2. Kumvetsetsa mitundu itatu ya makina opalira mapaipi: HVAC (hydraulic), mapaipi (madzi apakhomo, zimbudzi ndi mpweya wopumira) ndi makina opalira mapaipi a mankhwala ndi apadera (makina opalira madzi a m'nyanja ndi mankhwala oopsa).
Mapaipi ndi mapaipi amapezeka m'nyumba zambiri. Anthu ambiri awona mapaipi a P-trap kapena refrigerant pansi pa sinki yopita ndi kuchokera ku dongosolo logawanika. Anthu ochepa amawona mapaipi akuluakulu aukadaulo mufakitale yapakati kapena makina oyeretsera mankhwala m'chipinda cha zida za dziwe. Ntchito iliyonse mwa izi imafuna mtundu winawake wa mapaipi omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira, zoletsa zakuthupi, ma code, ndi njira zabwino zopangira.
Palibe njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito mapaipi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi ntchito zonse. Machitidwewa amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zakuthupi ndi zamakhodi ngati zofunikira zinazake za kapangidwe kake zakwaniritsidwa ndipo mafunso oyenera afunsidwa kwa eni ake ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kusunga ndalama zoyenera komanso nthawi yoyenera kuti apange dongosolo lomanga lopambana.
Ma duct a HVAC ali ndi madzi osiyanasiyana, kupanikizika, ndi kutentha. Ma duct amatha kukhala pamwamba kapena pansi pa nthaka ndipo amatha kudutsa mkati kapena kunja kwa nyumbayo. Zinthu izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha mapaipi a HVAC mu projekitiyi. Mawu akuti "hydrodynamic cycle" amatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati njira yosamutsira kutentha poziziritsa ndi kutentha. Pa ntchito iliyonse, madzi amaperekedwa pamlingo wofanana ndi kutentha. Kusamutsa kutentha m'chipinda kumachitika ndi coil yochokera ku mpweya kupita kumadzi yopangidwa kuti ibwezeretse madzi pa kutentha kokhazikika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwina kusamutsidwe kapena kuchotsedwa pamalopo. Kuzungulira kwa madzi ozizira ndi kutentha ndiye njira yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poziziritsa mpweya m'malo akuluakulu amalonda.
Pa ntchito zambiri za nyumba zotsika, kuthamanga kwa makina komwe kumayembekezeredwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera mapaundi 150 pa inchi imodzi (psig). Dongosolo la hydraulic (madzi ozizira ndi otentha) ndi dongosolo lotsekedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutu wonse wa dynamic wa pampu umaganizira kutayika kwa kukangana mu dongosolo la mapaipi, ma coil ogwirizana nawo, ma valve ndi zowonjezera. Kutalika kwa dongosolo sikukhudza magwiridwe antchito a pampu, koma kumakhudza kuthamanga kofunikira kwa makinawo. Zoziziritsira, ma boiler, mapampu, mapaipi ndi zowonjezera zimayesedwa kuti ndi kuthamanga kwa psi 150, komwe kumachitika kawirikawiri kwa opanga zida ndi zigawo. Ngati n'kotheka, kupanikizika kumeneku kuyenera kusungidwa mu kapangidwe ka makinawo. Nyumba zambiri zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zotsika kapena zapakati zimagwera mgulu la kuthamanga kwa psi 150.
Mu kapangidwe ka nyumba zazitali, zikuvuta kwambiri kusunga makina a mapaipi ndi zida pansi pa muyezo wa psi 150. Mutu wokhazikika pamwamba pa mamita pafupifupi 350 (popanda kuwonjezera kupanikizika kwa pampu ku dongosolo) udzapitirira muyezo wa kupanikizika kogwira ntchito kwa makina awa (psi 1 = mutu wa mapazi 2.31). Dongosololi mwina lidzagwiritsa ntchito chochotsera kupanikizika (monga chosinthira kutentha) kuti lilekanitse zofunikira za kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa mzati kuchokera ku mapaipi ndi zida zina zonse zolumikizidwa. Kapangidwe ka dongosololi kamalola kapangidwe ndi kuyika ma cooler opanikizika okhazikika komanso kutchula mapaipi opanikizika kwambiri ndi zowonjezera mu nsanja yoziziritsira.
Pofotokoza mapaipi a polojekiti yayikulu ya pasukulupo, wopanga/mainjiniya ayenera kuzindikira bwino nsanja ndi mapaipi omwe atchulidwa pa podium, kusonyeza zosowa zawo (kapena zofunikira zonse ngati zosinthira kutentha sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula malo opanikizika).
Gawo lina la dongosolo lotsekedwa ndi kuyeretsa madzi ndi kuchotsa mpweya uliwonse m'madzi. Machitidwe ambiri a hydraulic ali ndi dongosolo loyeretsera madzi lokhala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi zoletsa kuti madzi aziyenda m'mapaipi pa pH yoyenera (pafupifupi 9.0) ndi mulingo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tithane ndi biofilms za mapaipi ndi dzimbiri. Kukhazikitsa madzi m'dongosolo ndikuchotsa mpweya kumathandiza kukulitsa moyo wa mapaipi, mapampu ogwirizana nawo, ma coil ndi ma valve. Mpweya uliwonse wotsekedwa m'mapaipi ukhoza kuyambitsa kutsekeka kwa madzi m'mapaipi ozizira ndi otentha ndikuchepetsa kusamutsa kutentha mu choziziritsira, boiler kapena ma coil ozungulira.
Mkuwa: Machubu opangidwa ndi mtundu wa L, B, K, M kapena C okokedwa ndi kulimba motsatira ASTM B88 ndi B88M pamodzi ndi zolumikizira zamkuwa zopangidwa ndi ASME B16.22 ndi solder kapena solder yopanda lead kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pansi pa nthaka.
Chitoliro cholimba, mtundu wa L, B, K (nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa nthaka) kapena A pa ASTM B88 ndi B88M, chokhala ndi zolumikizira zamkuwa zopangidwa ndi ASME B16.22 zolumikizidwa ndi solder yopanda lead kapena pamwamba pa nthaka. Chubu ichi chimalolanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zotsekedwa.
Machubu a mkuwa a Type K ndiye chubu chokhuthala kwambiri chomwe chilipo, chomwe chimapereka mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya 1534 psi. inchi pa 100 F pa ½ inchi. Ma Model L ndi M ali ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito yotsika kuposa K koma akadali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito HVAC (kupanikizika kumayambira pa 1242 psi pa 100F mpaka 12 inchi. ndi 435 psi ndi 395 psi. Mitengo iyi yatengedwa kuchokera ku Matebulo 3a, 3b ndi 3c a Copper Tubing Guide yofalitsidwa ndi Copper Development Assn.
Kupanikizika kumeneku ndi kwa mapaipi olunjika, omwe nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi kuthamanga kwa mphamvu kwa makina. Zolumikizira ndi zolumikizira zolumikiza mapaipi aatali awiri zimatha kutuluka kapena kulephera chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa makina ena. Mitundu yolumikizira ya mapaipi amkuwa ndi kuwotcherera, kusungunula kapena kutseka kwa mphamvu. Mitundu iyi ya zolumikizira iyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda lead ndikuyesedwa kuti igwirizane ndi kuthamanga komwe kumayembekezeredwa mu makinawo.
Mtundu uliwonse wolumikizira umatha kusunga makina osatulutsa madzi ngati cholumikizira chatsekedwa bwino, koma makinawa amayankha mosiyana ngati cholumikiziracho sichinatsekedwe bwino kapena kusunthidwa bwino. Malo olumikizirana ndi osokera amakhala ndi mwayi wolephera ndi kutuluka madzi pamene makinawo ayamba kudzazidwa ndi kuyesedwa ndipo nyumbayo sinali ndi anthu. Pankhaniyi, makontrakitala ndi oyang'anira amatha kudziwa mwachangu komwe cholumikiziracho chikutuluka madzi ndikukonza vutoli makinawo asanayambe kugwira ntchito mokwanira komanso okwera ndi zokongoletsa zamkati zawonongeka. Izi zitha kubwerezedwanso ndi zolumikizira zothina madzi ngati mphete yozindikira kutuluka madzi kapena cholumikizira chafotokozedwa. Ngati simukanikiza pansi kuti mudziwe malo omwe ali ndi vuto, madzi amatha kutuluka mu cholumikiziracho monga cholumikizira kapena chosungunulira. Ngati zolumikizira zothina madzi sizinatchulidwe mu kapangidwe kake, nthawi zina zimakhalabe pansi pa kupanikizika panthawi yoyesa zomangamanga ndipo zitha kulephera pokhapokha pakapita nthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa malo okhala ndi kuvulala komwe kungachitike kwa okhalamo, makamaka ngati mapaipi otentha otentha amadutsa m'mapaipi.
Malangizo okhudza kukula kwa mapaipi amkuwa amachokera ku zofunikira za malamulo, malangizo a wopanga ndi njira zabwino kwambiri. Pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira (kutentha kwa madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala madigiri 42 mpaka 45 F), malire othamanga omwe amalimbikitsidwa pamakina opangira mapaipi amkuwa ndi mamita 8 pa sekondi kuti achepetse phokoso la makina ndikuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kukokoloka/kutupa. Pamakina opangira madzi otentha (nthawi zambiri madigiri 140 mpaka 180 F potenthetsera malo ndi madigiri 205 F popanga madzi otentha m'nyumba m'makina osakanizidwa), malire olimbikitsidwa a mapaipi amkuwa ndi ochepa kwambiri. Buku la Copper Tubing limalemba liwiro ili ngati mamita 2 mpaka 3 pa sekondi pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli pamwamba pa madigiri 140 F.
Mapaipi a mkuwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kukula kwina, mpaka mainchesi 12. Izi zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa m'malo akuluakulu ogwirira ntchito ku yunivesite, chifukwa mapangidwe a nyumbazi nthawi zambiri amafuna mapaipi opitilira mainchesi 12. Kuchokera ku fakitale yapakati kupita ku zosinthira kutentha zogwirizana nazo. Mapaipi a mkuwa amapezeka kwambiri m'makina a hydraulic mainchesi 3 kapena kuchepera m'mimba mwake. Pa kukula kopitilira mainchesi 3, mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi slotted amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mtengo pakati pa chitsulo ndi mkuwa, kusiyana kwa ntchito ya chitoliro chopangidwa ndi corrugated poyerekeza ndi chitoliro cholumikizidwa kapena cholimba (zolumikizira zopanikizika siziloledwa kapena kulangizidwa ndi mwiniwake kapena mainjiniya), komanso kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kutentha komwe kumalimbikitsidwa mkati mwa chitoliro chilichonse cha zinthu.
Chitsulo: Chitoliro chakuda kapena chachitsulo cholimba pa ASTM A 53/A 53M chokhala ndi zolumikizira zachitsulo cholimba (ASME B16.3) kapena chitsulo chophwanyidwa (ASTM A 234/A 234M) ndi zolumikizira zachitsulo cholimba (ASME B16.39). Ma Flange, zolumikizira ndi maulumikizidwe a kalasi 150 ndi 300 amapezeka ndi zolumikizira za ulusi kapena zopindika. Chitolirocho chikhoza kulumikizidwa ndi chitsulo chodzaza motsatira AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Zimagwirizana ndi ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron ndi ASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, kapena S Grade B Assembly Steel, kapena ASTM A106 , chitsulo cha grade B. Zolumikizira zolumikizidwa kapena zolumikizira zolumikizira kumapeto kwa grooved.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapaipi achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapaipi akuluakulu m'makina a hydraulic. Mtundu uwu wa makina umalola kupanikizika kosiyanasiyana, kutentha ndi kukula kuti akwaniritse zosowa za makina ozizira komanso otentha a madzi. Ma class signals a ma flanges, ma fittings, ndi ma fittings amatanthauza kupanikizika kogwira ntchito kwa nthunzi yodzaza mu psi. inchi ya chinthu chofanana. Ma fittings a Class 150 adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito pa kuthamanga kogwira ntchito kwa 150 psi. inchi pa 366 F, pomwe ma fittings a Class 300 amapereka kuthamanga kogwira ntchito kwa 300 psi. inchi pa 550 F. Ma fittings a Class 150 amapereka kuthamanga kogwira ntchito kwa madzi opitilira 300 psi. inchi pa 150 F, ndipo ma fittings a Class 300 amapereka kuthamanga kogwira ntchito kwa madzi opitilira 2,000 psi. inchi pa 150 F. Mitundu ina ya ma fittings imapezeka pamitundu inayake ya ma payipi. Mwachitsanzo, pa ma flanges a payipi achitsulo ndi ma flanges a ASME 16.1, ma grade 125 kapena 250 angagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Mapaipi olumikizidwa ndi ma grooved amagwiritsa ntchito ma grooved grooved kapena opangidwa kumapeto kwa mapaipi, ma fittings, ma valves, ndi zina zotero kuti alumikizane pakati pa kutalika kulikonse kwa chitoliro kapena ma fittings ndi njira yolumikizira yosinthasintha kapena yolimba. Ma coupling awa ali ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zingapo zolumikizidwa ndipo ali ndi chotsukira mu coupling bore. Ma system awa amapezeka mu mitundu ya flange ya 150 ndi 300 class ndi EPDM gasket materials ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito kutentha kwa madzi kuyambira 230 mpaka 250 F (kutengera kukula kwa chitoliro). Zambiri za chitoliro cholumikizidwa zatengedwa kuchokera ku mabuku a Victaulic ndi mabuku.
Mapaipi achitsulo a Schedule 40 ndi 80 ndi ovomerezeka pamakina a HVAC. Mafotokozedwe a paipi amatanthauza makulidwe a khoma la paipi, omwe amawonjezeka ndi nambala yofotokozera. Pakuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe a khoma la paipi, kuthamanga kovomerezeka kwa paipi yolunjika kumawonjezekanso. Mapaipi a Schedule 40 amalola kuthamanga kwa ntchito kwa 1694 psi pa ½ inchi. Mapaipi, 696 psi inchi pa 12 mainchesi (-20 mpaka 650 F). Kuthamanga kovomerezeka kwa paipi ya Schedule 80 ndi 3036 psi. inchi (½ inchi) ndi 1305 psi. inchi (12 mainchesi) (zonse -20 mpaka 650 F). Mitengo iyi yatengedwa kuchokera ku gawo la Watson McDaniel Engineering Data.
Mapulasitiki: Mapaipi apulasitiki a CPVC, zolumikizira za socket ku Specification 40 ndi Specification 80 ku ASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 ku Specification 40 ndi ASTM F 439 ku Specification 80) ndi zomatira zosungunulira (ASTM F493).
Chitoliro cha pulasitiki cha PVC, zolumikizira za soketi motsatira dongosolo la ASTM D 1785 40 ndi dongosolo la 80 (dongosolo la ASM D 2466 40 ndi dongosolo la ASTM D 2467 80) ndi zomatira zosungunulira (ASTM D 2564). Zikuphatikizapo primer motsatira dongosolo la ASTM F 656.
Mapaipi onse a CPVC ndi PVC ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina a hydraulic omwe ali pansi pa nthaka, ngakhale kuti ngakhale pansi pa izi muyenera kusamala kwambiri poyika mapaipi awa mu projekiti. Mapaipi apulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'machitidwe a zimbudzi ndi ma duct opumira mpweya, makamaka m'malo omwe mapaipi opanda kanthu amakumana mwachindunji ndi nthaka yozungulira. Nthawi yomweyo, kukana dzimbiri kwa mapaipi a CPVC ndi PVC ndikwabwino chifukwa cha dzimbiri la nthaka ina. Mapaipi a hydraulic nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa ndi kukutidwa ndi chidebe choteteza cha PVC chomwe chimapereka chitetezo pakati pa mapaipi achitsulo ndi nthaka yozungulira. Mapaipi apulasitiki angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'machitidwe ang'onoang'ono ozizira komwe kukuyembekezeka kupanikizika kochepa. Kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya mapaipi a PVC kumapitirira 150 psi pa kukula konse kwa mapaipi mpaka mainchesi 8, koma izi zimagwira ntchito kokha kutentha kwa 73 F kapena pansi pake. Kutentha kulikonse kopitilira 73 ° F kudzachepetsa kuthamanga kwa ntchito mumakina a mapaipi kufika pa 140 ° F. Chitoliro cha kuchotsera madzi ndi 0.22 pa kutentha kumeneku ndi 1.0 pa 73 F. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa ntchito ndi 140 F ndi kwa chitoliro cha PVC cha Schedule 40 ndi Schedule 80. Chitoliro cha CPVC chimatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu kwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka 200 F (ndi chitoliro cha kuchotsera madzi cha 0.2), koma chili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi PVC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mu makina oziziritsira madzi pansi pa nthaka omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi ya pansi pa nthaka. Pa makina oziziritsira madzi otentha omwe amasunga kutentha kwa madzi mpaka 180 kapena 205 F, mapaipi a PVC kapena CPVC sakuvomerezedwa. Deta yonse imachokera ku mafotokozedwe a chitoliro cha Harvel PVC ndi mafotokozedwe a chitoliro cha CPVC.
Mapaipi Mapaipi amanyamula madzi osiyanasiyana, zinthu zolimba, ndi mpweya. Madzi omwa ndi osamwa amatuluka m'makina awa. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madzi omwe amanyamulidwa mumakina a mapaipi, mapaipi omwe akukambidwa amagawidwa m'magulu a mapaipi amadzi am'nyumba kapena mapaipi otulutsa madzi ndi mpweya.
Madzi apakhomo: Chitoliro chofewa cha mkuwa, mitundu ya ASTM B88 K ndi L, mitundu ya ASTM B88M A ndi B, yokhala ndi zolumikizira za mkuwa zophikidwa (ASME B16.22).
Machubu Olimba a Mkuwa, Mitundu ya ASTM B88 L ndi M, Mitundu ya ASTM B88M B ndi C, yokhala ndi Zopangira Zophimba za Mkuwa Zotayidwa (ASME B16.18), Zopangira Zophimba za Mkuwa Zotayidwa (ASME B16.22), Ma Flange a Mkuwa (ASME B16.24) ) ndi zopangira zamkuwa (MCS SP-123). Chubuchi chimalolanso kugwiritsa ntchito zophimba zotsekedwa.
Mitundu ya mapaipi a mkuwa ndi miyezo yofanana nayo yatengedwa kuchokera ku Gawo 22 11 16 la MasterSpec. Kapangidwe ka mapaipi a mkuwa a madzi apakhomo kamakhala ndi malire malinga ndi zofunikira za kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda. Zafotokozedwa mu kufotokozera kwa mapaipi motere:
Gawo 610.12.1 la 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code limati: Liwiro lalikulu kwambiri mu mapaipi a mkuwa ndi aloyi a mkuwa ndi makina olumikizira siliyenera kupitirira mamita 8 pa sekondi m'madzi ozizira ndi mamita 5 pa sekondi m'madzi otentha. Ma mtengo awa amabwerezedwanso mu Copper Tubing Handbook, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mitengo iyi ngati liwiro lalikulu kwambiri lovomerezeka la mitundu iyi ya makina.
Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a Type 316 motsatira ASTM A403 ndi zina zofanana pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zolumikizidwa kapena zopindika pamapaipi akuluakulu amadzi am'nyumba komanso kusintha mapaipi amkuwa mwachindunji. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri akuchulukirachulukira m'makina amadzi am'nyumba. Mitundu ya mapaipi ndi miyezo yofananira ndi iyi kuchokera ku Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec Section 22 11 00.
Chinthu chatsopano chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2014 ndi Federal Drinking Water Leadership Act. Ichi ndi lamulo la federal lomwe likutsata malamulo omwe alipo ku California ndi Vermont okhudza kuchuluka kwa lead m'madzi a mapaipi, ma valve, kapena zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi apakhomo. Lamuloli likunena kuti malo onse onyowa a mapaipi, zida ndi zida ziyenera kukhala "zopanda lead", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa lead "sikupitirira avareji yolemera ya 0.25% (lead)". Izi zimafuna opanga kupanga zinthu zopanda lead kuti atsatire zofunikira zatsopano zalamulo. Tsatanetsatane waperekedwa ndi UL mu Malangizo a Lead mu Zigawo za Madzi Omwa.
Kutulutsa madzi ndi mpweya: Mapaipi a zimbudzi zopanda manja ndi zolumikizira zachitsulo chopangidwa ndi ...
Mapaipi otayira madzi achitsulo ndi zolumikizira zozungulira ziyenera kutsatira ASTM A 74, ma gasket a rabara (ASTM C 564) ndi chosindikizira cha thonje loyera komanso la oak kapena hemp fiber (ASTM B29).
Mitundu yonse iwiri ya mapaipi amagetsi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, koma mapaipi ndi zolumikizira zopanda mapaipi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamwamba pa nthaka m'nyumba zamalonda. Mapaipi achitsulo opangidwa ndi CISPI Plugless Fittings amalola kukhazikitsidwa kosatha, amatha kukonzedwanso kapena kupezedwa pochotsa zomangira, pomwe akusunga ubwino wa chitoliro chachitsulo, zomwe zimachepetsa phokoso lophulika mumtsinje wa zinyalala kudzera mu chitoliro. Vuto la mapaipi achitsulo opangidwa ndi zitsulo ndilakuti mapaipi amawonongeka chifukwa cha zinyalala za asidi zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osambira.
Mapaipi a ASME A112.3.1 achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zolumikizira zokhala ndi malekezero otseguka komanso otseguka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina abwino kwambiri otulutsira madzi m'malo mwa mapaipi achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa gawo loyamba la mapaipi, lomwe limalumikizana ndi sinki yapansi pomwe mankhwala opangidwa ndi kaboni amatuluka kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa dzimbiri.
Chitoliro cholimba cha PVC malinga ndi ASTM D 2665 (madzi otulutsa, kusinthasintha ndi ma venti) ndi chitoliro cha uchi cha PVC malinga ndi ASTM F 891 (Annex 40), zolumikizira zoyaka (ASTM D 2665 kupita ku ASTM D 3311, ngalande, zinyalala ndi ma venti) zoyenera chitoliro cha Schedule 40), choyambira chomatira (ASTM F 656) ndi chomatira chosungunulira (ASTM D 2564). Mapaipi a PVC amapezeka pamwamba ndi pansi pa nthaka m'nyumba zamalonda, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amalembedwa pansi pa nthaka chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mapaipi ndi zofunikira zapadera.
Mu ulamuliro wa zomangamanga ku Southern Nevada, Chigamulo cha 2009 International Building Code (IBC) Amendment chimati:
603.1.2.1 Zipangizo. Mapaipi oyaka amaloledwa kuyikidwa mu chipinda cha injini, chotsekedwa ndi nyumba yosayaka moto ya maola awiri ndipo chotetezedwa kwathunthu ndi zothira zokha. Mapaipi oyaka amatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera ku chipinda cha zida kupita ku zipinda zina, bola ngati mapaipiwo atsekedwa mu msonkhano wapadera wovomerezeka wa maola awiri wosayaka moto. Pamene mapaipi oyaka oterewa akudutsa m'makoma a moto ndi/kapena pansi/denga, kulowa kuyenera kufotokozedwa pa zipangizo zinazake za mapaipi zomwe zili ndi magiredi F ndi T osachepera kukana moto kofunikira kuti kulowa kulowe. Mapaipi oyaka sayenera kulowa m'zigawo zoposa chimodzi.
Izi zimafuna mapaipi onse oyaka (apulasitiki kapena ena) omwe ali mu nyumba ya Class 1A monga momwe IBC imanenera kuti azikulungidwa mu kapangidwe ka maola awiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a PVC m'makina otulutsira madzi kuli ndi ubwino wambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mapaipi achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, PVC imalimbana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri ndi okosijeni zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinyalala ndi nthaka m'bafa. Akayikidwa pansi pa nthaka, mapaipi a PVC amalimbananso ndi dzimbiri la nthaka yozungulira (monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu gawo la mapaipi a HVAC). Mapaipi a PVC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina otulutsira madzi ali ndi malire ofanana ndi a HVAC hydraulic system, omwe kutentha kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa 140 F. Kutentha kumeneku kumalimbikitsidwanso ndi zofunikira za Uniform Piping Code ndi International Piping Code, zomwe zimati kutulutsa kulikonse kwa zinyalala kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 140 F.
Gawo 810.1 la 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code limanena kuti mapaipi a nthunzi sayenera kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ku mapaipi kapena makina otulutsira madzi, ndipo madzi opitirira 140 F (60 C) sayenera kutayidwa mwachindunji mu ngalande yopanikizika.
Gawo 803.1 la 2012 International Plumbing Code limanena kuti mapaipi a nthunzi sayenera kulumikizidwa ku makina otulutsira madzi kapena gawo lililonse la makina otulutsira madzi, ndipo madzi opitirira 140 F (60 C) sayenera kutayidwa m'gawo lililonse la makina otulutsira madzi.
Mapaipi apadera amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kunyamula madzi osakhala achizolowezi. Madzi awa amatha kuyambira pa mapaipi a m'madzi a m'nyanja mpaka mapaipi operekera mankhwala ku makina osambira. Mapaipi a m'madzi a m'nyanja sapezeka kawirikawiri m'nyumba zamalonda, koma amaikidwa m'mahotela ena okhala ndi mapaipi akutali olumikizidwa kumalo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati chopopera madzi. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimawoneka ngati mtundu woyenera wa mapaipi a m'madzi chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kuletsa dzimbiri ndi makina ena amadzi, koma madzi amchere amatha kuwononga ndikuwononga mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Pa ntchito zotere, mapaipi a m'madzi a pulasitiki kapena amkuwa-nickel CPVC amakwaniritsa zofunikira za dzimbiri; poika mapaipi awa pamalo akuluakulu amalonda, mapaipi ayenera kuganiziridwa kuti akhoza kuyaka bwanji. Monga taonera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi oyaka moto ku Southern Nevada kumafuna njira ina yopemphedwa kuti iwonetse cholinga chotsatira malamulo oyenera a nyumbayo.
Mapaipi a dziwe omwe amapereka madzi oyeretsedwa kuti amizidwe m'thupi ali ndi mankhwala ochepetsedwa (12.5% ​​​​sodium hypochlorite bleach ndi hydrochloric acid zingagwiritsidwe ntchito) kuti pakhale pH yeniyeni ndi kulinganiza kwa mankhwala monga momwe dipatimenti yazaumoyo ikufunira. Kuwonjezera pa mapaipi ochepetsedwa a mankhwala, chlorine bleach yonse ndi mankhwala ena ayenera kunyamulidwa kuchokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu zambiri ndi zipinda zapadera za zida. Mapaipi a CPVC ndi osagwira mankhwala kuti apereke chlorine bleach, koma mapaipi okhala ndi ferrosilicon yambiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa mapaipi a mankhwala akamadutsa m'nyumba zosayaka (monga Mtundu 1A). Ndi olimba koma ofooka kuposa chitoliro chachitsulo chokhazikika komanso olemera kuposa mapaipi ofanana.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zochepa chabe mwa njira zambiri zopangira mapaipi. Zimayimira mitundu yambiri ya makina oyikidwa m'nyumba zazikulu zamalonda, koma nthawi zonse padzakhala zosiyana ndi lamuloli. Mafotokozedwe onse a master ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali posankha mtundu wa mapaipi a makina enaake ndikuwunika zofunikira pa chinthu chilichonse. Mafotokozedwe wamba adzakwaniritsa zofunikira za mapulojekiti ambiri, koma opanga mapulani ndi mainjiniya ayenera kuwawunikanso pankhani ya nsanja zazitali, kutentha kwambiri, mankhwala oopsa, kapena kusintha kwa malamulo kapena ulamuliro. Dziwani zambiri za malingaliro a mapaipi ndi zoletsa kuti mupange zisankho zolondola za zinthu zomwe zayikidwa mu projekiti yanu. Makasitomala athu amatidalira monga akatswiri opanga mapulani kuti tipatse nyumba zawo kukula koyenera, mapangidwe oyenera komanso otsika mtengo komwe ma ducts amafika nthawi yawo yoyembekezeredwa ndipo sakumana ndi zovuta zoopsa.
Matt Dolan ndi mainjiniya wa polojekiti ku JBA Consulting Engineers. Chidziwitso chake chili pakupanga makina ovuta a HVAC ndi mapaipi amitundu yosiyanasiyana monga maofesi amalonda, zipatala ndi malo olandirira alendo, kuphatikizapo nsanja zazitali za alendo ndi malo odyera ambiri.
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