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Njehie nje bacteria (MIC) bụ nsogbu dị oke njọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ebe ọ nwere ike ibute nnukwu mfu akụ na ụba. A na-eji ígwè anaghị agba nchara Super duplex 2707 (2707 HDSS) eme ihe n'akụkụ mmiri n'ihi ezigbo iguzogide kemịkalụ ya. Agbanyeghị, egosighi ike iguzogide MIC n'ụzọ nnwale. Ọmụmụ ihe a lere anya n'omume nke MIC 2707 HDSS nke nje bacteria aerobic mmiri Pseudomonas aeruginosa kpatara. Nyocha electrochemical gosiri na n'ihu Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm na 2216E medium, mgbanwe dị mma na ike nchara na mmụba na njupụta nke corrosion current na-eme. Nyocha nke X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) gosiri mbelata na ọdịnaya Cr n'elu ihe nlele ahụ n'okpuru biofilm. Nyocha anya nke olulu ndị ahụ gosiri na biofilm P. aeruginosa mepụtara omimi olulu kachasị elu nke 0.69 µm n'ime ụbọchị 14 nke incubation. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a dị obere, ọ na-egosi na 2707 HDSS anaghị alụso MIC nke P. aeruginosa biofilms ọgụ kpamkpam.
A na-eji ígwè anaghị agba nchara Duplex (DSS) eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ihi njikọta zuru oke nke ihe ndị dị mma na iguzogide nchara1,2. Agbanyeghị, olulu mmiri dị n'ógbè ka na-emetụta iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ígwè a3,4. DSS anaghị eguzogide nje bacterial corrosion (MIC)5,6. N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ngwa maka DSS, enwere gburugburu ebe iguzogide nchara nke DSS ezughị ezu maka ojiji ogologo oge. Nke a pụtara na ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ karịa nwere nguzogide nchara dị elu chọrọ. Jeon et al7 chọpụtara na ọbụna ígwè anaghị agba nchara super duplex (SDSS) nwere ụfọdụ mmachi n'ihe gbasara nguzogide nchara. Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a chọrọ ígwè anaghị agba nchara super duplex (HDSS) nwere nguzogide nchara dị elu. Nke a butere mmepe nke HDSS nke nwere ngwakọta dị elu.
Nguzogide nrụrụaka DSS dabere na oke nke usoro alpha na gamma ma belata na mpaghara Cr, Mo na W 8, 9, 10 dị nso na nkebi nke abụọ. HDSS nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke Cr, Mo na N11, ya mere o nwere ezigbo nguzogide nrụrụaka na uru dị elu (45-50) nke nọmba nguzogide ntụpọ (PREN) nke wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt. .%W) + 16% wt. N12 kpebiri. Nguzogide nrụrụaka ya dị mma dabere na nhazi kwesịrị ekwesị nke nwere ihe dị ka 50% ferritic (α) na 50% austenitic (γ). HDSS nwere ihe ndị ka mma na nguzogide dị elu na nguzogide chloride corrosion. Nguzogide nrụrụaka ka mma na-agbatị ojiji nke HDSS na gburugburu chloride dị ike dịka gburugburu mmiri.
MIC bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas na mmiri14. MIC na-akpata 20% nke mmebi nchara niile15. MIC bụ mmebi bioelectrochemical nke enwere ike ịhụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe nkiri biofilm ndị na-etolite n'elu ígwè na-agbanwe ọnọdụ electrochemical, si otú a na-emetụta usoro nchara. A kwenyere na ọ bụ biofilm na-akpata nchara MIC. Microorganisms electrogenic na-eri ọla iji nweta ike ha chọrọ iji dị ndụ17. Ọmụmụ MIC na-adịbeghị anya egosila na EET (nnyefe elektrọn mpụga sel) bụ ihe na-egbochi ọnụego na MIC nke microorganisms electrogenic kpatara. Zhang et al. 18 gosipụtara na ndị na-etinye elektrọn na-eme ka nnyefe elektrọn dị ngwa n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ Desulfovibrio sessificans na ígwè anaghị agba nchara 304, na-ebute mwakpo MIC siri ike karị. Anning et al. 19 na Wenzlaff et al. 20 egosila na biofilm nke nje bacteria na-ebelata sulfate (SRBs) nwere ike ịmịkọrọ elektrọn ozugbo site na ihe ndị dị na ígwè, na-ebute nnukwu olulu.
A maara na DSS nwere ike ibute MIC n'ime ihe ndị nwere SRBs, nje bacteria na-ebelata iron (IRBs), wdg. 21. Nje bacteria ndị a na-akpata oghere dị n'elu DSS n'okpuru biofilms22,23. N'adịghị ka DSS, a maghị HDSS24 MIC nke ọma.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụ nje bacteria Gram-negative, nke na-agagharị agagharị, nke dị ka mkpanaka nke a na-ekesa nke ọma n'okike25. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụkwa otu nnukwu nje bacteria na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, na-ebute mmụba nke MIC. Pseudomonas na-etinye aka na usoro nchara ma a maara ya dị ka onye mbụ na-achịkwa mmiri n'oge mmepụta biofilm. Mahat et al. 28 na Yuan et al. 29 gosiri na Pseudomonas aeruginosa na-eme ka ọnụego nchara na alloys dị nro dịkwuo elu na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.
Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ ọrụ a bụ inyocha ihe ndị dị na MIC 2707 HDSS nke nje bacteria aerobic nke mmiri bụ́ Pseudomonas aeruginosa kpatara site na iji usoro electrochemical, usoro nyocha elu na nyocha ngwaahịa corrosion. E mere ọmụmụ ihe electrochemical, gụnyere open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), na potential dynamic polarization, iji mụọ omume nke MIC 2707 HDSS. E mere nyocha spectrometric ike dispersive (EDS) iji chọpụta ihe kemịkalụ dị n'elu ebe rere ure. Na mgbakwunye, e jiri X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) chọpụta nkwụsi ike nke oxide film passivation n'okpuru mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe mmiri nwere Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A tụrụ omimi nke olulu ndị ahụ site na iji igwe nyocha laser confocal (CLSM).
Tebụl 1 na-egosi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke 2707 HDSS. Tebụl 2 na-egosi na 2707 HDSS nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ dị mma nke nwere ike mmepụta nke 650 MPa. Na fig. 1 na-egosi obere nhazi anya nke ihe ngwọta a gwọchara okpomọkụ nke 2707 HDSS. Na obere nhazi nke nwere ihe dị ka 50% austenite na 50% ferrite phases, a na-ahụ eriri ogologo nke austenite na ferrite phases na-enweghị usoro nke abụọ.
Na fig. 2a na-egosi ikike sekit mepere emepe (Eocp) ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge mkpughe maka 2707 HDSS na 2216E abiotic medium na ofe P. aeruginosa maka ụbọchị 14 na 37°C. Ọ na-egosi na mgbanwe kachasị na nke kachasị mkpa na Eocp na-eme n'ime awa 24 mbụ. Uru Eocp n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ ruru elu na -145 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE) ihe dị ka awa 16 wee daa nke ukwuu, na-eru -477 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE) na -236 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE) maka ihe nlele abiotic. na kupọns P Pseudomonas aeruginosa, n'otu n'otu). Mgbe awa 24 gachara, uru Eocp 2707 HDSS maka P. aeruginosa kwụsiri ike na -228 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE), ebe uru kwekọrọ na ihe nlele ndị na-abụghị nke bayoloji bụ ihe dị ka -442 mV (ma e jiri ya tụnyere SCE). Eocp n'ihu P. aeruginosa dị obere nke ukwuu.
Nnyocha elektrọnik nke ihe nlele HDSS 2707 n'ime ihe na-adịghị mma na ofe Pseudomonas aeruginosa na 37 °C:
(a) Eocp dịka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe, (b) usoro polarization n'ụbọchị nke 14, (c) Rp dịka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe, na (d) icorr dịka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe.
Tebụl nke atọ na-egosi paramita nchara elektrọnik nke ihe nlele HDSS 2707 nke e kpughere na mgbasa ozi abiotic na Pseudomonas aeruginosa n'ime oge ụbọchị 14. E wepụtara tangent nke usoro anode na cathode iji nweta njikọ na-enye njupụta ugbu a nke corrosion (icorr), ikike corrosion (Ecorr) na Tafel slope (βα na βc) dịka usoro ọkọlọtọ si dị30,31.
Dịka egosiri na fig. 2b, mgbanwe elu na usoro P. aeruginosa mere ka mmụba na Ecorr ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro abiotic. Uru icorr, nke dabara na ọnụego nchara, mụbara ruo 0.328 µA cm-2 na ihe nlele Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nke dị okpukpu anọ karịa na ihe nlele na-abụghị nke bayoloji (0.087 µA cm-2).
LPR bụ usoro electrochemical ochie nke na-anaghị emebi emebi maka nyocha nchara ngwa ngwa. E jirila ya mụọ MIC32. Na eserese 2c na-egosi nguzogide polarization (Rp) dịka ọrụ nke oge ikpughe. Uru Rp dị elu pụtara obere nchara. N'ime awa 24 mbụ, Rp 2707 HDSS ruru elu na 1955 kΩ cm2 maka ihe atụ abiotic na 1429 kΩ cm2 maka ihe atụ Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foto 2c na-egosikwa na uru Rp belatara ngwa ngwa mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị wee nọgide na-agbanweghị agbanwe n'ime ụbọchị 13 sochirinụ. Uru Rp nke ihe atụ Pseudomonas aeruginosa dị ihe dị ka 40 kΩ cm2, nke dị ala karịa uru 450 kΩ cm2 nke ihe atụ na-abụghị nke bayoloji.
Uru nke icorr kwekọrọ na ọnụego nchara otu. Enwere ike ịgbakọ uru ya site na nha Stern-Giri ndị a:
Dịka Zoe na ndị otu ya si kwuo, a na-ewere uru nkịtị nke mkpọda Tafel B n'ọrụ a dị ka 26 mV/dec. Foto nke 2d na-egosi na icorr nke ihe nlele na-abụghị nke bayoloji 2707 nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ihe nlele P. aeruginosa gbanwere nke ukwuu mgbe awa 24 mbụ gasịrị. Uru icorr nke ihe nlele P. aeruginosa dị elu karịa nke njikwa na-abụghị nke bayoloji. Usoro a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke iguzogide polarization.
EIS bụ ụzọ ọzọ na-anaghị emebi emebi nke e ji akọwa mmeghachi omume electrochemical na elu ndị rere ure. Spektra impedance na ụkpụrụ capacitance agbakọrọ nke ihe atụ ndị e kpughere na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic na ngwọta Pseudomonas aeruginosa, passive film/biofilm resistance Rb nke e guzobere na elu ihe nlele ahụ, chajị transfer resistance Rct, electric double layer capacitance Cdl (EDL) na constant QCPE Phase element paramita (CPE). E nyochakwara paramita ndị a site na itinye data ahụ site na iji ihe nlereanya sekit nha nhata (EEC).
Na fig. 3 na-egosi nhazi Nyquist (a na b) na nhazi Bode (a' na b') maka ihe nlele HDSS 2707 na mgbasa ozi abiotic na ofe P. aeruginosa maka oge mmalite dị iche iche. Dayameta nke mgbanaka Nyquist na-ebelata n'ihu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nhazi Bode (Fig. 3b') na-egosi mmụba na mgbochi zuru oke. Enwere ike nweta ozi gbasara oge ezumike site na phase maxima. Na fig. 4 na-egosi nhazi anụ ahụ dabere na monolayer (a) na bilayer (b) na EECs kwekọrọ. A na-ewebata CPE n'ime ụdị EEC. A na-egosipụta nnabata na mgbochi ya dị ka ndị a:
Ụdị anụ ahụ abụọ na sekit ndị kwekọrọ maka itinye ụdị impedance nke ihe nlele 2707 HDSS:
ebe Y0 bụ uru KPI, j bụ ọnụọgụgụ echiche ma ọ bụ (-1) 1/2, ω bụ ugboro angular, n bụ ndeksi ike KPI na-erughị otu35. Mgbanwe nke iguzogide nnyefe chajị (ya bụ, 1/Rct) kwekọrọ na ọnụego nchara. Ka obere Rct ahụ na-adị elu, ọnụego nchara na-adị elu27. Mgbe ụbọchị 14 nke incubation gasịrị, ihe nlele Rct nke Pseudomonas aeruginosa ruru 32 kΩ cm2, nke pere mpe karịa 489 kΩ cm2 nke ihe nlele na-abụghị nke bayoloji (Tebụl 4).
Foto CLSM na onyonyo SEM dị na Foto nke 5 na-egosi nke ọma na mkpuchi biofilm dị n'elu ihe nlele HDSS 2707 mgbe ụbọchị asaa gasịrị dị oke. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara, mkpuchi biofilm adịghị mma ma ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ pụtara. Tebụl nke 5 na-egosi ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm na ihe nlele HDSS 2707 mgbe ekpughere ya na P. aeruginosa maka ụbọchị 7 na 14. Oke ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm gbanwere site na 23.4 µm mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara ruo 18.9 µm mgbe ụbọchị 14 gachara. Oke ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm kwadoro usoro a. O belatara site na 22.2 ± 0.7 μm mgbe ụbọchị 7 gachara ruo 17.8 ± 1.0 μm mgbe ụbọchị 14 gachara.
(a) Foto CLSM 3-D na ụbọchị 7, (b) Foto CLSM 3-D na ụbọchị 14, (c) Foto SEM na ụbọchị 7, na (d) Foto SEM na ụbọchị 14.
EMF kpughere ihe ndị dị na biofilm na ngwaahịa nchara na ihe nlele e tinyere na P. aeruginosa ruo ụbọchị iri na anọ. Na eserese nke 6 na-egosi na ọdịnaya nke C, N, O, na P na biofilm na ngwaahịa nchara dị elu karịa na ọla dị ọcha, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị a jikọtara ya na biofilm na metabolites ha. Microbes chọrọ naanị obere chromium na iron. Oke Cr na Fe dị elu na biofilm na ngwaahịa nchara dị n'elu ihe nlele ahụ na-egosi na matrix metal ahụ efuola ihe ndị dị n'ihi nchara.
Mgbe ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara, a hụrụ olulu ndị nwere na ndị na-enweghị P. aeruginosa na ọkara 2216E. Tupu a gbanye ya, elu nke ihe nlele ahụ dị ire ụtọ ma nwee ntụpọ (Foto 7a). Mgbe a kpọchiri ya ma wepụ ngwaahịa biofilm na corrosion, a lere olulu ndị kacha omimi n'elu ihe nlele ahụ site na iji CLSM, dịka egosiri na Fig. 7b na c. A hụghị olulu doro anya n'elu njikwa ndị na-abụghị ihe dị ndụ (omimi olulu kachasị 0.02 µm). Omimi olulu kachasị nke P. aeruginosa kpatara bụ 0.52 µm na ụbọchị 7 na 0.69 µm na ụbọchị 14, dabere na nkezi omimi olulu kachasị site na ihe nlele 3 (a họọrọ omimi olulu kachasị 10 maka ihe nlele ọ bụla). Mmezu nke 0.42 ± 0.12 µm na 0.52 ± 0.15 µm, n'otu n'otu (Tebụl 5). Ụkpụrụ omimi oghere ndị a dị obere mana dị mkpa.
(a) tupu e kpughee ya, (b) ụbọchị iri na anọ n'ebe a na-anaghị amị amị, na (c) ụbọchị iri na anọ n'ime ofe Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Na eserese nke 8 na-egosi ụdị XPS nke elu ihe nlele dị iche iche, a chịkọtara ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke a tụlere maka elu ọ bụla na Tebụl nke 6. Na Tebụl nke 6, pasentị atọm nke Fe na Cr n'ihu P. aeruginosa (ihe nlele A na B) dị ala karịa nke njikwa na-abụghị nke bayoloji. (ihe nlele C na D). Maka ihe nlele P. aeruginosa, a na-etinye usoro spectral na ọkwa Cr 2p nucleus na akụkụ anọ dị elu nwere ike ijikọ (BE) nke 574.4, 576.6, 578.3 na 586.8 eV, nke enwere ike ịkọwa na Cr, Cr2O3, CrO3. na Cr(OH)3, n'otu n'otu (Fig. 9a na b). Maka ihe nlele ndị na-abụghị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ụdịdị nke ọkwa Cr 2p bụ isi nwere isi elu abụọ maka Cr (573.80 eV maka BE) na Cr2O3 (575.90 eV maka BE) na Fig. 9c na d, n'otu n'otu. Ihe dị iche kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ihe nlele abiotic na ihe nlele P. aeruginosa bụ ọnụnọ nke Cr6+ na oke dị elu nke Cr(OH)3 (BE 586.8 eV) n'okpuru ihe nkiri biofilm ahụ.
Oke XPS nke elu nke ihe nlele 2707 HDSS na mgbasa ozi abụọ bụ ụbọchị 7 na 14, n'otu n'otu.
(a) Mkpughe ụbọchị asaa na P. aeruginosa, (b) Mkpughe ụbọchị iri na anọ na P. aeruginosa, (c) ụbọchị asaa na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic, na (d) ụbọchị iri na anọ na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic.
HDSS na-egosipụta oke iguzogide nchara n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kim et al.2 kọrọ na achọpụtara HDSS UNS S32707 dị ka DSS nwere ngwakọta dị elu nke nwere PREN karịrị 45. Uru PREN nke ihe nlele 2707 HDSS n'ọrụ a bụ 49. Nke a bụ n'ihi oke ọdịnaya chromium na oke ọdịnaya nke molybdenum na nickel, nke bara uru na gburugburu ebe acidic. na gburugburu ebe nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya chloride. Na mgbakwunye, nhazi nke ọma na obere nhazi enweghị ntụpọ bara uru maka nkwụsi ike nhazi na iguzogide nchara. Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị oke iguzogide kemịkalụ ya, data nnwale dị na ọrụ a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS anaghị alụso P. aeruginosa biofilm MICs ọgụ kpamkpam.
Nsonaazụ electrochemical gosiri na ọnụego nchara nke 2707 HDSS na ofe P. aeruginosa mụbara nke ukwuu mgbe ụbọchị 14 gachara ma e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke bio. Na Foto 2a, a hụrụ mbelata na Eocp ma na mmiri abiotic na ofe P. aeruginosa n'ime awa 24 mbụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ihe nkiri biofilm ahụ kpuchiri elu nke ihe nlele ahụ kpamkpam, Eocp wee bụrụ nke kwụsiri ike36. Agbanyeghị, ọkwa Eocp dị ndụ dị elu karịa ọkwa Eocp na-abụghị nke bio. E nwere ihe mere a ga-eji kwere na ọdịiche a jikọtara ya na nhazi nke biofilms P. aeruginosa. Na foto 2d n'ihu P. aeruginosa, uru icorr 2707 HDSS ruru 0.627 μA cm-2, nke bụ usoro nke ịdị elu karịa nke njikwa abiotic (0.063 μA cm-2), nke kwekọrọ na uru Rct nke EIS tụrụ. N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mbụ, uru mgbochi dị na ofe P. aeruginosa mụbara n'ihi njikọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ P. aeruginosa na mmepụta nke biofilms. Agbanyeghị, mgbe biofilm kpuchiri elu ihe nlele ahụ kpamkpam, mgbochi mgbochi ahụ na-ebelata. A na-awakpo oyi akwa nchebe ahụ karịsịa n'ihi mmepụta nke biofilms na biofilm metabolites. N'ihi ya, iguzogide nchara belatara ka oge na-aga, njikọta nke P. aeruginosa kpatara nchara mpaghara. Usoro dị na gburugburu abiotic dị iche. Nguzogide nchara nke njikwa na-abụghị nke bayoloji dị elu karịa uru kwekọrọ na nke ihe atụ ndị e kpughere na ofe P. aeruginosa. Na mgbakwunye, maka njikọta abiotic, uru Rct 2707 HDSS ruru 489 kΩ cm2 n'ụbọchị nke 14, nke dị okpukpu 15 karịa uru Rct (32 kΩ cm2) n'ihu P. aeruginosa. Ya mere, 2707 HDSS nwere ezigbo iguzogide nchara n'ebe na-adịghị ọcha, mana ọ naghị eguzogide MIC sitere na biofilms P. aeruginosa.
A pụkwara ịhụ nsonaazụ ndị a site na usoro polarization na Fig. 2b. A na-ejikọta alaka Anodic na nhazi biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa na mmeghachi omume oxidation metal. N'okwu a, mmeghachi omume cathodic bụ mbelata oxygen. Ọnụnọ nke P. aeruginosa mụbara njupụta ugbu a nke ukwuu, ihe dị ka usoro nke ịdị elu karịa na njikwa abiotic. Nke a na-egosi na biofilm P. aeruginosa na-eme ka corrosion mpaghara nke 2707 HDSS dịkwuo mma. Yuan et al.29 chọpụtara na njupụta ugbu a nke corrosion nke alloy Cu-Ni 70/30 mụbara n'okpuru ọrụ nke biofilm P. aeruginosa. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi biocatalysis nke mbelata oxygen site na biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ihe a chọpụtara nwekwara ike ịkọwa MIC 2707 HDSS n'ọrụ a. Enwere ike ịnwe obere oxygen n'okpuru biofilm aerobic. Ya mere, ịjụ ịmegharị elu ígwè ahụ na oxygen nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enye aka na MIC n'ọrụ a.
Dickinson na ndị otu ya 38 tụrụ aro na ọnụego mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na electrochemical nwere ike imetụta ozugbo site na ọrụ metabolic nke nje bacteria sessile na elu ihe nlele na ọdịdị nke ngwaahịa nchara. Dịka egosiri na Foto 5 na Tebụl 5, ọnụọgụ sel na ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm belatara mgbe ụbọchị 14 gasịrị. Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe ụbọchị 14 gachara, ọtụtụ sel sessile dị n'elu 2707 HDSS nwụrụ n'ihi mbelata nri na 2216E medium ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke ion metal na-egbu egbu site na matrix 2707 HDSS. Nke a bụ mmachi nke nnwale ogbe.
N'ọrụ a, ihe nkiri P. aeruginosa biofilm tinyere aka na mbelata nke Cr na Fe n'okpuru ihe nkiri biofilm n'elu 2707 HDSS (Foto 6). Tebụl 6 na-egosi mbelata na Fe na Cr na ihe nlele D ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nlele C, na-egosi na Fe na Cr agbazere nke ihe nkiri P. aeruginosa kpatara nọgidere ruo ụbọchị 7 mbụ. A na-eji gburugburu 2216E eme ihe iji mee ka gburugburu mmiri dị. O nwere 17700 ppm Cl-, nke yiri ọdịnaya ya na mmiri oké osimiri eke. Ọnụnọ nke 17700 ppm Cl- bụ isi ihe kpatara mbelata na Cr na ihe nlele abiotic ụbọchị 7 na 14 nke XPS nyochachara. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nlele P. aeruginosa, mgbasa nke Cr na ihe nlele abiotic dị obere n'ihi iguzogide siri ike nke 2707 HDSS na chlorine n'okpuru ọnọdụ abiotic. Na fig. 9 na-egosi ọnụnọ nke Cr6+ na ihe nkiri passivating. O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-etinye aka na mwepụ nke chromium n'elu ígwè site na biofilms P. aeruginosa, dịka Chen na Clayton si kwuo.
N'ihi uto nje bacteria, uru pH nke usoro tupu na mgbe a kụchara ya bụ 7.4 na 8.2, n'otu n'otu. Ya mere, n'okpuru biofilm P. aeruginosa, ọ gaghị ekwe omume na mmebi acid organic ga-enyere aka na ọrụ a n'ihi pH dị elu na usoro buru ibu. pH nke usoro njikwa na-abụghị nke bayoloji agbanweghị nke ukwuu (site na 7.4 mbụ ruo 7.5 ikpeazụ) n'oge ule ụbọchị 14. Mmụba na pH na usoro mkpụrụ mgbe a kụchara ya bụ n'ihi ọrụ metabolic nke P. aeruginosa ma achọpụtara na ọ nwere otu mmetụta ahụ na pH na enweghị mpempe ule.
Dịka egosiri na Foto nke 7, omimi olulu kachasị nke P. aeruginosa biofilm kpatara bụ 0.69 µm, nke karịrị nke abiotic medium (0.02 µm). Nke a kwekọrọ na data electrochemical akọwara n'elu. Omimi olulu nke 0.69 µm dị obere karịa uru 9.5 µm akọọrọ maka 2205 DSS n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ. Data ndị a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS na-egosipụta nguzogide ka mma na MICs karịa 2205 DSS. Nke a ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe ijuanya ebe ọ bụ na 2707 HDSS nwere ọkwa Cr dị elu nke na-enye ogologo oge passivation, na-esiri ike iwepụ P. aeruginosa, na n'ihi nhazi usoro ya na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo nke abụọ na-emerụ ahụ na-akpata pitting.
Na mmechi, a hụrụ olulu MIC n'elu 2707 HDSS na ofe P. aeruginosa ma e jiri ya tụnyere olulu ndị na-adịghị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi abiotic. Ọrụ a na-egosi na 2707 HDSS nwere iguzogide MIC karịa 2205 DSS, mana ọ bụghị MIC kpamkpam n'ihi biofilm P. aeruginosa. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-enyere aka na nhọrọ nke ígwè anaghị agba nchara kwesịrị ekwesị na ogologo ndụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.
Kupọnu maka 2707 HDSS nke Mahadum Northeastern (NEU) School of Metallurgy nyere na Shenyang, China. E gosiri ihe mejupụtara 2707 HDSS na Tebụl 1, nke Ngalaba Nyocha na Nnwale Ihe NEU nyochachara. E jiri akwụkwọ ájá silicon carbide mee ihe dị ka mkpụrụ ego 2707 HDSS nke nwere mpaghara elu mepere emepe nke 1 cm2 mee ka ọ dị ọcha ruo 2000 grit ma jiri akwụkwọ ájá Al2O3 0.05 µm mee ka ọ dị ọcha. A na-eji agba na-adịghị arụ ọrụ echebe akụkụ na ala ya. Mgbe ọ kpọchara nkụ, a na-eji mmiri dị ọcha nke e tinyere n'ime ihe ndị ahụ saa ihe ndị ahụ ma jiri ethanol 75% (v/v) mee ka ha dị ọcha ruo awa 0.5. E jiri ikuku kpọọ ha nkụ n'okpuru ọkụ ultraviolet (UV) ruo awa 0.5 tupu e jiri ha.
E zụtara ụdị Pseudomonas aeruginosa nke mmiri MCCC 1A00099 site na Xiamen Marine Culture Collection Center (MCCC), China. A kụrụ Pseudomonas aeruginosa n'okpuru ọnọdụ aerobic na 37°C. na karama 250 ml na mkpụrụ ndụ electrochemical iko 500 ml site na iji mmiri mmiri Marine 2216E (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China). Ọkara nwere (g/l): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.08 SrBr2, 0.022 H3BO3, 0.004 NaSiO3, 0016 6NH26NH3, 3.0016 NH3 5.0 peptone, 1.0 yist extract na 0.1 iron citrate. Autoclave na 121°C maka nkeji iri abụọ tupu a gbaa ya ọgwụ. Jiri hemocytometer gụọ mkpụrụ ndụ sessile na planktonic n'okpuru obere microscope na mmụba 400x. Mmalite nke Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic ozugbo a gbasịrị ya ọgwụ bụ ihe dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ 106/ml.
E mere nnwale electrochemical n'ime sel iko atọ-electrode ochie nke nwere olu dị ọkara nke 500 ml. E jikọtara mpempe akwụkwọ platinum na electrode calomel saturated (SAE) na reactor site na capillaries Luggin jupụtara na àkwà mmiri nnu, nke jere ozi dị ka elektrọd counter na ntụaka, n'otu n'otu. Maka imepụta elektrọd na-arụ ọrụ, etinyere waya ọla kọpa roba na sample ọ bụla ma kpuchie ya na epoxy resin, na-ahapụ ihe dị ka 1 cm2 nke ebe enweghị nchebe maka elektrọd na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ. N'oge nha elektrọchemical, etinyere ihe nlele ahụ na etiti 2216E ma debe ya na okpomọkụ incubation mgbe niile (37°C) na bat mmiri. Ejiri Autolab potentiostat (Reference 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA) tụọ OCP, LPR, EIS na data polarization dynamic dynamic data tụọ. E dekọrọ ule LPR na ọnụego nyocha nke 0.125 mV s-1 n'etiti -5 ruo 5 mV na Eocp na ọnụego nlele nke 1 Hz. E jiri ebili mmiri sine mee EIS n'elu oke ugboro ole dị site na 0.01 ruo 10,000 Hz site na iji voltaji etinyere nke 5 mV na steeti kwụsiri ike nke Eocp. Tupu e jiri ike sụọ ya, elektrọd ndị ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ efu ruo mgbe e ruru uru kwụsiri ike nke ikike nchara efu. E wee tụọ usoro polarization site na -0.2 ruo 1.5 V dị ka ọrụ nke Eocp na ọnụego nyocha nke 0.166 mV/s. E mere ule ọ bụla ugboro atọ na P. aeruginosa na enweghị ya.
E jiri akwụkwọ SiC dị mmiri mmiri nke 2000 grit mee ka ihe nlele maka nyocha metallographic dị mma, wee jiri ntụ ntụ Al2O3 nke 0.05 µm mee ka ihe nlele ahụ dị mma maka ilele anya. E jiri igwe microscope anya mee nyocha metallographic. E ji mmiri potassium hydroxide 43 nke 10 wt% tee ihe nlele ndị ahụ.
Mgbe a kụchara ya, a sachara ihe nlele ahụ ugboro atọ na saline phosphate buffered (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) wee dozie ya na glutaraldehyde 2.5% (v/v) ruo awa iri iji dozie biofilms. E jiri ethanol a gwakọtara agwakọta (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% na 100% site na olu) tee ya mmiri tupu ikuku akpọọ nkụ. N'ikpeazụ, a na-etinye ihe nkiri ọlaedo n'elu ihe nlele ahụ iji nye ike maka nlele SEM. E lebara anya na onyonyo SEM na ntụpọ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ P. aeruginosa kachasị adịkarị n'elu ihe nlele ọ bụla. Mee nyocha EDS iji chọta ihe kemịkalụ. E jiri igwe nyocha laser confocal nke Zeiss confocal (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Germany) tụọ omimi olulu ahụ. Iji hụ olulu nchara n'okpuru ihe nkiri biofilm ahụ, e buru ụzọ hichaa ihe nlele ule ahụ dịka ọkọlọtọ mba China (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 si dị iji wepụ ngwaahịa nchara na ihe nkiri biofilm n'elu ihe nlele ule ahụ.
E jiri isi iyi X-ray monochromatic (Aluminum Kα ahịrị nwere ike nke 1500 eV na ike nke 150 W) mee nyocha X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, sistemụ nyocha elu ESCALAB250, Thermo VG, USA) n'ọtụtụ ike njikọ 0 n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ nke –1350 eV. E jiri ike nnyefe nke 50 eV na nzọụkwụ nke 0.2 eV dekọọ spectra mkpebi dị elu.
E wepụrụ ihe nlele ndị a kpọchiri akpọchi ma jiri PBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) saa ha nke ọma ruo 15 s45. Iji hụ na ihe onyonyo ndị a kpọchiri akpọchi nwere ike ịpụta na nje bacteria, e ji ihe eji eme biofilms LIVE/DEAD BacLight BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA) tee biofilms ahụ. Ngwa a nwere agba fluorescent abụọ: agba fluorescent akwụkwọ ndụ SYTO-9 na agba fluorescent uhie propidium iodide (PI). Na CLSM, ntụpọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọbara ọbara na-anọchite anya mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, n'otu n'otu. Maka agba, e tinyere 1 ml nke ngwakọta nwere 3 µl nke SYTO-9 na 3 µl nke ihe ngwọta PI maka nkeji 20 na okpomọkụ ụlọ (23°C) n'ọchịchịrị. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e lere ihe onyonyo ndị ahụ e sere ese na ogologo ebili mmiri abụọ (488 nm maka mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na 559 nm maka mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ) site na iji ngwa Nikon CLSM (C2 Plus, Nikon, Japan). A tụrụ ọkpụrụkpụ biofilm ahụ na ụdị nyocha 3D.
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