2. Qonda izinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlelo zokufaka amapayipi: i-HVAC (hydraulic), ipayipi (amanzi asekhaya, indle kanye nokungenisa umoya) kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka amapayipi zamakhemikhali nezikhethekile (izinhlelo zamanzi olwandle namakhemikhali ayingozi).
Izinhlelo zokufaka amapayipi kanye nokufaka amapayipi zikhona ezakhiweni eziningi. Abantu abaningi babone ipayipi le-P-trap noma le-refrigerant lifakwa ngaphansi kwesinki eliholela ohlelweni oluhlukanisiwe futhi oluvelayo. Bambalwa abantu ababona amapayipi obunjiniyela ayinhloko esitshalweni esiphakathi noma ohlelweni lokuhlanza amakhemikhali egumbini lemishini yechibi. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza idinga uhlobo oluthile lwamapayipi oluhlangabezana nezimfuneko, imikhawulo yomzimba, amakhodi, kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuklama.
Akukho sixazululo esilula samapayipi esifanela zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lezi zinhlelo zihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomzimba nezekhodi uma kuhlangatshezwana nemigomo ethile yokuklama futhi kubuzwa imibuzo efanele kubanikazi nakubasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingagcina izindleko ezifanele kanye nezikhathi zokuhola ukuze kudalwe uhlelo lokwakha oluphumelelayo.
Amapayipi e-HVAC aqukethe uketshezi oluhlukahlukene, ukucindezela kanye namazinga okushisa. Ipayipi lingaba ngaphezu noma ngaphansi komhlaba futhi lidlule ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Lezi zici kumele zicatshangelwe lapho kucaciswa amapayipi e-HVAC kuphrojekthi. Igama elithi “umjikelezo we-hydrodynamic” libhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi njengendlela yokudlulisa ukushisa yokupholisa nokufudumala. Ekusetshenzisweni ngakunye, amanzi anikezwa ngesilinganiso sokugeleza kanye nokushisa okunikeziwe. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa okuvamile ekamelweni kwenziwa nge-coil yomoya-kuya-emanzini eyenzelwe ukubuyisela amanzi ekushiseni okubekiwe. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi inani elithile lokushisa liyadluliselwa noma lisuswe endaweni. Ukujikeleziswa kwamanzi okupholisa nokufudumala kuyisistimu eyinhloko esetshenziselwa izindawo ezinkulu zezentengiselwano ezipholile.
Eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zezakhiwo eziphansi, ingcindezi yokusebenza yesistimu elindelekile ivame ukuba ngaphansi kwamakhilogremu angu-150 nge-intshi yesikwele (psig). Uhlelo lwe-hydraulic (amanzi abandayo nashisayo) luhlelo lwesekethe elivaliwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhanda eliguquguqukayo lephampu licabangela ukulahlekelwa kokungqubuzana ohlelweni lwamaphayiphi, amakhoyili ahambisanayo, amavalvu kanye nezesekeli. Ukuphakama okungaguquki kwesistimu akuthinti ukusebenza kwephampu, kodwa kuthinta ingcindezi yokusebenza edingekayo yesistimu. Ama-cooler, ama-boiler, amaphampu, amaphayiphi kanye nezesekeli zilinganiselwe ingcindezi yokusebenza engu-150 psi, okuyinto evamile kubakhiqizi bemishini kanye nezingxenye. Lapho kungenzeka khona, lesi silinganiso sengcindezi kufanele sigcinwe ekwakhiweni kwesistimu. Izakhiwo eziningi ezibhekwa njengeziphansi noma eziphakathi nendawo ziwela esigabeni sengcindezi yokusebenza engu-150 psi.
Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakeme, kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukugcina izinhlelo zamapayipi nemishini ingaphansi kwezinga le-150 psi. Ikhanda lomugqa oqinile ngaphezu kwamamitha angaba ngu-350 (ngaphandle kokwengeza ingcindezi yephampu ohlelweni) lizodlula isilinganiso sengcindezi yokusebenza esijwayelekile salezi zinhlelo (i-1 psi = ikhanda lamamitha angu-2.31). Uhlelo cishe luzosebenzisa i-pressure breaker (ngesimo se-heat exchanger) ukuhlukanisa izidingo zengcindezi ephezulu zekholomu kwezinye izingxenye zamapayipi nemishini exhunyiwe. Lo mklamo wesistimu uzovumela ukwakheka nokufakwa kwama-cooler ajwayelekile okucindezela kanye nokucacisa amapayipi anengcindezi ephezulu kanye nezesekeli embhoshongweni wokupholisa.
Uma kucaciswa amapayipi ephrojekthi enkulu yekhampasi, umklami/unjiniyela kumele ahlonze ngobuhlakani umbhoshongo kanye namapayipi acacisiwe epulatifomu, okubonisa izidingo zawo ngamunye (noma izidingo ezihlangene uma ama-heat exchanger engasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa indawo yokucindezela).
Esinye isici sesistimu evaliwe ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kanye nokususwa kwanoma yimuphi umoya-mpilo emanzini. Izinhlelo eziningi ze-hydraulic zifakwe uhlelo lokwelapha amanzi oluqukethe amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kanye nezithibi zokugcina amanzi egeleza ngamapayipi ku-pH efanele (cishe u-9.0) kanye namazinga e-microbial ukulwa nama-biofilms amapayipi kanye nokugqwala. Ukuqinisa amanzi ohlelweni nokususa umoya kusiza ukwandisa impilo yamapayipi, amaphampu ahlobene, ama-coil nama-valve. Noma yimuphi umoya ovaleleke emapayipini ungabangela ukugoba kwamaphampu amanzi okupholisa nokushisa futhi kunciphise ukudluliselwa kokushisa kuma-cooler, boiler noma ama-circulation coils.
Ithusi: Uhlobo L, B, K, M noma C oludonswe futhi oluqinisiwe ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM B88 kanye ne-B88M kuhlanganiswe ne-ASME B16.22 izihlanganisi zethusi ezibunjiwe kanye nezihlanganisi ezine-solder noma i-solder engenalo i-lead ukuze kusetshenziswe ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ipayipi eliqinile, uhlobo L, B, K (ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi kuphela) noma u-A ngokwe-ASTM B88 kanye ne-B88M, kanye nokufakwa kwe-ASME B16.22 okuhlanganisiwe okuxhunywe nge-solder engenalo i-lead noma ngaphezulu komhlabathi. Leli payipi liphinde livumele ukusetshenziswa kokufakwa okuvaliwe.
Ipayipi yethusi yohlobo lwe-K yipayipi elikhulu kunawo wonke elitholakalayo, elinikeza ingcindezi yokusebenza engu-1534 psi. intshi ku-100 F nge-½ intshi. Amamodeli L no-M anengcindezi yokusebenza ephansi kune-K kodwa asafaneleka kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwe-HVAC (ingcindezi isukela ku-1242 psi ku-100F kuya ku-12 intshi. kanye no-435 psi kanye no-395 psi Lawa manani athathwe kuThebula 3a, 3b kanye no-3c we-Copper Tubing Guide eshicilelwe yi-Copper Development Assn.
Lezi zingcindezi zokusebenza zenzelwe ukugijima kwepayipi eliqondile, okungavamile ukuthi kube ukugijima okulinganiselwe kwesistimu. Izinto zokufaka kanye nokuxhumeka okuxhumanisa ubude obubili bepayipi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kuvuze noma kuhluleke ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokusebenza kwezinye izinhlelo. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokuxhuma zamapayipi ethusi ukushisela, ukunamathisela noma ukuvala okucindezelwe. Lezi zinhlobo zokuxhuma kumele zenziwe ngezinto ezingenalo i-lead futhi zilinganiswe ngokucindezela okulindelekile ohlelweni.
Uhlobo ngalunye lokuxhuma luyakwazi ukugcina uhlelo olungenawo amanzi uma ukufakwa kuvaliwe kahle, kodwa lezi zinhlelo zisabela ngendlela ehlukile uma ukufakwa kungavaliwe ngokuphelele noma kungashintshwanga. Amajoyinti e-solder kanye ne-solder angase ahluleke futhi avuza lapho uhlelo luqala ukugcwaliswa futhi luhlolwa futhi isakhiwo singakahlali muntu. Kulesi simo, osonkontileka nabahloli bangasheshe bathole ukuthi ijoyinti livuza kuphi futhi balungise inkinga ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lusebenze ngokugcwele futhi abagibeli kanye nokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi konakaliswe. Lokhu kungaphinde kukhiqizwe ngama-fittings aqinile uma kuchazwe indandatho yokuthola ukuvuza noma inhlangano. Uma ungacindezeli phansi ukuze uthole indawo yenkinga, amanzi angavuza ngaphandle kokufakwa njenge-solder noma i-solder. Uma ukufakwa okuqinile kungacacisiwe ekwakhiweni, ngezinye izikhathi kuzohlala ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokwakha futhi kungase kuhluleke kuphela ngemva kwesikhathi sokusebenza, okuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu endaweni ehlala abantu kanye nokulimala okungenzeka kwabahlala kuyo, ikakhulukazi uma amapayipi ashisayo ashisayo edlula emapayipini.
Izincomo zobukhulu bamapayipi ethusi zisekelwe ezidingweni zemithethonqubo, izincomo zomkhiqizi kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu. Ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi abandayo (izinga lokushisa lokunikezwa kwamanzi ngokuvamile liyi-42 kuya ku-45 F), umkhawulo wejubane onconywayo wezinhlelo zamapayipi ethusi ungamamitha angu-8 ngomzuzwana ukunciphisa umsindo wesistimu nokunciphisa amathuba okuguguleka/ukugqwala. Ezinhlelweni zamanzi ashisayo (ngokuvamile zisuka ku-140 kuya ku-180 F zokushisa isikhala kanye no-205 F wokukhiqiza amanzi ashisayo asekhaya ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisiwe), umkhawulo wesilinganiso onconywayo wamapayipi ethusi uphansi kakhulu. Incwadi Yemiyalelo Yamapayipi Ethusi ibala lezi zivinini njengezinyawo ezimbili kuya kwezingu-3 ngomzuzwana lapho izinga lokushisa lokunikezwa kwamanzi lingaphezu kuka-140 F.
Amapayipi ethusi avame ukufika ngobukhulu obuthile, afinyelela kumasentimitha angu-12. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethusi ezindaweni eziyinhloko zekhampasi, njengoba lezi zakhiwo zivame ukudinga amapayipi amakhulu kunamasentimitha angu-12. Kusukela esitshalweni esiphakathi kuya kuma-heat exchanger ahambisanayo. Amapayipi ethusi avame kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-hydraulic ezingamasentimitha angu-3 noma ngaphansi ububanzi. Kumasayizi angaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-3, ​​amapayipi ensimbi anezikhala avame ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenxa yomehluko wezindleko phakathi kwensimbi nethusi, umehluko womsebenzi wepayipi elihlanganisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nepayipi elihlanganisiwe noma elinomshini (ukufakwa kokucindezela akuvunyelwe noma kunconywe ngumnikazi noma unjiniyela), kanye nesivinini samanzi esinconyiwe kanye namazinga okushisa kulezi ngaphakathi kwepayipi ngalinye lezinto zokwakha.
Insimbi: Ipayipi lensimbi elimnyama noma elihlanganisiwe ngokwe-ASTM A 53/A 53M elinezinsimbi zensimbi ezithambile (ASME B16.3) noma ezihlanganisiwe (ASTM A 234/A 234M) kanye nezinsimbi zensimbi ezithambile (ASME B16.39). Ama-Flanges, izinsimbi kanye nokuxhumeka kwesigaba 150 no-300 kuyatholakala ngezinsimbi ezifakwe intambo noma ezihlanganisiwe. Ipayipi lingashintshwa ngensimbi yokugcwalisa ngokuhambisana ne-AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Ivumelana ne-ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron kanye ne-ASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, noma S Grade B Assembly Steel, noma i-ASTM A106 , steel grade B. Ukufakwa kwe-Grooved noma kwe-lug okunamathisela ukufakelwa kwe-end grooved.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amapayipi ensimbi avame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kumapayipi amakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-hydraulic. Lolu hlobo lwesistimu luvumela izidingo ezahlukene zokucindezela, izinga lokushisa kanye nosayizi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinhlelo zamanzi abandayo nafudumalayo. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zama-flange, ama-fitting, kanye nama-fitting zibhekisela ekucindezelweni kokusebenza komusi ogcwele ku-psi. intshi yento ehambisanayo. Ama-fitting ekilasi 150 aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngengcindezi yokusebenza engu-150 psi. intshi ku-366 F, kuyilapho ama-fitting ekilasi 300 enikeza ingcindezi yokusebenza engu-300 psi. intshi ku-550 F. Ama-fitting ekilasi 150 anikeza ingcindezi yokusebenza engaphezu kuka-300 psi. intshi ku-150 F, kanye nama-fitting ekilasi 300 anikeza ingcindezi yokusebenza efika ku-2,000 psi. intshi ku-150 F. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-fitting ziyatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamapayipi. Isibonelo, kuma-flange epayipi lensimbi ecijile kanye nama-fitting e-ASME 16.1 afakwe ama-flange, amagremu 125 noma 250 angasetshenziswa.
Izinhlelo zokuxhumanisa amapayipi ahlanganisiwe zisebenzisa imigoqo esikiwe noma eyakhiwe ekugcineni kwamapayipi, izinto zokuxhumanisa, amavalvu, njll. ukuxhumanisa phakathi kobude bepayipi noma izinto zokuxhumanisa ngohlelo lokuxhumanisa oluguquguqukayo noma oluqinile. Lezi zinhlanganisela zakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziboshwe ngamabhawodi futhi zinomshini wokuwasha ebhoreni lokuxhumanisa. Lezi zinhlelo zitholakala ngezinhlobo ze-flange zekilasi elingu-150 kanye ne-300 kanye nezinto ze-EPDM gasket futhi ziyakwazi ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa asuka ku-230 kuya ku-250 F (kuye ngokuthi usayizi wepayipi). Ulwazi lwepayipi elihlanganisiwe luthathwe ezincwadini ze-Victaulic kanye nezincwadi.
Amapayipi ensimbi eShejuli 40 kanye no-80 ayamukeleka ezinhlelweni ze-HVAC. Ukucaciswa kwepayipi kubhekisela ekujikeni kodonga lwepayipi, okwanda ngenombolo yokucaciswa. Ngokwanda kobukhulu bodonga lwepayipi, ingcindezi yokusebenza evumelekile yepayipi eqondile nayo iyanda. Ipayipi leShejuli 40 livumela ingcindezi yokusebenza engu-1694 psi ngo-½ intshi. Ipayipi, 696 psi intshi ngo-12 amayintshi (-20 kuya ku-650 F). Ingcindezi yokusebenza evumelekile yepayipi leShejuli 80 ingu-3036 psi. intshi (½ intshi) kanye no-1305 psi. intshi (12 amayintshi) (zombili -20 kuya ku-650 F). Lawa manani athathwe esigabeni se-Watson McDaniel Engineering Data.
Amapulasitiki: Amapayipi epulasitiki e-CPVC, ukufakwa kwezisekelo kuya ku-Specification 40 kanye ne-Specification 80 kuya ku-ASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 kuya ku-Specification 40 kanye ne-ASTM F 439 kuya ku-Specification 80) kanye nezinamathiselo ze-solvent (ASTM F493).
Ipayipi lepulasitiki le-PVC, izixhumi zesokhethi ngokwesheduli ye-ASTM D 1785 40 kanye nesheduli 80 (sheduli ye-ASM D 2466 40 kanye nesheduli ye-ASTM D 2467 80) kanye nezinamathiselo ze-solvent (ASTM D 2564). Kufaka phakathi i-primer ngokwesheduli ye-ASTM F 656.
Kokubili amapayipi e-CPVC kanye ne-PVC afaneleka ezinhlelweni ze-hydraulic ezingaphansi komhlaba, yize noma ngaphansi kwalezi zimo kufanele kuqashelwe lapho kufakwa la mapayipi kuphrojekthi. Amapayipi epulasitiki asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zendle kanye ne-ventilation duct, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba lapho amapayipi angenalutho ehlangana khona ngqo nenhlabathi ezungezile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamapayipi e-CPVC kanye ne-PVC kuyazuzisa ngenxa yokugqwala kwenhlabathi ethile. Amapayipi e-hydraulic avame ukugcinwa ngokushisa futhi ambozwe nge-PVC sheath evikelayo enikeza i-buffer phakathi kwamapayipi ensimbi nomhlabathi ozungezile. Amapayipi epulasitiki angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanzi amancane abandayo lapho kulindeleke khona ukucindezeleka okuphansi. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kokusebenza kwepayipi le-PVC kudlula i-150 psi kuwo wonke amapayipi afinyelela kuma-intshi angu-8, kodwa lokhu kusebenza kuphela emazingeni okushisa angu-73 F noma ngaphansi. Noma yikuphi ukushisa okungaphezu kuka-73°F kuzonciphisa ingcindezi yokusebenza ohlelweni lwamapayipi ibe ngu-140°F. Isici sokuqhekeka singu-0.22 kuleli zinga lokushisa kanye no-1.0 ku-73 F. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza elingu-140 F lingelamapayipi e-PVC eHlelo 40 kanye ne-Schedule 80. Ipayipi le-CPVC liyakwazi ukumelana nobubanzi bokushisa bokusebenza obubanzi, okwenza lifaneleke ukusetshenziswa kufika ku-200 F (ngesici sokuqhekeka esingu-0.2), kodwa linesilinganiso sokucindezela esifanayo nese-PVC, okuvumela ukuthi lisetshenziswe ezisetshenzisweni ezijwayelekile zokuqandisa ngaphansi komhlaba ngengcindezi evamile. Izinhlelo zamanzi ezifika ku-8 amayintshi. Ezinhlelweni zamanzi ashisayo ezigcina amazinga okushisa aphezulu amanzi afika ku-180 noma 205 F, amapayipi e-PVC noma e-CPVC awanconywa. Yonke idatha ithathwe ezinhlotsheni zamapayipi e-Harvel PVC kanye nezinhlotsheni zamapayipi e-CPVC.
Amapayipi Amapayipi athwala uketshezi oluhlukahlukene, izinto eziqinile, kanye namagesi. Kokubili uketshezi oluphuzwayo nolungaphuzwayo lugeleza kulezi zinhlelo. Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zoketshezi oluthwalwa ohlelweni lwamapayipi, amapayipi okukhulunywa ngawo ahlukaniswa njengamapayipi amanzi asekhaya noma amapayipi okudonsa amanzi kanye nokungenisa umoya.
Amanzi asekhaya: Ipayipi lethusi elithambile, izinhlobo ze-ASTM B88 K no-L, izinhlobo ze-ASTM B88M A no-B, ezinezixhumi zokucindezela zethusi ezibhakiwe (ASME B16.22).
Amapayipi Ethusi Aqinile, Izinhlobo ze-ASTM B88 L no-M, Izinhlobo ze-ASTM B88M B no-C, ane-Cast Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.18), i-Wrought Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.22), i-Bronze Flanges (ASME B16.24) ) kanye ne-copper fittings (MCS SP-123). Ipayipi liphinde livumele ukusetshenziswa kwe-valied fittings.
Izinhlobo zamapayipi ethusi kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene nazo zithathwe kuSigaba 22 11 16 se-MasterSpec. Ukwakheka kwamapayipi ethusi okuphakelwa kwamanzi asekhaya kunqunyelwe yizidingo zamazinga aphezulu okugeleza. Zichazwe kuncazelo yamapayipi kanje:
Isigaba 610.12.1 se-Uniform Plumbing Code ka-2012 sithi: Isivinini esiphezulu kumapayipi ethusi ne-copper alloy kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka akumele sidlule amamitha angu-8 ngomzuzwana emanzini abandayo kanye namamitha angu-5 ngomzuzwana emanzini ashisayo. La manani aphindwa futhi ku-Copper Tubing Handbook, esebenzisa la manani njengesivinini esiphezulu esinconywayo salezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo.
Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-316 ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM A403 kanye nokufakwa okufanayo kusetshenziswa izihlanganisi ezihlanganisiwe noma ezigoqiwe zamapayipi amanzi amakhulu asekhaya kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni ngqo kwamapayipi ethusi. Njengoba intengo yethusi ikhuphuka, amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali aya ngokuya evame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi asekhaya. Izinhlobo zamapayipi kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene zivela ku-Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec Section 22 11 00.
Ushintsho olusha oluzosetshenziswa futhi luqiniswe ngo-2014 yi-Federal Drinking Water Leadership Act. Lokhu kuwukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yamanje eCalifornia naseVermont mayelana nokuqukethwe komthofu emigwaqweni yamanzi yanoma yimaphi amapayipi, ama-valve, noma izinto zokufaka ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanzi zasekhaya. Umthetho uthi zonke izindawo ezimanzi zamapayipi, izinto zokufaka kanye nezinto zokufaka kumele “zingabi nomthofu”, okusho ukuthi okuqukethwe komthofu okuphezulu “akudluli isilinganiso esilinganiselwe esingu-0.25% (umthofu)”. Lokhu kudinga abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhiqize imikhiqizo yokukhipha umthofu ukuze bahambisane nezidingo zomthetho ezintsha. Imininingwane inikezwa yi-UL kuZiqondiso ze-Lead kuZingxenye Zamanzi Okuphuza.
Ukukhipha amanzi kanye nokungenisa umoya: Amapayipi endle angenamikhono kanye nokufakwa kwensimbi ecijile okuhambisana ne-ASTM A 888 noma i-Cast Iron Sewer Piping Institute (CISPI) 301. Ukufakwa kwe-Sovent okuhambisana ne-ASME B16.45 noma i-ASSE 1043 kungasetshenziswa ngohlelo olungapheli.
Amapayipi endle ensimbi ephothiwe kanye nezinto zokufaka ezifakwe elangeni kumele ahambisane ne-ASTM A 74, ama-gasket enjoloba (ASTM C 564) kanye ne-lead emsulwa kanye ne-oak noma i-hemp fiber sealant (ASTM B29).
Zombili izinhlobo zokufaka imibhobho zingasetshenziswa ezakhiweni, kodwa ukufaka imibhobho kanye nokufaka okungenamibhobho kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngaphezu komhlaba ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano. Amapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe ane-CISPI Plugless Fittings avumela ukufakwa unomphela, angalungiswa kabusha noma angafinyelelwa ngokususa ama-band clamps, kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi yepayipi lensimbi, okunciphisa umsindo wokuqhekeka emfudlaneni wemfucuza odlula epayipini. Inkinga yokufaka imibhobho yensimbi ehlanganisiwe ukuthi amapayipi ayawohloka ngenxa yemfucuza ene-asidi etholakala ezindaweni zokugezela ezivamile.
Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali e-ASME A112.3.1 kanye nokufakwa kwawo okuneziphetho ezivuvukile nezivuvukile kungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu esikhundleni samapayipi ensimbi ephonswe ngensimbi. Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali asetshenziswa futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yamapayipi, exhuma kusinki phansi lapho umkhiqizo ofakwe i-carbonated ukhipha khona amanzi ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo wokugqwala.
Ipayipi le-PVC eliqinile ngokwe-ASTM D 2665 (ukukhipha amanzi, ukuphambukisa kanye nokufaka umoya) kanye nepayipi le-honeycomb le-PVC ngokwe-ASTM F 891 (Isithasiselo 40), ukuxhumeka kwe-flare (ASTM D 2665 kuya ku-ASTM D 3311, i-drain, imfucuza kanye nokufaka umoya) okufanelekela ipayipi leShejuli 40), i-primer yokunamathela (ASTM F 656) kanye ne-solvent adhesive (ASTM D 2564). Amapayipi e-PVC angatholakala ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, yize evame ukufakwa ohlwini ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwamapayipi kanye nezidingo zomthetho ezikhethekile.
Emandleni okwakha eSouthern Nevada, i-International Building Code (IBC) Amendment ka-2009 ithi:
603.1.2.1 Imishini. Amapayipi avuthayo avunyelwe ukufakwa egumbini lenjini, avalelwe ngesakhiwo esingamelani nomlilo samahora amabili futhi avikelwe ngokugcwele yizifafazi ezizenzakalelayo. Amapayipi avuthayo angasetshenziswa kusukela egumbini lemishini kuya kwamanye amakamelo, uma nje amapayipi evalelwe endaweni ekhethekile evunyelwe engamelani nomlilo yamahora amabili. Lapho lawo mapayipi avuthayo edlula ezindongeni zomlilo kanye/noma phansi/ophahleni, ukungena kumele kuchazwe ngezinto ezithile zamapayipi ezinamazinga F no-T angaphansi kokumelana nomlilo okudingekayo ukuze kungene. Amapayipi avuthayo akumele angene ngaphezu kwengqimba eyodwa.
Lokhu kudinga ukuthi wonke amapayipi avuthayo (epulasitiki noma okunye) akhona esakhiweni se-Class 1A njengoba kuchazwe yi-IBC asongwe ngesakhiwo samahora ama-2. Ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi e-PVC ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi kunezinzuzo eziningana. Uma kuqhathaniswa namapayipi ensimbi acwebezelayo, i-PVC imelana kakhulu nokugqwala kanye nokubola okubangelwa udoti wendlu yangasese nomhlabathi. Uma efakwa ngaphansi komhlaba, amapayipi e-PVC nawo amelana nokugqwala kwenhlabathi ezungezile (njengoba kuboniswe esigabeni samapayipi e-HVAC). Amapayipi e-PVC asetshenziswa ohlelweni lokukhipha amanzi angaphansi kwemingcele efanayo nohlelo lwe-hydraulic lwe-HVAC, olunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza elingu-140 F. Leli zinga lokushisa liphinde lidingeke yizidingo ze-Uniform Piping Code kanye ne-International Piping Code, ebeka ukuthi noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwe-receiver kudoti kumele kube ngaphansi kuka-140 F.
Isigaba 810.1 se-2012 Uniform Plumbing Code sithi amapayipi omusi akumelwe axhunywe ngqo ohlelweni lwamapayipi noma lokukhipha amanzi, futhi amanzi angaphezu kuka-140 F (60 C) akumelwe akhishwe ngqo emgodini wokukhipha amanzi ocindezelwe.
Isigaba 803.1 seKhodi Yomhlaba Wonke Yamapayipi ka-2012 sithi amapayipi omusi akumelwe axhunywe ohlelweni lokukhipha amanzi noma kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yohlelo lwamapayipi, futhi amanzi angaphezu kuka-140 F (60 C) akumelwe akhishwe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yohlelo lokukhipha amanzi.
Izinhlelo zamapayipi ezikhethekile zihlotshaniswa nokuthuthwa koketshezi olungavamile. Lezi ziketshezi zingasukela ekufakeni amapayipi e-aquarium zasolwandle kuya ekufakeni amapayipi okuhlinzeka ngamakhemikhali ezinhlelweni zemishini yamachibi okubhukuda. Izinhlelo zamapayipi e-aquarium azivamile ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, kodwa zifakwa kwamanye amahhotela anezinhlelo zamapayipi ezikude ezixhunywe ezindaweni ezahlukene ukusuka egumbini lokupompa eliphakathi. Insimbi engagqwali ibonakala njengohlobo lwamapayipi afanele ezinhlelweni zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yekhono layo lokuvimbela ukugqwala nezinye izinhlelo zamanzi, kodwa amanzi anosawoti empeleni angagqwala futhi agugule amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali. Ngezicelo ezinjalo, amapayipi olwandle epulasitiki noma ethusi-nickel CPVC ahlangabezana nezidingo zokugqwala; lapho kubekwa la mapayipi endaweni enkulu yezentengiselwano, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi amapayipi angasha. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi avuthayo eNingizimu yeNevada kudinga indlela ehlukile yokucelwa ukuze kuboniswe inhloso yokuhambisana nekhodi yohlobo lwesakhiwo efanele.
Amapayipi okubhukuda ahlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile okucwiliswa emzimbeni aqukethe inani lamakhemikhali ancibilikisiwe (i-12.5% ​​​​ye-sodium hypochlorite bleach kanye ne-hydrochloric acid zingasetshenziswa) ukugcina i-pH ethile kanye nebhalansi yamakhemikhali njengoba kudingeka umnyango wezempilo. Ngaphezu kwamapayipi ancibilikisiwe amakhemikhali, i-chlorine bleach ephelele kanye namanye amakhemikhali kumele athuthwe kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina izinto eziningi kanye namakamelo emishini ekhethekile. Amapayipi e-CPVC amelana namakhemikhali ukuze kutholakale i-chlorine bleach, kodwa amapayipi e-ferrosilicon aphezulu angasetshenziswa njengendlela ehlukile yamapayipi amakhemikhali lapho edlula ezinhlotsheni zezakhiwo ezingashi (isb. Uhlobo 1A). Iqinile kodwa ibuthakathaka kakhulu kunepayipi lensimbi elijwayelekile futhi inzima kunemapayipi afanayo.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamathuba ambalwa nje amaningi okuklama izinhlelo zamapayipi. Zimelela izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlelo ezifakiwe ezakhiweni ezinkulu zezentengiselwano, kodwa kuzohlala kukhona okuhlukile emthethweni. Imininingwane eyinhloko iyonke iyinsiza ebalulekile ekunqumeni uhlobo lwamapayipi ohlelweni oluthile nokuhlola izindlela ezifanele zomkhiqizo ngamunye. Imininingwane ejwayelekile izohlangabezana nezidingo zamaphrojekthi amaningi, kodwa abaklami nonjiniyela kufanele bawabuyekeze uma kukhulunywa ngemibhoshongo ephakeme, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, amakhemikhali ayingozi, noma izinguquko emthethweni noma endaweni. Funda kabanzi mayelana nezincomo zamapayipi kanye nemikhawulo yokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nemikhiqizo efakwe kuphrojekthi yakho. Amakhasimende ethu ayasithemba njengochwepheshe bokuklama ukuthi sizohlinzeka izakhiwo zabo ngosayizi ofanele, imiklamo elinganiselayo futhi engabizi lapho imigudu ifinyelela khona impilo yayo elindelekile futhi ingalokothi ibhekane nokwehluleka okukhulu.
UMatt Dolan ungunjiniyela wephrojekthi kwa-JBA Consulting Engineers. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kusekuklanyweni kwezinhlelo ze-HVAC eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namapayipi ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezifana namahhovisi ezentengiselwano, izikhungo zezempilo kanye nezindawo zokungenisa izihambi, okuhlanganisa imibhoshongo yezivakashi ephakeme kanye nezindawo zokudlela eziningi.
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