2. Sobanukirwa ubwoko butatu bw'imiyoboro y'amazi: HVAC (hydraulic), imiyoboro y'amazi (amazi yo mu rugo, imiyoboro y'amazi mabi n'iy'umwuka) n'imiyoboro y'amazi ya chimique n'iy'ihariye (imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu nyanja n'imiti ihumanya ikirere).
Imiyoboro y'amazi n'amazi irahari mu nyubako nyinshi. Abantu benshi babonye imiyoboro ya P-trap cyangwa refrigerant iri munsi y'isafuriya ijya cyangwa iva muri sisitemu itandukanya. Abantu bake ni bo babona imiyoboro y'amazi y'ubuhanga mu ruganda rwo hagati cyangwa sisitemu yo gusukura imiti mu cyumba cy'ibikoresho byo mu bwogero. Buri porogaramu muri izi zisaba ubwoko bwihariye bw'imiyoboro yujuje ibisabwa, imiterere y'ubutaka, amategeko, n'uburyo bwiza bwo kuyishushanya.
Nta gisubizo cyoroshye cy’amazi gihuye n’ikoreshwa ryose. Izi sisitemu zujuje ibisabwa byose mu buryo bw’umubiri no mu buryo bw’amategeko iyo ibisabwa mu buryo bwihariye byujujwe kandi hakabajijwe ibibazo bikwiye ba nyir’inzu n’abayikoresha. Byongeye kandi, zishobora kugumana ikiguzi gikwiye n’igihe cyo kuzigama kugira ngo habeho sisitemu nziza y’inyubako.
Imiyoboro ya HVAC irimo amazi menshi atandukanye, igitutu n'ubushyuhe. Umuyoboro ushobora kuba hejuru cyangwa munsi y'ubutaka kandi ukanyura imbere cyangwa inyuma y'inyubako. Ibi bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe hagenwa imiyoboro ya HVAC mu mushinga. Ijambo "hydrodynamic cycle" risobanura ikoreshwa ry'amazi nk'uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe mu gukonjesha no gushyushya. Muri buri gikorwa, amazi atangwa ku gipimo n'ubushyuhe runaka. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kohereza ubushyuhe mu cyumba bukoreshwa n'umwuka uva ku mazi ujya ku mazi wagenewe gusubiza amazi ku bushyuhe bugenwe. Ibi bituma ubushyuhe runaka bwimurwa cyangwa bukurwa mu mwanya. Uburyo amazi akonjesha no gushyushya azenguruka ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bukoreshwa mu byuma bikonjesha mu bucuruzi bunini.
Ku nyubako nyinshi zo hasi, umuvuduko w’imikorere y’iyi sisitemu ubusanzwe uba uri munsi ya pounds 150 kuri santimetero kare (psig). Sisitemu ya hydraulic (amazi akonje n’ashyushye) ni sisitemu ifunganye. Ibi bivuze ko umutwe wose w’iyi pomu uzirikana igihombo cyo gukururana mu miyoboro y’amazi, imiyoboro ijyanye nayo, valves n’ibindi bikoresho. Uburebure bw’iyi sisitemu ntibugira ingaruka ku mikorere y’iyi pomu, ahubwo bugira ingaruka ku muvuduko w’imikorere ukenewe w’iyi sisitemu. Ibikoresho bikonjesha, boilers, pompes, imiyoboro n’ibindi bikoresho bihabwa amanota ya psi 150, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara ku bakora ibikoresho n’ibice. Aho bishoboka, iki gipimo cy’umuvuduko kigomba kuguma mu gishushanyo mbonera cy’iyi sisitemu. Inyubako nyinshi zifatwa nk’iziri hasi cyangwa iziri hagati ziri mu cyiciro cy’umuvuduko w’imikorere wa psi 150.
Mu miterere y'inyubako ndende, biragenda bigorana gukomeza gukoresha imiyoboro n'ibikoresho biri munsi ya psi 150. Umutwe w'imiyoboro uhoraho uri hejuru ya metero 350 (hatarimo kongeramo umuvuduko wa pompe kuri sisitemu) uzarenga igipimo cy'umuvuduko usanzwe w'izi sisitemu (psi 1 = metero 2.31 umutwe). Sisitemu ishobora gukoresha agakoresho gatanga umuvuduko (mu buryo bw'agakoresho gahindura ubushyuhe) kugira ngo gatandukanye umuvuduko mwinshi w'inkingi n'indi miyoboro n'ibikoresho bihujwe. Iyi miterere ya sisitemu izemerera igishushanyo mbonera no gushyiraho ibyuma bikonjesha umuvuduko usanzwe ndetse no kugaragaza imiyoboro n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu munara wo gukonjesha.
Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ku mushinga munini wa kaminuza, umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi/injeniyeri agomba kumenya neza umunara n'imiyoboro byagenewe podium, bigaragaza ibyo buri wese akeneye (cyangwa ibyo asabwa na bose hamwe niba ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe bidakoreshwa mu gutandukanya agace k'umuvuduko).
Ikindi gice cy’iyi sisitemu ifunze ni ugusukura amazi no gukuraho ogisijeni iyo ari yo yose mu mazi. Sisitemu nyinshi za hydraulic zifite sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi igizwe n’ibinyabutabire bitandukanye n’ibibuza amazi gukomeza gutembera mu miyoboro ku rugero rwiza rwa pH (hafi 9.0) n’urugero rwa mikorobe kugira ngo zirwanye biofilms z’imiyoboro n’ingese. Gutuza amazi mu sisitemu no gukuramo umwuka bifasha kongera igihe cy’imiyoboro, ipompo zijyanye nayo, imiyoboro n’amavali. Umwuka uwo ari wo wose ufungiye mu miyoboro ushobora gutera gucika kw’amazi mu ipompo z’amazi akonjesha n’ashyuha kandi ukagabanya ubushyuhe bwo kohereza mu gikonjesha, muri boiler cyangwa mu miyoboro izenguruka.
Umuringa: Imiyoboro yakozwe mu bwoko bwa L, B, K, M cyangwa C ikozwe kandi ikomejwe hakurikijwe ASTM B88 na B88M hamwe n'ibikoresho byakozwe mu muringa bya ASME B16.22 hamwe n'ibikoresho byakozwe mu muringa bidafite icyuma cyangwa solder kugira ngo bikoreshwe munsi y'ubutaka.
Umuyoboro ukomeye, ubwoko bwa L, B, K (ubusanzwe ukoreshwa gusa munsi y’ubutaka) cyangwa A kuri ASTM B88 na B88M, hamwe n’ibikoresho bya ASME B16.22 by’umuringa bihujwe n’uburinzi budafite icyuma cyangwa hejuru y’ubutaka. Uyu muyoboro kandi wemerera gukoresha ibikoresho bifunze.
Umuyoboro w'umuringa wo mu bwoko bwa K ni wo muyoboro munini cyane uboneka, utanga umuvuduko w'imikorere wa santimetero 1534 kuri santimetero 100 kuri santimetero 1.5. Imiterere ya L na M ifite umuvuduko muto ugereranije na K ariko iracyakwiriye gukoreshwa muri HVAC (umuvuduko uri hagati ya santimetero 1242 kuri santimetero 100 na santimetero 12 na santimetero 435 na santimetero 395. Izi ndangagaciro zakuwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 3a, 3b na 3c y'amabwiriza y'imiyoboro y'umuringa yasohotse na Copper Development Assn.
Izi ngufu zikoreshwa ni izikoreshwa mu miyoboro igororotse, ubusanzwe idakoresha ingufu nke zikoreshwa muri sisitemu. Ibikoresho n'imiyoboro bihuza imiyoboro ibiri y'uburebure bishobora kuva cyangwa bigapfa bitewe n'umuvuduko w'imikorere ya sisitemu zimwe na zimwe. Ubwoko busanzwe bwo guhuza imiyoboro y'umuringa ni gusudira, gusoda cyangwa gufunga hakoreshejwe umuvuduko. Ubwo bwoko bw'imiyoboro bugomba gukorwa mu bikoresho bidafite icyuma kandi bigahabwa amanota ajyanye n'umuvuduko witezwe muri sisitemu.
Buri bwoko bw'ihuza bushobora kubungabunga sisitemu idasohoka iyo igipfundikizo gifunze neza, ariko izi sisitemu zikora mu buryo butandukanye iyo igipfundikizo kidafunze neza cyangwa ngo gipfundikizwe. Impande zombi z'ibipfundikizo n'izipfundikizo zishobora kwangirika no kuva amazi iyo sisitemu yujujwe bwa mbere kandi inyubako ikaba itarakoreshwa. Muri iki gihe, ba rwiyemezamirimo n'abagenzuzi bashobora kumenya vuba aho igice cyombi kirimo kuva amazi no gukemura ikibazo mbere yuko sisitemu ikora neza kandi abagenzi n'imbere byangiritse. Ibi bishobora kandi gukopwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bidasohoka amazi niba impeta cyangwa ihuriro byagenwe. Iyo udakandagiye hasi kugira ngo umenye aho ikibazo kiri, amazi ashobora kuva amazi mu gipfundikizo kimwe na solder cyangwa solder. Niba ibikoresho bidasohoka amazi bitaragaragajwe mu gishushanyo, rimwe na rimwe bizakomeza kuba munsi y'umuvuduko mu gihe cyo kugerageza ubwubatsi kandi bishobora kwangirika nyuma y'igihe cy'akazi, bigatera kwangirika cyane ahantu hifashishijwe n'abayirimo ndetse n'ingaruka zishobora kuba ku babikora, cyane cyane iyo imiyoboro ishyushye ishyushye inyuze mu miyoboro.
Ibyifuzo ku bunini bw'imiyoboro y'umuringa bishingiye ku bisabwa n'amabwiriza, inama z'uwakoze n'uburyo bwiza bwo kuyikoresha. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha amazi akonje (ubushyuhe bw'amazi busanzwe buri hagati ya dogere 42 na 45 F), umuvuduko ntarengwa usabwa ku miyoboro y'umuringa ni metero 8 ku isegonda kugira ngo ugabanye urusaku rw'imiyoboro no kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'isuri/kwangirika. Ku bijyanye n'amazi ashyushye (ubusanzwe dogere 140 na 180 F yo gushyushya ahantu no kugeza kuri dogere 205 F yo gukora amazi ashyushye mu ngo muri sisitemu zivanze), umuvuduko ntarengwa usabwa ku miyoboro y'umuringa ni muto cyane. Igitabo cy'amabwiriza agenga imiyoboro y'umuringa kigaragaza uyu muvuduko wa metero 2 kugeza kuri 3 ku isegonda iyo ubushyuhe bw'amazi buri hejuru ya dogere 140 F.
Imiyoboro y'umuringa ikunze kuba ifite ingano runaka, kugeza kuri santimetero 30. Ibi bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'umuringa mu bigo bikuru bya kaminuza, kuko iyi miterere y'inyubako akenshi isaba imiyoboro minini irenga santimetero 30. Kuva ku ruganda rwo hagati kugeza ku byuma bihindura ubushyuhe bifitanye isano. Imiyoboro y'umuringa ikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu buryo bwa hydraulic bwa santimetero 3 cyangwa munsi yayo. Ku bunini burenga santimetero 30, imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite imigozi ikunze gukoreshwa cyane. Ibi biterwa n'itandukaniro ry'igiciro hagati y'icyuma n'umuringa, itandukaniro ry'umurimo w'imiyoboro ya corrugated ugereranyije n'imiyoboro ya brazed cyangwa brazed (ibikoresho by'umuvuduko ntibyemewe cyangwa ngo bishyirweho inama na nyir'ubwite cyangwa injeniyeri), hamwe n'umuvuduko w'amazi n'ubushyuhe muri buri muyoboro w'ibikoresho.
Icyuma: Umuyoboro w'icyuma w'umukara cyangwa wa galvanized kuri ASTM A 53/A 53M ufite icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa ductile (ASME B16.3) cyangwa icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa ductile (ASTM A 234/A 234M) n'icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa ductile (ASME B16.39). Ibice by'icyuma, ibikoresho n'imiyoboro yo mu rwego rwa 150 na 300 biraboneka hamwe n'imiyoboro ifite insinga cyangwa flange. Umuyoboro ushobora gusukwa n'icyuma cyuzuza hakurikijwe AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Ihuye na ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron na ASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, cyangwa S Grade B Assembly Steel, cyangwa ASTM A106 , steel grade B. Ibikoresho bikozwe mu migozi cyangwa mu migozi byo gushyiramo ibikoresho bikozwe mu migozi.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, imiyoboro y'icyuma ikoreshwa cyane ku miyoboro minini muri sisitemu za hydraulic. Ubu bwoko bw'iyi sisitemu bwemerera ibikenewe bitandukanye by'umuvuduko, ubushyuhe n'ingano kugira ngo buhuze n'ibikenewe mu miyoboro y'amazi akonje kandi ashyushye. Imiterere y'ibyiciro bya flanges, fittings, n'ibifatanya bivuga umuvuduko w'umwuka wuzuye muri santimetero 50 z'ikintu gihuye. Ibifatanya bya Class 150 byagenewe gukora ku muvuduko w'akazi wa santimetero 150 kuri santimetero 366 F, mu gihe ibifatanya bya Class 300 bitanga umuvuduko w'akazi wa santimetero 300 kuri santimetero 550 F. Ibikorana bya Class 150 bitanga umuvuduko w'amazi urenga santimetero 300 kuri santimetero 150 F, naho ibikorana bya Class 300 bitanga umuvuduko w'amazi ugera ku santimetero 2.000 kuri santimetero 150 F. Hari ibindi bicuruzwa biboneka ku bwoko bwihariye bw'imiyoboro. Urugero, ku bifatanya bya fermete by'icyuma n'ibifatanya bya ASME 16.1, ibyiciro bya 125 cyangwa 250 birashobora gukoreshwa.
Imiyoboro n'imiyoboro bikozwe mu migozi bikoresha imiyoboro yaciwe cyangwa yakozwe ku mpera z'imiyoboro, imiyoboro, valve, nibindi kugira ngo bihuzwe hagati ya buri burebure bw'imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro hakoreshejwe sisitemu yo guhuza ikora neza cyangwa ikomeye. Iyi miyoboro igizwe n'ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi bipfundikiye kandi bifite imashini yo kumesa mu mwobo uhuza. Iyi miyoboro iboneka mu bwoko bwa flange zo mu bwoko bwa 150 na 300 hamwe n'ibikoresho bya gasket bya EPDM kandi ishobora gukora ku bushyuhe bw'amazi kuva kuri 230 kugeza 250 F (bitewe n'ingano y'umuyoboro). Amakuru y'imiyoboro ikozwe mu migozi yakuwe mu bitabo bya Victaulic n'ibitabo.
Imiyoboro y'icyuma ya 40 na 80 yemerewe kuri sisitemu za HVAC. Ibisobanuro by'imiyoboro bivuga ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro, bwiyongera uko umubare ugenwa. Uko ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro bwiyongera, igitutu cyemewe cy'umuyoboro ugororotse nacyo kiriyongera. Imiyoboro ya 40 yemerera igitutu cy'imikorere cya 1694 psi kuri ½ santimetero. Umuyoboro, santimetero 696 psi kuri santimetero 12 (-20 kugeza 650 F). Igitutu cyemewe cy'imikorere kuri imiyoboro ya 80 ni santimetero 3036 psi. (½ santimetero) na santimetero 1305 psi. (zombi -20 kugeza 650 F). Izi gaciro zakuwe mu gice cya Watson McDaniel Engineering Data.
Plastike: imiyoboro ya pulasitiki ya CPVC, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo uduce duto ku gipimo cya 40 n'ibipimo bya 80 kugeza kuri ASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 kugeza kuri gipimo cya 40 na ASTM F 439 kugeza kuri gipimo cya 80) n'ibice bivangavanze (ASTM F493).
Umuyoboro wa pulasitiki wa PVC, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo uduce duto dukurikije gahunda ya ASTM D 1785 40 na gahunda ya 80 (imbonerahamwe ya ASM D 2466 40 na gahunda ya ASTM D 2467 80) hamwe n'ibirungo bivangavanga (ASTM D 2564). Harimo primer kuri ASTM F 656.
Imiyoboro ya CPVC na PVC byombi birakwiriye sisitemu za hydraulic ziri munsi y’ubutaka, nubwo no muri ibi bihe bigomba kwitonderwa mu gihe cyo gushyiraho iyi miyoboro mu mushinga. Imiyoboro ya pulasitiki ikoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro y’amazi mabi n’iy’ubuhumekero, cyane cyane mu butaka aho imiyoboro yambaye ubusa ihura n’ubutaka buyikikije. Muri icyo gihe, kurwanya ingese kw’imiyoboro ya CPVC na PVC ni ingirakamaro bitewe n’ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka bumwe na bumwe. Imiyoboro ya hydraulic ikunze gutwikirwa n’icyuma gikingira PVC gitanga uburinzi hagati y’imiyoboro y’icyuma n’ubutaka buyikikije. Imiyoboro ya pulasitiki ishobora gukoreshwa mu miyoboro mito ikonje aho biteganijwe ko hari igitutu gito. Igitutu ntarengwa cy’umuvuduko w’umurimo w’imiyoboro ya PVC kirenga psi 150 ku miyoboro yose kugeza kuri santimetero 20, ariko ibi bireba gusa ubushyuhe bwa dogere 73 F cyangwa munsi yayo. Ubushyuhe bwose buri hejuru ya dogere 73 F buzagabanya igitutu cy’imikorere mu miyoboro kugeza kuri dogere 140 F. Igipimo cyo gukuraho ubushyuhe ni 0.22 kuri ubu bushyuhe na 1.0 kuri 73 F. Ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukoresha ni 140 F ni ku muyoboro wa PVC wa Jedwali 40 na Jedwali 80. Umuyoboro wa CPVC ushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gukora, bigatuma ukoreshwa kugeza kuri 200 F (hamwe n'igipimo cyo gukuraho ubushyuhe cya 0.2), ariko ufite igipimo cy'umuvuduko kimwe na PVC, bigatuma ukoreshwa mu bikoresho bisanzwe byo gukonjesha munsi y'ubutaka. Sisitemu z'amazi ashyushye zigumana ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'amazi kugeza kuri 180 cyangwa 205 F, imiyoboro ya PVC cyangwa CPVC ntibyemewe. Amakuru yose akurwa mu bipimo by'umuyoboro wa Harvel PVC n'ibipimo by'umuyoboro wa CPVC.
Imiyoboro Imiyoboro itwara ibintu byinshi bitandukanye by'amazi, ibintu bikomeye, na gaze. Ibintu byo kunywa n'ibidakoreshwa mu mazi binyura muri ubu buryo. Bitewe n'ubwoko bwinshi bw'amazi atwarwa mu buryo bw'amazi, imiyoboro ivugwa ishyirwa mu byiciro by'imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu rugo cyangwa imiyoboro y'amazi n'iy'umwuka.
Amazi yo mu rugo: Umuyoboro w'umuringa woroshye, ASTM B88 ubwoko K na L, ASTM B88M ubwoko A na B, hamwe n'ibikoresho by'umuvuduko w'umuringa (ASME B16.22).
Imiyoboro ikomeye y'umuringa, Ubwoko bwa ASTM B88 L na M, Ubwoko bwa ASTM B88M B na C, hamwe n'ibikoresho byo gusukamo umuringa (ASME B16.18), ibikoresho byo gusukamo umuringa (ASME B16.22), udupira tw'umuringa (ASME B16.24)) n'ibikoresho byo gusukamo umuringa (MCS SP-123). Uyu muyoboro kandi wemerera gukoresha ibikoresho bifunze.
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'umuringa n'amahame bifitanye isano byakuwe mu ngingo ya 22 11 16 ya MasterSpec. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro y'umuringa yo kuvoma amazi yo mu ngo kigengwa n'ibisabwa kugira ngo amazi atemba neza. Bivugwa mu bisobanuro by'imiyoboro ku buryo bukurikira:
Ingingo ya 610.12.1 y'Itegeko ry'Ubumwe bw'Amashanyarazi ryo mu 2012 ivuga iti: Umuvuduko ntarengwa mu miyoboro y'umuringa n'umuringa hamwe na sisitemu zo kuyishyiramo ntugomba kurenza metero 8 ku isegonda mu mazi akonje na metero 5 ku isegonda mu mazi ashyushye. Izi ndangagaciro kandi zisubirwamo mu gitabo cy'imiyoboro y'umuringa, gikoresha izi ndangagaciro nk'umuvuduko ntarengwa usabwa kuri ubwo bwoko bw'imiyoboro.
Imiyoboro y'icyuma gitembabuzi yo mu bwoko bwa 316 hakurikijwe ASTM A403 n'ibindi bisa nayo ikoresheje imiyoboro itembabuzi cyangwa ipfundikiye ku miyoboro minini y'amazi yo mu rugo ndetse n'imiyoboro y'umuringa isimburana. Kubera izamuka ry'igiciro cy'umuringa, imiyoboro y'icyuma gitembabuzi igenda irushaho kugaragara mu miyoboro y'amazi yo mu rugo. Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro n'amahame bifitanye isano ni ibyavuye mu buyobozi bw'abahoze ari abasirikare (VA) MasterSpec Igice cya 22 11 00.
Agashya gashya kazashyirwa mu bikorwa kandi gashyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2014 ni Itegeko ry’Ubuyobozi bw’Amazi yo Kunywa rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Iri ni itegeko rya leta rigenga iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko ariho muri Kaliforuniya na Vermont yerekeye ubucucike bw’amazi mu miyoboro iyo ari yo yose, amavali, cyangwa ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu miyoboro y’amazi yo mu ngo. Itegeko rivuga ko ubuso bwose bw’imiyoboro, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bitose bigomba kuba “bidafite ubucucike bw’amazi”, bivuze ko ubucucike bw’amazi ntarengwa “butarenga impuzandengo ya 0.25% (ubucucike bw’amazi)”. Ibi bisaba abakora ibicuruzwa bidafite ubucucike bw’amazi kugira ngo byubahirize ibisabwa bishya by’amategeko. Ibisobanuro birambuye bitangwa na UL mu Mabwiriza agenga Ibice by’Amazi yo Kunywa.
Gusohora amazi n'umwuka: Imiyoboro y'amazi y'ubucanwa idafite amaboko n'ibikoresho bihuye na ASTM A 888 cyangwa Ikigo cy'Imiyoboro y'Amazi y'Ubucanwa cya Cast Iron (CISPI) 301. Ibikoresho bifasha mu kuzana amazi y'ubucanwa bihuye na ASME B16.45 cyangwa ASSE 1043 bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na sisitemu idahagarara.
Imiyoboro y'amazi y'ubutare n'ibikoresho bifatanye bigomba kubahiriza ASTM A 74, gaskets za rubber (ASTM C 564) hamwe n'icyuma gifunga icyuma cy'ubutare n'igiti cy'umukara cyangwa umuhempe (ASTM B29).
Ubwo bwoko bwombi bw'imiyoboro y'amazi bushobora gukoreshwa mu nyubako, ariko imiyoboro y'amazi n'ibikoresho bidafite imiyoboro bikunze gukoreshwa hejuru y'ubutaka mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi. Imiyoboro y'icyuma ikozwe muri CISPI Plugless Fittings yemerera gushyirwaho burundu, ishobora kongera gushyirwaho cyangwa ikagerwaho hakoreshejwe gukuraho imigozi, mu gihe igumana ubuziranenge bw'umuyoboro w'icyuma, ibi bigabanya urusaku rwo gucika mu muyoboro w'imyanda inyura mu muyoboro. Ingorane z'imiyoboro y'icyuma ni uko imiyoboro y'amazi irushaho kwangirika bitewe n'imyanda isanzwe iboneka mu bwiherero busanzwe.
Imiyoboro ya ASME A112.3.1 y'icyuma kidapfa ikoreshwa n'ibikoresho bifite impera zishaje kandi zishaje bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwiza bwo gusohora amazi mu mwanya w'imiyoboro y'icyuma gishongeshejwe. Imiyoboro ya icyuma kidapfa ikoreshwa kandi mu gice cya mbere cy'imiyoboro, gihuza n'aho amazi asuka hasi aho icyuma gishongeshejwe n'amazi gica kugira ngo kigabanye kwangirika kw'ingese.
Umuyoboro wa PVC ukomeye ukurikije ASTM D 2665 (aho amazi anyura, aho anyura n'aho asohoka) n'umuyoboro wa PVC w'ibishishwa by'ubuki ukurikije ASTM F 891 (Umugereka wa 40), aho umuriro uhurira (ASTM D 2665 na ASTM D 3311, aho amazi anyura, imyanda n'aho asohoka) bikwiranye n'umuyoboro wa 40), aho amazi anyura (ASTM F 656) n'aho amazi anyura (ASTM D 2564). Imiyoboro ya PVC iboneka hejuru no munsi y'ubutaka mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi, nubwo ikunze kugaragara munsi y'ubutaka bitewe n'imiyoboro yacitse n'amategeko yihariye.
Mu rwego rw'ubwubatsi rwa Nevada y'Amajyepfo, Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ry'Ububaji ryo mu 2009 (IBC) rivugurura rigira riti:
603.1.2.1 Ibikoresho. Imiyoboro y'umuriro yemerewe gushyirwa mu cyumba cya moteri, ifunze n'inyubako idashya amasaha abiri kandi irinzwe neza n'ibikoresho byikora. Imiyoboro y'umuriro ishobora gutwarwa kuva mu cyumba cy'ibikoresho ijya mu bindi byumba, mu gihe imiyoboro y'umuriro ifunze mu gice cyihariye cyemewe kidashya amasaha abiri. Iyo iyo miyoboro y'umuriro inyuze mu nkuta z'umuriro n'/cyangwa hasi/igisenge, aho imiyoboro y'umuriro igomba kugaragazwa ku bikoresho byihariye by'imiyoboro ifite urwego rwa F na T rutari munsi y'ubudashya busabwa kugira ngo yinjirane. Imiyoboro y'umuriro ntigomba kwinjira mu byiciro birenze kimwe.
Ibi bisaba ko imiyoboro yose isharira (ya pulasitiki cyangwa indi) iri mu nyubako ya Class 1A nk'uko byasobanuwe na IBC igomba gupfunyikwa mu nyubako y'amasaha 2. Gukoresha imiyoboro ya PVC mu miyoboro y'amazi bifite ibyiza byinshi. Ugereranyije n'imiyoboro y'icyuma gishongeshejwe, PVC irwanya cyane ingese n'ingufu ziterwa n'imyanda yo mu bwiherero n'ubutaka. Iyo ishyizwe munsi y'ubutaka, imiyoboro ya PVC nayo irwanya ingese y'ubutaka buyikikije (nk'uko bigaragara mu gice cy'imiyoboro ya HVAC). Imiyoboro ya PVC ikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi igengwa n'imbogamizi zimwe na sisitemu ya HVAC hydraulic, ifite ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora bwa 140 F. Ubu bushyuhe busabwa kandi n'ibisabwa n'amategeko agenga imiyoboro n'amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga imiyoboro, avuga ko iyo ari yo yose iva mu myanda igomba kuba iri munsi ya 140 F.
Ingingo ya 810.1 y'Itegeko ry'Ubumwe bw'Amazi ryo mu 2012 ivuga ko imiyoboro y'umwuka idakwiye guhuzwa mu buryo butaziguye n'imiyoboro cyangwa inzira yo kuvoma, kandi amazi ari hejuru ya 140 F (60 C) ntagomba gusohoka mu muyoboro wuzuyemo umwuka.
Ingingo ya 803.1 y'Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ry'Amazi ryo mu 2012 ivuga ko imiyoboro y'amazi ikoreshwa n'umwuka idakwiye guhuzwa n'umuyoboro w'amazi cyangwa igice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umuyoboro w'amazi, kandi amazi ari hejuru ya 140 F (60 C) ntagomba gusohoka mu gice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umuyoboro w'amazi.
Imiyoboro yihariye ijyanye no gutwara amazi atari asanzwe. Ayo mazi ashobora kuva ku miyoboro yo mu mazi yo mu mazi kugeza ku miyoboro yo gutanga imiti mu bikoresho byo koga. Imiyoboro y’amazi yo mu mazi ntabwo ikunze kugaragara mu nyubako z’ubucuruzi, ariko ishyirwa muri amwe mu mahoteli afite imiyoboro yo mu mazi iri kure ihujwe n’ahantu hatandukanye uhereye ku cyumba cyo hagati cy’ipompe. Ibyuma bitagira umugese bisa nkaho ari ubwoko bw’imiyoboro ikwiriye imiyoboro y’amazi yo mu nyanja bitewe n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukumira ingese hamwe n’izindi miyoboro y’amazi, ariko amazi y’umunyu ashobora kwangiza no gusenya imiyoboro y’icyuma kitagira umugese. Kuri ubwo buryo, imiyoboro ya pulasitiki cyangwa umuringa-nickel CPVC yo mu mazi yujuje ibisabwa ku ngese; iyo ushyize iyi miyoboro mu kigo kinini cy’ubucuruzi, ugomba gusuzuma uburyo imiyoboro ishobora gushya. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ikoreshwa ry’imiyoboro ikoresha umuriro mu Majyepfo ya Nevada bisaba ubundi buryo bwo gusabwa kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko hagomba kubahirizwa amategeko agenga inyubako.
Imiyoboro ya pisine itanga amazi meza yo kwibiza mu mubiri irimo ingano y’imiti ivanze (12.5% ​​​​ya sodium hypochlorite bleach na aside hydrochloric ishobora gukoreshwa) kugira ngo hagumane pH n’uburinganire bwihariye nk’uko bisabwa n’ishami ry’ubuzima. Uretse imiyoboro ya chlorine ivanze, bleach yuzuye ya chlorine n’indi miti igomba gutwarwa ivanywe ahantu ho kubika ibikoresho byinshi n’ibyumba byihariye by’ibikoresho. Imiyoboro ya CPVC irwanya imiti ivanze na chlorine, ariko imiyoboro ya ferrosilicon nyinshi ishobora gukoreshwa nk’uburyo bwo gusimbura imiyoboro ya chemical iyo inyura mu nyubako zidashya (urugero: Ubwoko bwa 1A). Irakomeye ariko irarushya kurusha imiyoboro isanzwe y’icyuma kandi iremereye kurusha imiyoboro isa nayo.
Iyi nkuru ivuga ku buryo bumwe mu buryo bwinshi bwo gushushanya sisitemu z'imiyoboro. Zigaragaza ubwoko bwinshi bwa sisitemu zishyirwa mu nyubako nini z'ubucuruzi, ariko hazabaho ibinyuranye n'amategeko. Ibisobanuro rusange by'ingenzi ni isoko y'agaciro mu kugena ubwoko bw'imiyoboro ku sisitemu runaka no gusuzuma ibipimo bikwiye kuri buri gicuruzwa. Ibisobanuro bisanzwe bizuzuza ibisabwa n'imishinga myinshi, ariko abashushanya n'abahanga mu by'imishinga bagomba kubisuzuma iyo bigeze ku minara miremire, ubushyuhe bwinshi, imiti ihumanya, cyangwa impinduka mu mategeko cyangwa mu buyobozi. Menya byinshi ku nama z'amazi n'amabwiriza yo gufata ibyemezo bisobanutse ku bicuruzwa byashyizwe mu mushinga wawe. Abakiriya bacu baratwizera nk'abahanga mu by'ubugeni kugira ngo duhe inyubako zabo ingano ikwiye, imiterere iboneye kandi ihendutse aho imiyoboro igera ku buzima bwayo buteganijwe kandi ntigire ibyago bikomeye.
Matt Dolan ni injeniyeri w’imishinga muri JBA Consulting Engineers. Ubunararibonye bwe buri mu gushushanya HVAC ikomeye n’imiyoboro y’amazi mu nyubako zitandukanye nko mu biro by’ubucuruzi, ibigo nderabuzima n’amazu yo kwakira abashyitsi, harimo iminara miremire y’abashyitsi n’amaresitora menshi.
Ese ufite ubunararibonye n'ubumenyi ku ngingo zivugwa muri ibi bikubiye muri iyi nyandiko? Ugomba gutekereza gutanga umusanzu mu itsinda ryacu ry'abanditsi ba CFE Media no kubona icyubahiro wowe n'ikigo cyawe mukwiye. Kanda hano kugira ngo utangire igikorwa.