2. Kumvetsetsa mitundu itatu ya ma plumbing system: HVAC (hydraulic), mapaipi (madzi am'nyumba, seweji ndi mpweya wabwino) ndi makina opangira mapaipi apadera (madzi a m'nyanja ndi mankhwala owopsa).
Makina opangira mapaipi ndi mapaipi amapezeka m'zinthu zambiri zomanga.Anthu ambiri awona P-msampha kapena mapaipi a refrigerant pansi pa sinki yomwe imatsogolera ndi kugawanika.Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amawona mipope yayikulu yauinjiniya pafakitale yapakati kapena makina oyeretsera mankhwala m'chipinda cha zida zamadziwe.Iliyonse mwa mapulogalamuwa amafunikira mtundu wina wa mapaipi omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira, zopinga zakuthupi, ma code, ndi mapangidwe abwino kwambiri.
Palibe njira yosavuta yopangira mapaipi yomwe imagwirizana ndi mapulogalamu onse.Machitidwewa amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zakuthupi ndi ma code ngati ndondomeko yeniyeni yapangidwe ikukwaniritsidwa ndipo mafunso oyenerera akufunsidwa kwa eni ake ndi ogwira ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kusunga ndalama zoyenera ndikuwongolera nthawi kuti apange njira yomanga yopambana.
Ma ducts a HVAC amakhala ndi zamadzimadzi zambiri, zokakamiza komanso kutentha.Njirayi imatha kukhala pamwamba kapena pansi pa nthaka ndikudutsa mkati kapena kunja kwa nyumbayo.Izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pofotokoza mapaipi a HVAC mu polojekitiyi.Mawu akuti "hydrodynamic cycle" amatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati njira yotumizira kutentha kuzizirira ndi kutenthetsa.Pa ntchito iliyonse, madzi amaperekedwa pa mlingo woperekedwa ndi kutentha.Kutentha kofananira m'chipindamo ndi koyilo ya mpweya kupita kumadzi yopangidwa kuti ibweze madzi pa kutentha kokhazikika.Izi zimatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti kutentha kwina kumasamutsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa pamlengalenga.Kuzungulira kwa madzi ozizira ndi kutenthetsa madzi ndi njira yaikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira mpweya malo akuluakulu ogulitsa malonda.
Pazinthu zambiri zomanga zotsika, mphamvu yoyendetsera ntchito yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa imakhala yosakwana mapaundi 150 pa inchi imodzi (psig).Dongosolo la hydraulic (madzi ozizira ndi otentha) ndi njira yotsekedwa yozungulira.Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutu wonse wa mpope umaganizira za kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi, ma koyilo ogwirizana, ma valve ndi zina.Kutalika kwa static kwa dongosolo sikumakhudza ntchito ya mpope, koma kumakhudza kukakamizidwa kofunikira kwa dongosolo.Zozizira, ma boilers, mapampu, mapaipi ndi zowonjezera zimavotera 150 psi kuthamanga kwa ntchito, komwe kumakhala kofala kwa opanga zida ndi zigawo.Ngati n'kotheka, kupanikizika kumeneku kuyenera kusungidwa pamapangidwe adongosolo.Nyumba zambiri zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zotsika kapena zapakati zimagwera m'gulu la 150 psi working pressure.
M'mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusunga mapaipi ndi zida pansi pa 150 psi standard.Mutu wa mzere wokhazikika pamwamba pa mapazi a 350 (popanda kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mpope ku dongosolo) idzapitirira muyeso wokhazikika wa machitidwewa (1 psi = 2.31 mapazi mutu).Dongosololi litha kugwiritsa ntchito chowotcha (monga chotenthetsera kutentha) kuti chilekanitse zofunikira zapakatikati pamipaipi yonse yolumikizidwa ndi zida.Kapangidwe kadongosolo kameneka kadzalola kupanga ndi kuyika kwa zoziziritsa kukhosi zokhazikika komanso kufotokozera mapaipi amphamvu kwambiri ndi zowonjezera mu nsanja yozizirira.
Pofotokoza za ntchito yayikulu yakusukulu, wopanga / mainjiniya ayenera kuzindikira nsanjayo ndi mapaipi omwe afotokozedwa pa podium, kuwonetsa zomwe akufuna (kapena zonse zomwe zimafunikira ngati zotenthetsera sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula malo oponderezedwa).
Chigawo china cha dongosolo lotsekedwa ndi kuyeretsa madzi ndi kuchotsa mpweya uliwonse m'madzi.Ma hydraulic systems ambiri amakhala ndi madzi opangira madzi omwe ali ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi zoletsa kuti madzi aziyenda mu mipope pa pH yoyenera (mozungulira 9.0) ndi milingo ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tithane ndi ma biofilms ndi dzimbiri.Kukhazikika kwa madzi m'dongosolo ndikuchotsa mpweya kumathandiza kukulitsa moyo wa mapaipi, mapampu ogwirizana, ma coils ndi ma valve.Mpweya uliwonse womwe umatsekeredwa m'mipope ukhoza kuyambitsa cavitation mu mapampu ozizira komanso otentha amadzi ndikuchepetsa kutengera kutentha muzozizira, boiler kapena ma coils ozungulira.
Mkuwa: Mtundu wa L, B, K, M kapena C wokokedwa ndikuwumitsidwa machubu molingana ndi ASTM B88 ndi B88M kuphatikiza ndi ASME B16.22 adapanga zopangira zamkuwa ndi zolumikizira zopanda lead kapena solder zopangira mobisa.
Chitoliro cholimba, chamtundu wa L, B, K (nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa mlingo wapansi) kapena A pa ASTM B88 ndi B88M, yokhala ndi ASME B16.22 yopangira zida zamkuwa zolumikizidwa ndi zitsulo zopanda lead kapena pamwamba pa nthaka.Chubuchi chimalolanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomata.
Mtundu wa K machubu amkuwa ndiye chubu chokhuthala kwambiri chomwe chilipo, chopatsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya 1534 psi.inchi pa 100 F kwa ½ inchi.Zitsanzo za L ndi M zili ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito zochepa kuposa K koma zimagwirizanabe ndi ntchito za HVAC (kupanikizika kumachokera ku 1242 psi pa 100F mpaka 12 mkati ndi 435 psi ndi 395 psi Makhalidwe awa akutengedwa kuchokera ku Matebulo 3a, 3b ndi 3c a Copper Tubing Development Guides monga Copper Tubing Development Guides.
Makani ogwiritsira ntchitowa ndi oyendetsa mapaipi owongoka, omwe nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa za dongosolo.Zopangira ndi zolumikizira zolumikiza utali wa chitoliro zimakonda kutayikira kapena kulephera pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwa machitidwe ena.Mitundu yolumikizira mapaipi amkuwa ndi kuwotcherera, kutsekereza kapena kusindikiza mokakamiza.Mitundu yolumikizira iyi iyenera kupangidwa kuchokera ku zida zopanda kutsogolera ndikuvotera kukakamizidwa komwe kumayembekezeredwa mudongosolo.
Mtundu uliwonse wolumikizira umatha kusunga dongosolo lopanda kutayikira pomwe chotsekeracho chasindikizidwa bwino, koma machitidwewa amayankha mosiyana pomwe cholumikiziracho sichimasindikizidwa kwathunthu kapena kugwedezeka.Zolumikizira za solder ndi solder zimatha kulephera ndikudumphira pomwe dongosolo ladzazidwa ndi kuyesedwa koyamba ndipo nyumbayo sinagwirebe.Pankhaniyi, makontrakitala ndi owunika amatha kudziwa mwachangu komwe cholumikizira chikudumphira ndikukonza vutolo dongosololi lisanagwire ntchito mokwanira ndipo okwera ndi zodula zamkati zimawonongeka.Izi zitha kupangidwanso ndi zotsekera zothina zotayikira ngati mphete yodziwira kuti yatuluka kapena gulu latchulidwa.Mukapanda kukanikiza mpaka pansi kuti muzindikire vutolo, madzi amatha kutuluka m'malo oyenera ngati solder kapena solder.Ngati zotsekera zothina zotayikira sizinatchulidwe m'mapangidwewo, nthawi zina zimakhalabe zopanikizika panthawi yoyeserera zomanga ndipo zimatha kulephera pokhapokha pakatha nthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo omwe akukhalamo komanso kuvulaza omwe angakhalepo, makamaka ngati mapaipi otentha adutsa mapaipi.madzi.
Malangizo a kachulukidwe ka chitoliro chamkuwa amachokera ku zofunikira za malamulo, malingaliro a wopanga ndi machitidwe abwino.Pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira (kutentha kwa madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 42 mpaka 45 F), malire othamanga omwe amaperekedwa pamapaipi a mkuwa ndi mapazi 8 pa sekondi imodzi kuti achepetse phokoso la dongosolo ndi kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kukokoloka / dzimbiri.Pamadzi otentha (nthawi zambiri 140 mpaka 180 F kwa kutentha kwa malo ndi 205 F pakupanga madzi otentha a m'nyumba mu machitidwe osakanizidwa), malire ovomerezeka a mapaipi amkuwa ndi ochepa kwambiri.Buku la Copper Tubing limatchula maulendo awa ngati 2 mpaka 3 mapazi pamphindi pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli pamwamba pa 140 F.
Mapaipi amkuwa nthawi zambiri amabwera kukula kwake, mpaka mainchesi 12.Izi zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa pazinthu zazikulu zapasukulu, chifukwa mapangidwe omangawa nthawi zambiri amafunikira ma ducts akulu kuposa mainchesi 12.Kuchokera ku chomera chapakati kupita kumalo osinthanitsa kutentha.Machubu a mkuwa amapezeka kwambiri m'ma hydraulic system 3 mainchesi kapena kuchepera m'mimba mwake.Pakukula kwa mainchesi atatu, machubu achitsulo opindika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mtengo pakati pa chitsulo ndi mkuwa, kusiyana kwa ntchito ya chitoliro chamalata motsutsana ndi chitoliro chowotcherera kapena cholimba (zokakamiza siziloledwa kapena zovomerezeka ndi eni ake kapena mainjiniya), komanso mathamangitsidwe amadzi ndi kutentha mkati mwa chilichonse chapaipi yazinthu.
Chitsulo: Chitoliro chachitsulo chakuda kapena malata pa ASTM A 53/A 53M yokhala ndi chitsulo chopangira ductile (ASME B16.3) kapena chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo (ASTM A 234/A 234M) ndi zitsulo zachitsulo (ASME B16.39).Flanges, zolumikizira ndi kalasi 150 ndi 300 zolumikizira zimapezeka ndi ulusi kapena flanged.Chitolirocho chikhoza kuwotcherera ndi zitsulo zodzaza molingana ndi AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Zimagwirizana ndi ASTM A 536 Kalasi 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Kalasi 32510 Ductile Iron ndi ASTM A 53/A 53M Kalasi F, E, kapena S Grade B Assembly Zitsulo, kapena ASTM A106, zitsulo zomata zomata Bg.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mipope yachitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapaipi akuluakulu pamakina a hydraulic.Dongosolo lamtunduwu limalola kukakamiza kosiyanasiyana, kutentha ndi kukula kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zamadzi ozizira komanso otentha.Matchulidwe am'kalasi a ma flanges, zoyikapo, ndi zokokera zimatanthawuza kukakamiza kwa nthunzi yodzaza mu psi.inchi ya chinthu chofananira.Zopangira za Class 150 zidapangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito pamphamvu yogwira ntchito ya 150 psi.inchi pa 366 F, pamene zopangira Class 300 zimapereka mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya 300 psi.pa 550 F. Class 150 zovekera amapereka pa 300 psi ntchito madzi kuthamanga.inchi pa 150 F, ndipo zopangira Class 300 zimapereka mpaka 2,000 psi kugwira ntchito kwa madzi.inchi pa 150 F. Mitundu ina ya zokometsera zilipo kwa mitundu yeniyeni ya chitoliro.Mwachitsanzo, kwa flanges chitsulo chachitsulo chitoliro ndi zovekera ASME 16.1 flanged, kalasi 125 kapena 250 angagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Njira zolumikizira mapaipi ndi zolumikizira zimagwiritsa ntchito mipope yodulidwa kapena yopangidwa kumapeto kwa mapaipi, zopangira, mavavu, ndi zina zambiri kuti zilumikizane pakati pa kutalika kwa chitoliro kapena zolumikizira ndi njira yolumikizira yosinthika kapena yolimba.Zolumikizanazi zimakhala ndi ma bawuti awiri kapena kupitilira apo ndipo zimakhala ndi chochapira pacholumikizira.Machitidwewa amapezeka mu 150 ndi 300 kalasi flange mitundu ndi EPDM gasket zipangizo ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito pa kutentha madzimadzi kuchokera 230 mpaka 250 F (malingana ndi chitoliro kukula).Zambiri zapaipi zokulirapo zimatengedwa kuchokera m'mabuku a Victaulic ndi mabuku.
Ndandanda 40 ndi 80 mipope zitsulo ndi zovomerezeka machitidwe HVAC.Mafotokozedwe a chitoliro amatanthauza makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, chomwe chimawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero.Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro, kukakamizidwa kovomerezeka kwa chitoliro chowongoka kumawonjezekanso.Ndondomeko ya 40 chubu imalola kukakamiza kugwira ntchito kwa 1694 psi kwa inchi ½.Chitoliro, 696 psi inchi kwa mainchesi 12 (-20 mpaka 650 F).Kukakamizidwa kovomerezeka kwa machubu a Pulogalamu 80 ndi 3036 psi.inchi (½ inchi) ndi 1305 psi.mainchesi (12 mainchesi) (onse -20 mpaka 650 F).Izi zatengedwa kuchokera ku gawo la Watson McDaniel Engineering Data.
Pulasitiki: mapaipi apulasitiki a CPVC, zopangira socket ku Specification 40 ndi Specification 80 ku ASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 mpaka Specification 40 ndi ASTM F 439 mpaka Specification 80) ndi zomatira zosungunulira (ASTM F493).
Chitoliro cha pulasitiki cha PVC, zopangira socket pa ASTM D 1785 ndondomeko 40 ndi ndondomeko 80 (ASM D 2466 ndondomeko 40 ndi ASTM D 2467 ndondomeko 80) ndi zomatira zosungunulira (ASTM D 2564).Zimaphatikizapo zoyambira pa ASTM F 656.
Mapaipi onse a CPVC ndi a PVC ndi oyenera ma hydraulic system pansi pamlingo wapansi, ngakhale ngakhale pansi pazifukwa izi chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa pakuyika mapaipi awa pantchito.Mipope ya pulasitiki imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'masewero amadzi ndi mpweya wabwino, makamaka m'malo apansi pansi pomwe mapaipi opanda kanthu amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi dothi lozungulira.Nthawi yomweyo, kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa mapaipi a CPVC ndi PVC kumakhala kopindulitsa chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa dothi lina.Mapaipi a Hydraulic nthawi zambiri amakhala otsekeredwa ndipo amakutidwa ndi chotchinga choteteza cha PVC chomwe chimapereka chotchinga pakati pa mapaipi achitsulo ndi dothi lozungulira.Mapaipi apulasitiki angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'makina ang'onoang'ono amadzi ozizira komwe kutsika kumayembekezeredwa.Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa chitoliro cha PVC kumapitirira 150 psi pa kukula kwa chitoliro mpaka mainchesi 8, koma izi zimagwira ntchito pa kutentha kwa 73 F kapena pansi.Kutentha kulikonse pamwamba pa 73 ° F kudzachepetsa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mu makina a mapaipi kufika 140 ° F.Chotsitsacho ndi 0.22 pa kutentha uku ndi 1.0 pa 73 F. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya 140 F ndi kwa Pulogalamu 40 ndi Pulogalamu 80 PVC chitoliro.Chitoliro cha CPVC chimatha kupirira kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 200 F (yokhala ndi derating factor ya 0.2), koma imakhala ndi mphamvu yofananira ndi PVC, yomwe imalola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mufiriji yokhazikika pansi pa nthaka.makina amadzi mpaka 8 mainchesi.Kwa machitidwe amadzi otentha omwe amasunga kutentha kwa madzi mpaka 180 kapena 205 F, mapaipi a PVC kapena CPVC savomerezedwa.Zambiri zimatengedwa kuchokera ku makulidwe a mapaipi a Harvel PVC ndi makulidwe a mapaipi a CPVC.
Mapaipi Mapaipi amanyamula zamadzimadzi zambiri, zolimba, ndi mpweya.Zamadzimadzi zonse zothira ndi zosathika zimayenda m'makinawa.Chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri yamadzimadzi yomwe imatengedwa mu mapaipi amadzimadzi, mapaipi omwe akufunsidwawo amagawidwa ngati mapaipi amadzi apanyumba kapena mipope yotulutsa mpweya ndi mpweya.
Madzi apakhomo: Chitoliro chamkuwa chofewa, ASTM B88 mitundu ya K ndi L, ASTM B88M mitundu A ndi B, yokhala ndi zolumikizira zamkuwa (ASME B16.22).
Hard Copper Tubing, ASTM B88 Mitundu L ndi M, ASTM B88M Mitundu B ndi C, yokhala ndi Cast Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.18), Wrought Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.22), Bronze Flanges (ASME B16.24) ) ndi zopangira zamkuwa (MCS SP-12).Chubuchi chimalolanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomata.
Mitundu ya mipope yamkuwa ndi miyezo yofananira imatengedwa kuchokera ku Gawo 22 11 16 la MasterSpec.Mapangidwe a mapaipi amkuwa operekera madzi am'nyumba amachepetsedwa ndi zofunikira za kuchuluka kwamayendedwe othamanga.Iwo amafotokozedwa mu ndondomeko ya pipeline motere:
Gawo 610.12.1 la 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code limati: Liwiro lalikulu la chitoliro cha mkuwa ndi copper alloy ndi machitidwe oyenerera sayenera kupitirira 8 mapazi pamphindi m'madzi ozizira ndi 5 mapazi pamphindi m'madzi otentha.Miyezo iyi imabwerezedwanso mu Copper Tubing Handbook, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mfundozi ngati kuthamanga kokwanira kwa mitundu iyi ya machitidwe.
Type 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri mapaipi molingana ndi ASTM A403 ndi zolumikizira zofananira pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zowotcherera kapena zopindika pamapaipi akulu am'madzi am'nyumba ndikulowetsa mwachindunji mapaipi amkuwa.Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa, mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri akukhala ofala kwambiri m'madzi a m'nyumba.Mitundu ya mapaipi ndi miyezo yofananira ikuchokera ku Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec Gawo 22 11 00.
Zatsopano zatsopano zomwe zidzakwaniritsidwe ndikukhazikitsidwa mu 2014 ndi Federal Drinking Water Leadership Act.Uku ndi kukakamiza boma kutsata malamulo apano ku California ndi Vermont okhudzana ndi zomwe zimatsogolera mumayendedwe amadzi a mapaipi aliwonse, mavavu, kapena zoyika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi am'nyumba.Lamuloli likunena kuti malo onse onyowa a mapaipi, zolumikizira ndi zomangira ziyenera kukhala "zopanda lead", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiwongolero chachikulu "sichikupitilira kulemera kwa 0.25% (kutsogolera)".Izi zimafuna opanga kupanga zinthu zopanda lead kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira zamalamulo zatsopano.Tsatanetsatane waperekedwa ndi UL mu Guidelines for Lead in Drinking Water Components.
Kukhetsa ndi mpweya wabwino: Mapaipi otayira achitsulo opanda manja opanda manja ndi zotengera zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ASTM A 888 kapena Cast Iron Sewer Piping Institute (CISPI) 301. Zophatikiza za Sovent zogwirizana ndi ASME B16.45 kapena ASSE 1043 zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuyimitsa.
Mapaipi a sewero achitsulo otayira ndi zomangira zopindika ayenera kutsatira ASTM A 74, ma gaskets a rabara (ASTM C 564) ndi lead yoyera ndi oak kapena hemp fiber sealant (ASTM B29).
Mitundu yonse iwiri ya ma ducting imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mnyumba, koma ma ducts opanda ma ducts ndi zomangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamwamba pa nthaka m'nyumba zamalonda.Mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi CISPI Plugless Fittings amalola kuyika kokhazikika, amatha kusinthidwanso kapena kufikika pochotsa zomangira zamagulu, ndikusunga mtundu wa chitoliro chachitsulo, chomwe chimachepetsa kuphulika kwa phokoso mumtsinje wa zinyalala kudzera pa chitoliro.Choyipa chakuponya mipope yachitsulo ndikuti mipope imawonongeka chifukwa cha zinyalala za acidic zomwe zimapezeka m'mabafa momwemo.
ASME A112.3.1 mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zolumikizira zokhala ndi malekezero oyaka komanso zoyaka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina apamwamba kwambiri m'malo mwa mipope yachitsulo.Mipope yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa gawo loyamba la mapaipi, omwe amalumikizana ndi pansi pomwe mankhwala a carbonated amakhetsa kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa dzimbiri.
Chitoliro cholimba cha PVC malinga ndi ASTM D 2665 (ngalande, kupatukana ndi polowera) ndi chitoliro cha uchi cha PVC malinga ndi ASTM F 891 (Annex 40), zolumikizira moto (ASTM D 2665 mpaka ASTM D 3311, kukhetsa, zinyalala ndi polowera mpweya) oyenera Ndandanda 40 chitoliro), zomatira 6M5 FAST6 zomatira (6M5 zomatira FAST6) ndi zomatira DAST6 FAST6 (6M6 FAST) ).Mapaipi a PVC amatha kupezeka pamwamba ndi pansi pamtunda m'nyumba zamalonda, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amalembedwa m'munsimu chifukwa cha kusweka kwa chitoliro ndi malamulo apadera.
M'malo omanga ku Southern Nevada, 2009 International Building Code (IBC) Amendment imati:
603.1.2.1 Zida.Mapaipi oyaka amaloledwa kuyikidwa m'chipinda cha injini, chotsekedwa ndi maola awiri osagwira moto ndipo amatetezedwa kwathunthu ndi zowaza zokha.Mapaipi oyaka amatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera kuchipinda chazida kupita kuzipinda zina, malinga ngati mapaipiwo atsekeredwa mumsonkhano wapadera wovomerezeka wa maola awiri osagwira moto.Pamene mipope yotereyi ikudutsa m'makoma amoto ndi / kapena pansi / padenga, malowedwewo ayenera kufotokozedwa pazinthu zenizeni zapaipi zomwe zili ndi magiredi F ndi T osatsika kuposa kukana kwamoto komwe kumafunikira kulowa.Mipope yoyaka sayenera kudutsa wosanjikiza umodzi.
Izi zimafuna mapaipi onse oyaka (pulasitiki kapena ayi) omwe amapezeka munyumba ya Class 1A monga momwe IBC imafotokozera kuti akulungidwe mumaola a 2.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mapaipi a PVC muzitsulo za ngalande kuli ndi ubwino wambiri.Poyerekeza ndi mapaipi achitsulo, PVC imalimbana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zinyalala za bafa ndi nthaka.Akayalidwa pansi, mapaipi a PVC amalimbananso ndi dzimbiri za dothi lozungulira (monga momwe tawonetsera mu gawo la mapaipi a HVAC).Mapaipi a PVC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo zamadzimadzi amakhala ndi malire ofanana ndi a HVAC hydraulic system, omwe ali ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa 140 F. Kutentha uku kumalamulidwanso ndi zofunikira za Uniform Piping Code ndi International Piping Code, zomwe zimanena kuti kutaya kulikonse kwa zinyalala zolandirira kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 140 F.
Ndime 810.1 ya 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code imati mapaipi a nthunzi sayenera kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mapaipi kapena kukhetsa, komanso madzi opitilira 140 F (60 C) sayenera kutayidwa mwachindunji kukhetsa kopanikizika.
Ndime 803.1 ya 2012 International Plumbing Code imanena kuti mapaipi a nthunzi sayenera kulumikizidwa ndi ngalande kapena gawo lililonse la mapaipi, ndipo madzi opitilira 140 F (60 C) sayenera kutayidwa mu gawo lililonse la ngalande.
Machitidwe apadera a mapaipi amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotengera zamadzimadzi zomwe siziri wamba.Madzi awa amatha kuyambira pamipopi yamadzi am'madzi am'madzi mpaka mapaipi operekera mankhwala ku zida za zida zosambira.Mipope ya Aquarium siili yofala m'nyumba zamalonda, koma imayikidwa m'mahotela ena omwe ali ndi makina akutali olumikizidwa ku malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chipinda chapakati chapope.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimawoneka ngati mtundu wa mipopi yoyenera kwa machitidwe amadzi a m'nyanja chifukwa chotha kuletsa dzimbiri ndi machitidwe ena amadzi, koma madzi amchere amatha kuwononga ndi kuwononga mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Pazinthu zoterezi, mapaipi apulasitiki kapena amkuwa-nickel CPVC am'madzi amakwaniritsa zofunikira za dzimbiri;poyika mapaipiwa mu malo akuluakulu ogulitsa malonda, kuyaka kwa mapaipi kuyenera kuganiziridwa.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi oyaka moto ku Southern Nevada kumafuna njira ina yopemphedwa kuti muwonetse cholinga chotsatira malamulo amtundu womanga.
Mapaipi amadzimadzi omwe amapereka madzi oyeretsedwa omiza thupi amakhala ndi mankhwala ocheperako (12.5% ​​sodium hypochlorite bleach ndi hydrochloric acid angagwiritsidwe ntchito) kuti asunge pH yeniyeni ndi mankhwala monga momwe dipatimenti yazaumoyo imafunira.Kuphatikiza pa kusungunula mapaipi amankhwala, bleach wathunthu wa chlorine ndi mankhwala ena ayenera kutengedwa kuchokera kumalo osungira zinthu zambiri ndi zipinda zapadera za zida.Mapaipi a CPVC samva kutulutsa kwa chlorine bleach, koma mapaipi apamwamba a ferrosilicon atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'malo mwa mapaipi amadzimadzi akamadutsa m'nyumba zomwe sizingapse (monga Mtundu 1A).Ndi yamphamvu koma yolimba kwambiri kuposa chitoliro chachitsulo chonyezimira komanso cholemera kuposa mapaipi ofanana.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zochepa chabe mwa njira zambiri zopangira mapaipi.Amayimira mitundu yambiri yamakina oyika m'nyumba zazikulu zamalonda, koma nthawi zonse padzakhala zosiyana ndi malamulowo.Mafotokozedwe a masters onse ndi chida chamtengo wapatali pakuzindikiritsa mtundu wa mapaipi a dongosolo lomwe laperekedwa ndikuwunika zoyenera pa chinthu chilichonse.Mafotokozedwe anthawi zonse amakwaniritsa zofunikira zama projekiti ambiri, koma opanga ndi mainjiniya ayenera kuwunikiranso zikafika pansanja zazitali, kutentha kwambiri, mankhwala owopsa, kapena kusintha kwa malamulo kapena mphamvu.Phunzirani zambiri za malingaliro a mapaipi ndi zoletsa kuti mupange zisankho zodziwika bwino zazinthu zomwe zayikidwa mu polojekiti yanu.Makasitomala athu amatikhulupirira ngati akatswiri okonza mapulani kuti tizipereka nyumba zawo kukula koyenera, zomangidwa bwino komanso zotsika mtengo pomwe ma ducts amafikira moyo wawo womwe amayembekeza ndipo sakumana ndi zovuta zowopsa.
Matt Dolan ndi injiniya wa projekiti ku JBA Consulting Engineers.Zomwe zinamuchitikira zili pakupanga mapangidwe ovuta a HVAC ndi mapaipi amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga monga maofesi amalonda, malo ochitira chithandizo chamankhwala ndi malo ochereza alendo, kuphatikizapo nsanja zapamwamba za alendo ndi malo odyera ambiri.
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