2. Fahimtar nau'ikan guda uku na bututu: Hvac (ruwan hydraulic), ruwan hoda, sewing da kuma iska mai iska (tsarin shayarwa da sunadarai masu haɗari).
Tsarin famfo da famfo suna wanzu a yawancin abubuwan gini.Mutane da yawa sun ga tarkon P-trap ko na'urar sanyaya bututun ruwa a ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa da ke kaiwa kuma daga tsarin tsaga.Mutane kaɗan ne ke ganin babban aikin famfo injiniyoyi a cikin masana'antar ta tsakiya ko tsarin tsabtace sinadarai a cikin ɗakin kayan aikin tafkin.Kowane ɗayan waɗannan aikace-aikacen yana buƙatar takamaiman nau'in bututu wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, ƙuntatawa na jiki, lambobi, da mafi kyawun ayyukan ƙira.
Babu mafita mai sauƙi na famfo wanda ya dace da duk aikace-aikacen.Waɗannan tsarin sun cika duk buƙatun jiki da na lamba idan an cika ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙira kuma ana yin tambayoyin da suka dace ga masu su da masu aiki.Bugu da ƙari, za su iya kula da farashin da ya dace da kuma lokacin jagoranci don ƙirƙirar tsarin gine-gine mai nasara.
Bututun HVAC sun ƙunshi ruwaye daban-daban, matsi da yanayin zafi.Bututun na iya zama sama ko ƙasa matakin ƙasa kuma yana gudana ta cikin ciki ko waje na ginin.Dole ne a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan yayin tantance bututun HVAC a cikin aikin.Kalmar "hydrodynamic sake zagayowar" tana nufin amfani da ruwa a matsayin matsakaicin canja wurin zafi don sanyaya da dumama.A cikin kowane aikace-aikacen, ana ba da ruwa a ƙimar da aka bayar da kuma yanayin zafi.Canjin zafi na yau da kullun a cikin daki shine ta iskar iska zuwa ruwa wanda aka ƙera don dawo da ruwa a yanayin zafin da aka saita.Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa an canza wani adadin zafi ko cirewa daga sararin samaniya.Yawon shakatawa na sanyaya da dumama ruwa shine babban tsarin da ake amfani dashi don kwandishan manyan wuraren kasuwanci.
Don yawancin aikace-aikacen ginin ƙasan ƙasa, tsarin da ake sa ran matsa lamba yana aiki ƙasa da fam 150 a kowace inci murabba'i (psig).Tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa (sanyi da ruwan zafi) tsarin kewayawa ne.Wannan yana nufin cewa jimlar kan mai ƙarfi na famfo yana yin la'akari da asarar rikice-rikice a cikin tsarin bututun, coils masu alaƙa, bawuloli da na'urorin haɗi.Tsayin tsayin daka na tsarin baya shafar aikin famfo, amma yana shafar aikin da ake buƙata na tsarin.Ana ƙididdige masu sanyaya, tukunyar jirgi, famfo, bututu da na'urorin haɗi don matsa lamba 150 psi, wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga masu kera kayan aiki da kayan aiki.Inda zai yiwu, ya kamata a kiyaye wannan ƙimar matsa lamba a cikin ƙirar tsarin.Yawancin gine-ginen da ake la'akari da ƙananan ko tsaka-tsaki sun fada cikin nau'in matsa lamba 150 psi.
A cikin ƙirar gini mai tsayi, yana ƙara wahala don kiyaye tsarin bututu da kayan aiki ƙasa da ma'aunin psi 150.Shugaban layi na tsaye sama da kusan ƙafa 350 (ba tare da ƙara matsa lamba ga tsarin ba) zai wuce daidaitattun ma'aunin matsa lamba na waɗannan tsarin (1 psi = shugaban ƙafa 2.31).Ƙila tsarin zai yi amfani da na'urar kashe wuta (a cikin nau'i na mai zafi) don ware mafi girman buƙatun matsi daga sauran bututun da aka haɗa da kayan aiki.Wannan ƙirar tsarin zai ba da damar ƙira da shigar da daidaitattun masu sanyaya matsa lamba tare da ƙayyade mafi girman bututu da kayan haɗi a cikin hasumiya mai sanyaya.
Lokacin ƙayyade bututu don babban aikin harabar, dole ne mai zanen / injiniyan ya gane hasumiya da bututun da aka kayyade don filin wasa, yana nuna buƙatunsu na kowane ɗayansu (ko buƙatun gama gari idan ba a yi amfani da masu musayar zafi don ware yankin matsa lamba ba).
Wani bangare na rufaffiyar tsarin shine tsarkakewar ruwa da kuma cire duk wani iskar oxygen daga ruwa.Yawancin tsarin hydraulic suna sanye take da tsarin kula da ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sinadarai da masu hanawa don kiyaye ruwa yana gudana ta cikin bututu a mafi kyawun pH (kusan 9.0) da matakan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don yaƙar bututun biofilms da lalata.Tsayar da ruwa a cikin tsarin da kuma cire iska yana taimakawa wajen tsawaita rayuwar bututu, famfo masu alaƙa, coils da bawuloli.Duk wani iskar da ke makale a cikin bututu na iya haifar da cavitation a cikin sanyaya da dumama famfun ruwa da kuma rage zafi a cikin mai sanyaya, tukunyar jirgi ko na'urorin kewayawa.
Copper: Nau'in L, B, K, M ko C da aka zana da taurin tubing daidai da ASTM B88 da B88M a hade tare da ASME B16.22 da aka yi da kayan aikin tagulla da kayan aiki tare da solder mara gubar ko solder don aikace-aikacen karkashin kasa.
Bututu mai tauri, nau'in L, B, K (wanda aka saba amfani dashi kawai a ƙasan matakin ƙasa) ko A kowane ASTM B88 da B88M, tare da ASME B16.22 da aka ƙera kayan aikin tagulla da kayan aikin da aka haɗa ta hanyar rashin gubar ko sama da ƙasa.Wannan bututu kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da kayan da aka rufe.
Nau'in K bututun jan karfe shine mafi girman tubing da ake samu, yana ba da matsin aiki na 1534 psi.inch a 100 F don ½ inch.Samfuran L da M suna da ƙananan matsi na aiki fiye da K amma har yanzu sun dace da aikace-aikacen HVAC (matsi ya bambanta daga 1242 psi a 100F zuwa 12 in. da 435 psi da 395 psi Ana ɗaukar waɗannan dabi'u daga Tables 3a, 3b da 3c na Jagoran Tubing Copper Kamar yadda aka buga ta Copper Development Guide.
Waɗannan matsi na aiki don tafiyar da bututun kai tsaye ne, waɗanda ba galibin matsa lamba ba ne na tsarin.Kayan aiki da haɗin kai masu haɗa tsayin bututu guda biyu suna da yuwuwar yayyafawa ko kasawa ƙarƙashin matsin aiki na wasu tsarin.Nau'o'in haɗin kai na bututun jan ƙarfe sune walda, soldering ko matsi mai matsi.Dole ne a yi waɗannan nau'ikan haɗin kai daga kayan da ba su da gubar kuma a ƙididdige su don matsa lamba da ake tsammani a cikin tsarin.
Kowane nau'in haɗin kai yana da ikon kiyaye tsarin da ba shi da ɗigowa lokacin da aka rufe kayan dacewa da kyau, amma waɗannan tsarin suna amsa daban-daban lokacin da kayan aikin ba su cika rufewa ko murɗawa ba.Solder da solder haɗin gwiwa sun fi yin kasawa da zubewa lokacin da aka fara cika tsarin da gwadawa kuma ba a mamaye ginin ba tukuna.A wannan yanayin, 'yan kwangila da masu dubawa za su iya hanzarta tantance inda haɗin gwiwa ke yabo da kuma gyara matsalar kafin tsarin ya fara aiki sosai kuma fasinjoji da datti na ciki sun lalace.Hakanan za'a iya sake yin wannan tare da kayan aiki masu tsauri idan an ayyana zoben gano ɗigogi ko haɗuwa.Idan ba ka latsa har ƙasa don gano wurin matsalar ba, ruwa na iya zubowa daga kayan dacewa kamar solder ko solder.Idan ba a kayyade kayan aiki masu tsauri a cikin ƙirar ba, wasu lokuta za su kasance cikin matsin lamba yayin gwajin gini kuma suna iya gazawa kawai bayan wani lokaci na aiki, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga wurin da aka mamaye da kuma yiyuwar rauni ga mazauna ciki, musamman idan bututu masu zafi suna ratsa cikin bututun.ruwa.
Shawarwari na girman bututun jan ƙarfe sun dogara ne akan buƙatun ƙa'idodi, shawarwarin masana'anta da mafi kyawun ayyuka.Don aikace-aikacen ruwan sanyi (zazzabi na samar da ruwa yawanci 42 zuwa 45 F), iyakar saurin da aka ba da shawarar don tsarin bututun tagulla shine ƙafa 8 a sakan daya don rage hayaniyar tsarin da rage yuwuwar zaizayarwa/lalata.Don tsarin ruwan zafi (yawanci 140 zuwa 180 F don dumama sararin samaniya da har zuwa 205 F don samar da ruwan zafi na gida a cikin tsarin matasan), iyakar shawarar da aka ba da shawarar don bututun jan karfe ya fi ƙasa.Manual Tubing na Copper ya lissafa waɗannan saurin kamar ƙafa 2 zuwa 3 a sakan daya lokacin da yawan zafin ruwa ya kai sama da 140 F.
Bututun jan ƙarfe yawanci suna zuwa cikin ƙayyadaddun girman, har zuwa inci 12.Wannan yana iyakance amfani da jan ƙarfe a cikin manyan kayan aikin harabar, saboda waɗannan ƙirar ginin galibi suna buƙatar ducting fiye da inci 12.Daga tsakiyar shuka zuwa masu musayar zafi masu alaƙa.Bututun jan ƙarfe ya fi kowa a cikin tsarin injin hydraulic inci 3 ko ƙasa da haka a diamita.Don masu girma sama da inci 3, bututun ƙarfe mai ramuka an fi amfani da shi.Wannan ya faru ne saboda bambancin farashin da ke tsakanin karfe da tagulla, da bambancin aiki na bututun da ake yi da bututun welded ko brazed (ba a yarda da kayan aikin matsa lamba ko mai shi ko injiniyanci), da shawarar saurin ruwa da yanayin zafi a cikin wadannan cikin kowane bututun kayan.
Karfe: Black ko galvanized karfe bututu ta ASTM A 53 / A 53M tare da ductile baƙin ƙarfe (ASME B16.3) ko yi baƙin ƙarfe (ASTM A 234 / A 234M) kayan aiki da kuma ductile baƙin ƙarfe (ASME B16.39) kayan aiki.Flanges, kayan aiki da haɗin gwiwa na aji 150 da 300 suna samuwa tare da kayan aiki na zaren zare ko flanged.Za a iya welded da bututu tare da filler karfe daidai da AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Yayi daidai da ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron da ASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, ko S Grade B Majalisar Karfe, ko ASTM A106, Karfe B. Ƙarfe don Fitting Fittings.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fi amfani da bututun ƙarfe don manyan bututu a cikin tsarin hydraulic.Irin wannan tsarin yana ba da damar matsa lamba daban-daban, zafin jiki da buƙatun girman don biyan buƙatun tsarin ruwa mai sanyi da zafi.Alamar aji don flanges, kayan aiki, da kayan aiki suna nufin matsa lamba na cikakken tururi a psi.inci na abin da ya dace.An tsara kayan aiki na Class 150 don yin aiki a matsa lamba na 150 psi.inch a 366 F, yayin da Class 300 kayan aiki suna ba da matsin aiki na 300 psi.a 550 F. Class 150 kayan aiki suna ba da fiye da 300 psi matsa lamba na ruwa.inch a 150 F, da Class 300 kayan aiki suna samar da matsa lamba na ruwa 2,000 psi.inch a 150 F. Wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki suna samuwa don takamaiman nau'ikan bututu.Misali, don simintin gyare-gyaren bututun ƙarfe da ASME 16.1 flanged kayan aiki, ana iya amfani da maki 125 ko 250.
Tsare-tsare na bututu da tsarin haɗin kai suna amfani da yanke ko kafaffen tsagi a ƙarshen bututu, kayan aiki, bawuloli, da sauransu don haɗawa tsakanin kowane tsayin bututu ko kayan aiki tare da tsarin haɗi mai sassauƙa ko tsayayyen tsari.Waɗannan mahaɗaɗɗen sun ƙunshi sassa biyu ko fiye da aka kulle kuma suna da injin wanki a cikin maɗaurin haɗaɗɗiyar.Ana samun waɗannan tsarin a cikin nau'ikan flange na aji 150 da 300 da kayan gasket na EPDM kuma suna da ikon yin aiki a yanayin zafi daga 230 zuwa 250 F (ya danganta da girman bututu).Ana ɗaukar bayanan bututun da aka tsinke daga littattafan Victaulic da wallafe-wallafe.
Jadawalin 40 da 80 bututun ƙarfe an yarda da su don tsarin HVAC.Ƙididdigar bututu yana nufin kauri na bango na bututu, wanda ya karu tare da lambar ƙayyadaddun bayanai.Tare da karuwa a cikin kauri na bango na bututu, da izinin aiki na aiki na madaidaicin bututu shima yana ƙaruwa.Jadawalin tubing 40 yana ba da damar matsa lamba na 1694 psi don ½ inch.Bututu, 696 psi inch don 12 inci (-20 zuwa 650 F).Matsi na aiki da aka yarda don Jadawalin tubing 80 shine 3036 psi.inch (½ inch) da 1305 psi.inch (12 inci) (duka -20 zuwa 650 F).Ana ɗaukar waɗannan ƙimar daga sashin Bayanan Injiniya na Watson McDaniel.
Filastik: CPVC bututun filastik, kayan aikin soket zuwa Ƙayyadaddun 40 da Ƙayyadaddun 80 zuwa ASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 zuwa Ƙayyadaddun 40 da ASTM F 439 zuwa Ƙayyadaddun 80) da kuma adhesives masu ƙarfi (ASTM F493).
PVC bututu filastik, soket kayan aiki da ASTM D 1785 jadawalin 40 da jadawalin 80 (ASTM D 2466 jadawalin 40 da ASTM D 2467 jadawalin 80) da sauran adhesives (ASTM D 2564).Ya haɗa da firikwensin kowane ASTM F 656.
Dukansu CPVC da PVC bututu sun dace da tsarin injin ruwa a ƙasa matakin ƙasa, kodayake ko da a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi dole ne a ɗauki kulawa lokacin shigar da waɗannan bututun a cikin aikin.Ana amfani da bututun robobi sosai a cikin magudanar ruwa da na'urorin bututun samun iska, musamman a wuraren da ba a cikin kasa inda bututun da ba su da tushe ke haduwa kai tsaye da kasar da ke kewaye.A lokaci guda, juriya na lalata CPVC da bututun PVC yana da fa'ida saboda lalacewar wasu ƙasa.Yawan bututun na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana rufewa kuma an rufe shi da kumfa na PVC mai karewa wanda ke ba da ma'auni tsakanin bututun ƙarfe da ƙasan da ke kewaye.Ana iya amfani da bututun filastik a cikin ƙananan tsarin ruwa masu sanyi inda ake tsammanin ƙananan matsi.Matsakaicin matsa lamba na bututun PVC ya wuce psi 150 don duk girman bututu har zuwa inci 8, amma wannan ya shafi yanayin zafi na 73 F ko ƙasa.Duk wani zafin jiki sama da 73°F zai rage matsa lamba a cikin tsarin bututu zuwa 140°F.Matsakaicin ƙaddamarwa shine 0.22 a wannan zafin jiki da 1.0 a 73 F. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na aiki na 140 F shine don Jadawalin 40 da Jadawalin 80 PVC bututu.Bututun CPVC yana iya jure yanayin zafin aiki mai faɗi, yana sa ya dace da amfani har zuwa 200 F (tare da madaidaicin ma'aunin 0.2), amma yana da ƙimar matsi iri ɗaya kamar PVC, yana ba da damar yin amfani da shi a daidaitattun aikace-aikacen firiji na ƙasa.tsarin ruwa har zuwa inci 8.Don tsarin ruwan zafi waɗanda ke kula da yanayin zafi mai girma har zuwa 180 ko 205 F, ba a ba da shawarar bututun PVC ko CPVC ba.Ana ɗaukar duk bayanan daga ƙayyadaddun bututun Harvel PVC da ƙayyadaddun bututun CPVC.
Bututun bututu suna ɗaukar ruwa mai yawa, daskararru, da gas iri-iri.Dukansu ruwaye masu ɗorewa da marasa ƙarfi suna gudana a cikin waɗannan tsarin.Saboda nau'in ruwa iri-iri da ake ɗauka a cikin tsarin aikin famfo, ana rarraba bututun da ake magana a kai a matsayin bututun ruwa na cikin gida ko magudanar ruwa da bututun samun iska.
Ruwa na cikin gida: bututun jan ƙarfe mai laushi, ASTM B88 nau'ikan K da L, ASTM B88M nau'ikan A da B, tare da kayan aikin matsi na jan ƙarfe (ASME B16.22).
Hard Copper Tubing, ASTM B88 Nau'in L da M, ASTM B88M Nau'in B da C, tare da Cast Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.18), Wrought Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.22), Bronze Flanges (ASME B16.24) ) da kuma tagulla kayan aiki (SP-12MCS).Hakanan bututun yana ba da damar yin amfani da kayan da aka rufe.
Ana ɗaukar nau'ikan bututun ƙarfe da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa daga Sashe na 22 11 16 na MasterSpec.Tsarin bututun jan ƙarfe don samar da ruwa na cikin gida yana iyakance ta hanyar buƙatun matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara.An kayyade su a cikin ƙayyadaddun bututun kamar haka:
Sashe na 610.12.1 na Kundin Tsarin Rubutun Uniform na 2012 ya faɗi cewa: Matsakaicin gudu a cikin bututun jan ƙarfe da jan ƙarfe da tsarin daidaitawa ba dole ba ne ya wuce ƙafa 8 a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya a cikin ruwan sanyi da ƙafa 5 a kowane daƙiƙa a cikin ruwan zafi.Hakanan ana maimaita waɗannan dabi'u a cikin Littafin Jagoran Tubing na Copper, wanda ke amfani da waɗannan ƙimar a matsayin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici don waɗannan nau'ikan tsarin.
Nau'in bututun bakin karfe na 316 daidai da ASTM A403 da makamantansu ta amfani da welded ko dunƙule couplings don manyan bututun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma maye gurbin bututun tagulla kai tsaye.Tare da hauhawar farashin tagulla, bututun ƙarfe na bakin karfe suna zama ruwan dare a cikin tsarin ruwa na cikin gida.Nau'o'in bututu da ma'auni masu alaƙa sun fito ne daga Gudanarwar Tsohon Sojoji (VA) MasterSpec Sashe na 22 11 00.
Wani sabon bidi'a da za a aiwatar da aiwatarwa a cikin 2014 shine Dokar Jagorancin Ruwan Sha ta Tarayya.Wannan wani aiki ne na tarayya na aiwatar da dokokin yanzu a California da Vermont game da abubuwan da ke cikin gubar a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na kowane bututu, bawuloli, ko kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin ruwan gida.Dokar ta ce duk wuraren da aka jika na bututu, kayan aiki da kayan aiki dole ne su kasance "marasa gubar", wanda ke nufin cewa matsakaicin abun ciki na gubar "bai wuce matsakaicin nauyi na 0.25% (guba)".Wannan yana buƙatar masana'antun su samar da samfuran simintin gyare-gyare marasa gubar don biyan sabbin buƙatun doka.An bayar da cikakkun bayanai ta UL a cikin Jagororin don Jagoranci a Abubuwan Ruwan Sha.
Magudanar ruwa da samun iska: Bututun simintin ƙarfe mara hannu da kayan aikin da suka dace da ASTM A 888 ko Cibiyar Cast Iron Sewer Piping Institute (CISPI) 301. Za a iya amfani da kayan aikin Sovent da suka dace da ASME B16.45 ko ASSE 1043 tare da tsarin mara tsayawa.
Bututun bututun simintin ƙarfe da kayan aikin flanged dole ne su bi ASTM A 74, GASKIYAR roba (ASTM C 564) da gubar dalma da itacen oak ko hemp fiber sealant (ASTM B29).
Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan bututun guda biyu a cikin gine-gine, amma ductless da kayan aiki an fi amfani da su sama da matakin ƙasa a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci.Bututun simintin ƙarfe tare da CISPI Plugless Fittings suna ba da izinin shigarwa na dindindin, ana iya sake daidaita su ko ana iya isa gare su ta hanyar cire ƙuƙuman bandeji, yayin da suke riƙe ingancin bututun ƙarfe, wanda ke rage ƙarar fashewar rafi ta cikin bututu.Babban abin da za a yi don jefa famfo na ƙarfe shi ne cewa aikin famfo yana lalacewa saboda sharar acid ɗin da aka samu a cikin kayan aikin banɗaki na yau da kullun.
ASME A112.3.1 bakin karfe bututu da kayan aiki tare da flared da flared iyakar za a iya amfani da high quality magudanar ruwa tsarin a maimakon jefa baƙin ƙarfe bututu.Hakanan ana amfani da bututun ƙarfe na bakin karfe don sashin farko na famfo, wanda ke haɗawa da tulun bene inda samfurin carbonated ya zubar don rage lalata.
M PVC bututu bisa ga ASTM D 2665 (magudanar ruwa, diversion da vents) da PVC saƙar zuma bututu bisa ga ASTM F 891 (Annex 40), flare haši (ASTM D 2665 to ASTM D 3311, magudana, sharar gida da vents) dace da Jadawalin 40 bututu), m da kuma FTM AS. ).Ana iya samun bututun PVC sama da ƙasa a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci, kodayake an fi lissafa su a ƙasan matakin ƙasa saboda fasa bututu da ƙa'idodi na musamman.
A cikin ikon gine-gine na Kudancin Nevada, 2009 Tsarin Gine-gine na Duniya (IBC) Gyara ya ce:
603.1.2.1 Kayan aiki.An ba da izinin shigar da bututun mai ƙonewa a cikin ɗakin injin, an rufe shi da tsarin juriya na wuta na sa'o'i biyu kuma an kiyaye shi ta atomatik ta atomatik sprinkler.Ana iya tafiyar da bututu masu ƙonewa daga ɗakin kayan aiki zuwa wasu ɗakuna, matuƙar an haɗa bututun a cikin wani taro na musamman na sa'o'i biyu da aka amince da shi wanda ke jure wuta.Lokacin da irin wannan bututun mai ƙonewa ya ratsa ta bangon wuta da/ko benaye/rufi, dole ne a ƙayyade shigar da takamaiman kayan bututu mai maki F da T ba ƙasa da juriyar wutar da ake buƙata don shiga ba.Bututun da za su iya ƙonewa ba dole ba ne su shiga fiye da Layer ɗaya.
Wannan yana buƙatar duk bututu masu ƙonewa (roba ko akasin haka) da ke cikin ginin Class 1A kamar yadda IBC ta ayyana don a naɗe su cikin tsarin sa'o'i 2.Yin amfani da bututun PVC a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa yana da fa'idodi da yawa.Idan aka kwatanta da bututun ƙarfe, PVC ya fi juriya ga lalata da iskar sharar gida da ƙasa ke haifarwa.Lokacin da aka shimfiɗa ƙasa, bututun PVC kuma suna da juriya ga lalata ƙasa da ke kewaye (kamar yadda aka nuna a sashin bututun HVAC).Bututun PVC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa yana ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin injin HVAC, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na aiki na 140 F. Wannan zafin jiki yana ƙara wajabta ta hanyar buƙatun Tsarin Bututun Uniform da Ka'idojin Bututu na Duniya, wanda ke nuna cewa duk wani fitarwa zuwa masu karɓar sharar gida dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 140 F.
Sashe na 810.1 na Kundin Tsarin Ruwa na Uniform na 2012 ya bayyana cewa ba dole ba ne a haɗa bututun tururi kai tsaye zuwa tsarin bututu ko magudanar ruwa, kuma ba dole ba ne a fitar da ruwa sama da 140 F (60 C) kai tsaye cikin magudanar ruwa.
Sashe na 803.1 na kundin tsarin famfo na kasa da kasa na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa ba dole ba ne a hada bututun tururi da tsarin magudanar ruwa ko kuma wani bangare na tsarin aikin famfo, kuma kada a zubar da ruwa sama da 140 F (60 C) zuwa kowane bangare na magudanar ruwa.
Tsarin bututun na musamman yana da alaƙa da jigilar abubuwan ruwa waɗanda ba na yau da kullun ba.Wadannan ruwaye na iya zuwa daga bututun ruwa na ruwa zuwa bututun don samar da sinadarai zuwa tsarin kayan aikin wanka.Tsarin ruwan famfo na ruwa ba ya zama ruwan dare a gine-ginen kasuwanci, amma ana shigar da su a wasu otal-otal tare da tsarin aikin famfo mai nisa da ke da alaƙa da wurare daban-daban daga ɗakin famfo na tsakiya.Bakin karfe yana kama da nau'in bututun da ya dace don tsarin ruwan teku saboda ikonsa na hana lalata da sauran tsarin ruwa, amma ruwan gishiri na iya lalatawa da lalata bututun bakin karfe.Don irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, bututun ruwa na filastik ko jan karfe-nickel CPVC sun cika buƙatun lalata;a lokacin da ake shimfiɗa waɗannan bututu a cikin babban wurin kasuwanci, dole ne a yi la'akari da flammability na bututu.Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yin amfani da bututun mai ƙonewa a Kudancin Nevada yana buƙatar wata hanya ta dabam da za a nemi don nuna niyya don bin ƙa'idodin nau'in ginin da ya dace.
Bututun tafkin da ke ba da ruwa mai tsafta don nutsar da jiki ya ƙunshi adadin sinadarai masu diluted (12.5% ​​sodium hypochlorite bleach da hydrochloric acid za a iya amfani da su) don kiyaye takamaiman pH da ma'aunin sinadarai kamar yadda sashen kiwon lafiya ya buƙata.Bugu da ƙari, narkar da bututun sinadarai, cikakken bleach chlorine da sauran sinadarai dole ne a kwashe su daga wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki masu yawa da ɗakunan kayan aiki na musamman.CPVC bututun sinadari ne mai juriya don samar da bleach chlorine, amma ana iya amfani da manyan bututun ferrosilicon azaman madadin bututun sinadarai lokacin wucewa ta nau'ikan ginin da ba sa ƙonewa (misali Nau'in 1A).Yana da ƙarfi amma ya fi karɓuwa fiye da daidaitaccen bututun ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe kuma ya fi kwatankwacin bututun nauyi.
Wannan labarin ya tattauna kaɗan daga cikin damammaki masu yawa don zayyana tsarin bututun.Suna wakiltar yawancin nau'ikan tsarin da aka shigar a cikin manyan gine-ginen kasuwanci, amma koyaushe za a sami keɓantawa ga ƙa'idar.Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙirar gabaɗaya hanya ce mai kima wajen tantance nau'in bututu don tsarin da aka bayar da kimanta ma'auni masu dacewa ga kowane samfur.Madaidaitan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai za su cika buƙatun ayyuka da yawa, amma masu ƙira da injiniyoyi yakamata su sake duba su idan ana maganar hasumiya mai tsayi, yanayin zafi, sinadarai masu haɗari, ko canje-canje a cikin doka ko iko.Ƙara koyo game da shawarwarin famfo da ƙuntatawa don yanke shawara game da samfuran da aka shigar a cikin aikin ku.Abokan cinikinmu sun amince da mu a matsayin ƙwararrun ƙira don samar da gine-ginen su da girman da ya dace, daidaitattun ƙira da ƙira masu araha inda bututun ya kai ga rayuwarsu da ake tsammani kuma ba za su taɓa samun gazawar bala'i ba.
Matt Dolan injiniyan ayyuka ne a JBA Consulting Engineers.Kwarewarsa ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ƙirar HVAC mai sarƙaƙƙiya da tsarin aikin famfo don nau'ikan gini iri-iri kamar ofisoshin kasuwanci, wuraren kula da lafiya da ɗakunan baƙi, gami da manyan hasumiya na baƙi da gidajen abinci da yawa.
Kuna da gogewa da sanin batutuwan da ke cikin wannan abun cikin?Ya kamata ku yi la'akari da bayar da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar edita ta CFE Media da samun amincewa da ku da kamfanin ku.Danna nan don fara aiwatarwa.