Cr o 2707 HDSS e hāʻawi ana i ka passivation lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka depassivate P. aeruginosa, a ma muli o kona ʻano pae kaulike me ka ʻole o ka ua lua ʻino e hoʻoulu ai i ka pitting.
I ka hopena, ua loaʻa nā lua MIC ma luna o ka ʻili o 2707 HDSS i loko o ka wai P. aeruginosa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lua liʻiliʻi i loko o ke kaiapuni abiotic. Hōʻike kēia hana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kū'ē ʻana o 2707 HDSS i ka MIC ma mua o 2205 DSS, akā ʻaʻole ia i pale loa i ka MIC ma muli o ka biofilm P. aeruginosa. Kōkua kēia mau hopena i ke koho ʻana i nā kila kila kūpono a me ke ola no ke kaiapuni kai.
ʻO ke kūpona no 2707 HDSS i hāʻawi ʻia e ke Kula Metallurgy o ke Kulanui ʻo Northeastern (NEU) ma Shenyang, Kina. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haku mele o 2707 HDSS ma ka Papa 1, kahi i kālailai ʻia e ka NEU Materials Analysis and Testing Department. Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana āpau no ka hopena paʻa ma 1180°C no 1 hola. Ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pala, ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi 2707 HDSS ʻano kālā me kahi ʻili ākea o 1 cm2 i 2000 grit me ka pepa one silicon carbide a laila hoʻopili ʻia me ka slurry pauka 0.05 µm Al2O3. Pale ʻia nā ʻaoʻao a me lalo me ka pena inert. Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, ua holoi ʻia nā laʻana me ka wai deionized sterile a sterilized me 75% (v/v) ethanol no 0.5 h. A laila ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i ka ea ma lalo o ke kukui ultraviolet (UV) no 0.5 h ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
Ua kūʻai ʻia ke ʻano Pseudomonas aeruginosa Marine MCCC 1A00099 mai ke Kikowaena Hōʻiliʻili Moʻomeheu Kai Xiamen (MCCC), Kina. Ua ulu ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas aeruginosa ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic ma 37° C. i loko o nā ʻōmole 250 ml a me nā cell electrochemical aniani 500 ml me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai wai Marine 2216E (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Kina). Aia i loko o ka medium (g/l): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.08 SrBr2, 0.022 H3BO3, 0.004 NaSiO3, 0016 6NH26NH3, 3.0016 NH3 5.0 peptone, 1.0 yeast extract a me 0.1 iron citrate. E hoʻomoʻa i loko o ka autoclave ma 121°C no 20 mau minuke ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana. E helu i nā cell sessile a me nā planktonic me kahi hemocytometer ma lalo o kahi microscope māmā ma ka hoʻonui ʻana o 400x. ʻO ka nui mua o ka planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma kahi o 106 mau cell/ml.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻāʻo electrochemical i loko o kahi cell aniani ʻekolu-electrode maʻamau me ka nui waena o 500 ml. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka pepa platinum a me ka electrode calomel saturated (SAE) i ka reactor ma o nā capillaries Luggin i piha i nā alahaka paʻakai, i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he counter a me nā electrodes kuhikuhi. No ka hana ʻana i nā electrodes hana, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke kaula keleawe rubberized i kēlā me kēia laʻana a uhi ʻia me ka epoxy resin, e waiho ana ma kahi o 1 cm2 o kahi i pale ʻole ʻia no ka electrode hana ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. I ka wā o nā ana electrochemical, ua kau ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka medium 2216E a mālama ʻia i kahi mahana incubation mau (37°C) i loko o kahi ʻauʻau wai. Ua ana ʻia ka ʻikepili OCP, LPR, EIS a me ka polarization dynamic potential me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Autolab potentiostat (Reference 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hoʻāʻo LPR ma ka helu scan o 0.125 mV s-1 ma ka laulā o -5 a 5 mV me Eocp a me ka helu laʻana o 1 Hz. Ua hana ʻia ʻo EIS me kahi nalu sine ma luna o kahi alapine (frequency) o 0.01 a 10,000 Hz me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi volta i hoʻopili ʻia o 5 mV ma ke kūlana paʻa Eocp. Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka potential sweep, aia nā electrodes i ke ʻano hana ʻole a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i kahi waiwai paʻa o ka free corrosion potential. A laila ua ana ʻia nā piʻo polarization mai -0.2 a 1.5 V ma ke ʻano he hana o Eocp ma kahi scan rate o 0.166 mV/s. Ua hana hou ʻia kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo i 3 mau manawa me a me ka ʻole o P. aeruginosa.
Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā laʻana no ka loiloi metallographic me ka pepa SiC pulu 2000 grit a laila hoʻopili hou ʻia me ka pauka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o 0.05 µm Al2O3 no ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike maka. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi metallographic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope optical. Ua kālai ʻia nā laʻana me kahi hopena 10 wt% o ka potassium hydroxide 43.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ua holoi ʻia nā laʻana i ʻekolu manawa me ka phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia me 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde no 10 mau hola e hoʻopaʻa i nā biofilms. A laila ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia me ka ethanol batted (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% a me 100% ma ka nui) ma mua o ka maloʻo ʻana i ka ea. ʻO ka hope, ua waiho ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni gula ma luna o ka ʻili o ka laʻana e hāʻawi i ka conductivity no ka nānā ʻana o SEM. Ua kālele ʻia nā kiʻi SEM ma nā wahi me nā pūnaewele P. aeruginosa sessile loa ma ka ʻili o kēlā me kēia laʻana. E hana i kahi loiloi EDS e ʻike i nā mea kemika. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi microscope scanning laser confocal Zeiss (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Kelemānia) e ana i ka hohonu o ka lua. No ka nānā ʻana i nā lua pala ma lalo o ka biofilm, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia ka hāpana hoʻāʻo e like me ke Kānāwai Lahui Kina (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 e wehe i nā huahana pala a me ka biofilm mai ka ʻili o ka hāpana hoʻāʻo.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB250 surface analysis system, Thermo VG, USA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu X-ray monochromatic (laina Aluminium Kα me ka ikehu o 1500 eV a me ka mana o 150 W) ma kahi ākea o nā ikehu hoʻopaʻa 0 ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau o –1350 eV. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā spectra hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hoʻoili o 50 eV a me kahi ʻanuʻu o 0.2 eV.
Ua wehe ʻia nā laʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia a holoi mālie ʻia me PBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) no 15 s45. No ka nānā ʻana i ke ola bacteria o nā biofilms ma nā laʻana, ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia nā biofilms me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA). Loaʻa i ka pahu ʻelua mau dyes fluorescent: SYTO-9 ʻōmaʻomaʻo fluorescent dye a me propidium iodide (PI) ʻulaʻula fluorescent dye. Ma CLSM, hōʻike nā kiko fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻulaʻula i nā cell ola a me nā cell make. No ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ua hoʻoulu ʻia 1 ml o kahi hui ʻana me 3 µl o SYTO-9 a me 3 µl o ka hopena PI no 20 mau minuke ma ka mahana o ka lumi (23°C) i ka pouli. Ma hope iho, ua nānā ʻia nā laʻana i hoʻoluʻu ʻia ma ʻelua mau nalu (488 nm no nā cell ola a me 559 nm no nā cell make) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Nikon CLSM (C2 Plus, Nikon, Iapana). Ua ana ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka biofilm ma ke ʻano scan 3D.
Pehea e ʻōlelo ai i kēia ʻatikala: Li, H. et al. Ka pala ʻana o ka microbial o ke kila kila super duplex 2707 e ka biofilm kai Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ka ʻepekema. 6, 20190. doi: 10.1038/srep20190 (2016).
Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Ka haki ʻana o ka palaho koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila duplex LDX 2101 i loko o nā hopena chloride i ke alo o ka thiosulphate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Ka haki ʻana o ka palaho koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila duplex LDX 2101 i loko o nā hopena chloride i ke alo o ka thiosulphate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticcelli, C. & Zucchi, F. хлоридов в присутствии тиосульфата. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Ka haki ʻana o ka palaho o ke kila kila duplex LDX 2101 i loko o nā hopena chloride i ke alo o ka thiosulfate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticeli, C. & Zucchi, F. LDX 2101双相不锈钢在硫代硫酸盐存在下氯化物溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂。 Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticeli, C. & Zucchi, F. LDX 2101 双相 kila kila在福代sulfate分下下南性性生于中图性生于中图像。 Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticeli, C. & Zucchi, F. хлорида в присутствии тиосульфата. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Ka haki ʻana o ka palaho koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila duplex LDX 2101 i loko o ka hopena chloride i ke alo o ka thiosulfate.ʻepekema coros 80, 205–212 (2014).
ʻO Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS Nā hopena o ka mālama wela ʻana i ka hopena a me ka naikokene i loko o ke kinoea pale ma ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pitting corrosion o nā wili kila kila hyper duplex. ʻO Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS Nā hopena o ka mālama wela ʻana i ka hopena a me ka naikokene i loko o ke kinoea pale ma ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pitting corrosion o nā wili kila kila hyper duplex.ʻO Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS a me Park, YS Ka hopena o ka mālama wela ʻana i ka hopena a me ka naikokene i loko o ke kinoea pale ma ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala o nā wili kila kila hyperduplex. Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS ʻO Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YSʻO Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS a me Park, YS Ka hopena o ka mālama wela ʻana i ka hopena a me ka naikokene i loko o ke kinoea pale ma ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala o nā wili kila kila super duplex.koros. ka ʻepekema. 53, 1939–1947 (2011).
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ʻO Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. Ke ʻano electrochemical o ke kila kila duplex 2205 i nā hopena alkaline me ka pH like ʻole i ke alo o ka chloride. ʻO Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. Ke ʻano electrochemical o ke kila kila duplex 2205 i nā hopena alkaline me ka pH like ʻole i ke alo o ka chloride.ʻO Luo H., Dong KF, Lee HG lāua ʻo Xiao K. Ke ʻano electrochemical o ke kila kila duplex 2205 i nā hopena alkaline me ka pH like ʻole i ke alo o ka chloride. Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. 2205 双相不锈钢在氯化物存在下不同pH 碱性溶液中的电化中的电化存在下不同pH Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. 2205 Ke ʻano electrochemical o ke kila kila kila i ke alo o ka chloride ma ka pH like ʻole i loko o ka hopena alkaline.ʻO Luo H., Dong KF, Lee HG lāua ʻo Xiao K. Ke ʻano electrochemical o ke kila kila duplex 2205 i nā hopena alkaline me ka pH like ʻole i ke alo o ka chloride.Electrochem. Magazine. 64, 211–220 (2012).
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