2. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zintathu zeenkqubo zemibhobho yamanzi: i-HVAC (hydraulic), imibhobho yamanzi (amanzi asekhaya, ugutyulo lwelindle kunye nokungenisa umoya) kunye neesistim zekhemikhali nezikhethekileyo (iinkqubo zamanzi olwandle neekhemikhali eziyingozi).
Iinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nemibhobho zikhona kwizinto ezininzi zokwakha.Abantu abaninzi baye babona i-P-trap okanye i-refrigerant piping phantsi kwe-sink ekhokelela kwaye isuka kwinkqubo yokwahlula.Bambalwa abantu ababona eyona mibhobho yobunjineli kwiplanti esembindini okanye inkqubo yokucoca imichiza kwigumbi lezixhobo zamachibi.Nganye kwezi zicelo zifuna uhlobo oluthile lwemibhobho edibana neenkcukacha, izithintelo zomzimba, iikhowudi, kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuyila.
Akukho sisombululo silula semibhobho esihambelana nazo zonke izicelo.Ezi nkqubo zihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zomzimba kunye nekhowudi ukuba imigaqo ethile yoyilo idibene kwaye imibuzo efanelekileyo ibuzwa kubanini kunye nabaqhubi.Ukongezelela, banokugcina iindleko ezifanelekileyo kunye namaxesha okukhokela ukudala inkqubo yokwakha ephumelelayo.
Imibhobho yeHVAC inolwelo oluninzi olwahlukeneyo, uxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu.Umbhobho unokuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba kwaye uqhube ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwesakhiwo.Ezi zinto kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa kuchazwa imibhobho ye-HVAC kwiprojekthi.Igama elithi “hydrodynamic cycle” libhekisa kusetyenziso lwamanzi njengendawo yokuhambisa ubushushu ukupholisa nokufudumeza.Kwisicelo ngasinye, amanzi anikezelwa ngesantya esinikiweyo sokuhamba kunye nobushushu.Ukutshintshwa kobushushu obuqhelekileyo kwigumbi kukwenziwa ngekhoyili yomoya ukuya emanzini eyenzelwe ukubuyisela amanzi kwiqondo lobushushu elimiselweyo.Oku kukhokelela ekubeni inani elithile lobushushu lidluliswa okanye lisuswe kwindawo.Ukujikeleza kwamanzi okupholisa kunye nokufudumeza yeyona ndlela iphambili esetyenziselwa ukumisa umoya kwiindawo ezinkulu zorhwebo.
Kwizicelo ezininzi zokwakha ezisezantsi, uxinzelelo olulindelekileyo lwenkqubo yokusebenza luhlala lungaphantsi kwe-150 pounds nge-intshi yesikwere (psig).Inkqubo ye-hydraulic (amanzi abandayo nashushu) yinkqubo yesekethe evaliweyo.Oku kuthetha ukuba intloko yempompo eguqukayo iyonke ithathela ingqalelo ilahleko yokungqubana kwinkqubo yemibhobho, iikhoyili ezinxulumeneyo, iivalvu kunye nezincedisi.Ukuphakama kwe-static kwenkqubo akuchaphazeli ukusebenza kompompo, kodwa kuchaphazela uxinzelelo olufunekayo lwenkqubo.I-coolers, iibhoyili, iimpompo, iipayipi kunye nezixhobo zilinganiswe kwi-150 psi uxinzelelo lokusebenza, oluqhelekileyo kwizixhobo kunye nabavelisi becandelo.Apho kunokwenzeka, eli nqanaba loxinzelelo kufuneka ligcinwe kuyilo lwesistim.Izakhiwo ezininzi ezibhekwa njengephantsi okanye eziphakathi-ukunyuka ziwela kwicandelo le-150 psi yokusebenza uxinzelelo.
Kuyilo lwesakhiwo esiphakamileyo, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukugcina iinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nezixhobo ezingaphantsi komgangatho we-psi we-150.Intloko yomgca we-static ngasentla malunga neenyawo ze-350 (ngaphandle kokongeza uxinzelelo lwempompo kwinkqubo) iya kudlula umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo woxinzelelo osebenzayo wezi nkqubo (1 psi = 2.31 iinyawo zentloko).Inkqubo iya kusebenzisa i-presser breaker (ngendlela yokutshintsha ubushushu) ukwahlula iimfuno zoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwekholamu ukusuka kuyo yonke imibhobho edibeneyo kunye nezixhobo.Olu yilo lwenkqubo luya kuvumela ukuyilwa kunye nokufakelwa kwezipholileyo zoxinzelelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuchaza imibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nezixhobo kwinqaba yokupholisa.
Xa kucaciswa imibhobho yeprojekthi enkulu yekhampasi, umyili/injineli kufuneka iqaphele ngononophelo inqaba kunye nemibhobho ekhankanyiweyo kwiqonga, ebonisa iimfuno zabo zodwa (okanye iimfuno ezidityanelweyo ukuba abatshintshi bobushushu abasetyenziswanga ukwahlula indawo yoxinzelelo).
Elinye icandelo lenkqubo evaliweyo kukuhlanjululwa kwamanzi kunye nokususwa kwayo nayiphi na ioksijini emanzini.Iinkqubo ezininzi ze-hydraulic zixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokucoca amanzi equkethe iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-inhibitors ukugcina amanzi ehamba ngemibhobho kwi-pH efanelekileyo (malunga ne-9.0) kunye namanqanaba e-microbial ukulwa ne-biofilms yombhobho kunye nokubola.Ukuzinzisa amanzi kwinkqubo kunye nokususa umoya kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bombhobho, iimpompo ezihambelanayo, iikhoyili kunye neevalve.Nawuphi na umoya obanjwe kwimibhobho ingabangela i-cavitation kwi-cooling and warming pumps yamanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kwi-cooler, ibhoyili okanye iikhoyili zokujikeleza.
Ubhedu: Uhlobo lwe-L, B, K, M okanye C olutsalweyo kunye ne-tubing elukhuni ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM B88 kunye ne-B88M ngokudibanisa ne-ASME B16.22 eyenziwe ngezixhobo zobhedu kunye nezixhobo ezine-lead-free solder okanye i-solder kwizicelo eziphantsi komhlaba.
Umbhobho oqinisiweyo, uhlobo lwe-L, B, K (ngokuqhelekileyo lusetyenziswa kuphela ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba) okanye i-A nge-ASTM B88 kunye ne-B88M, ene-ASME B16.22 eyenziwe ngezixhobo zobhedu kunye nezixhobo ezidityaniswe nge-solder-free okanye ngaphezulu komhlaba.Le ityhubhu ikwavumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezitywiniweyo.
Uhlobo K lwetyhubhu yobhedu yeyona tyhubhu engqindilili ekhoyo, ibonelela ngoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-1534 psi.intshi nge 100 F nge ½ intshi.Iimodeli ze-L kunye ne-M zineengcinezelo zokusebenza eziphantsi kune-K kodwa zisafaneleka kakuhle kwizicelo ze-HVAC (uxinzelelo olusuka kwi-1242 psi kwi-100F ukuya kwi-12 ngaphakathi kunye ne-435 psi kunye ne-395 psi Ezi xabiso zithathwa kwiiTables 3a, 3b kunye ne-3c ye-Copper Tubing Development Guides njengoko ipapashwe yi-Copper Tubing Guides.
Olu xinzelelo lusebenzayo lolokuqhuba imibhobho ethe tye, engaqhelekanga ukubaleka koxinzelelo lwenkqubo.Ukufakwa kunye nokudibanisa ukudibanisa ubude obubini bombhobho kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvuze okanye kungaphumeleli phantsi koxinzelelo lokusebenza kwezinye iinkqubo.Iindidi zoqhagamshelo oluqhelekileyo lwemibhobho yobhedu i-welding, i-soldering okanye i-pressurized sealing.Ezi ntlobo zoqhagamshelo kufuneka zenziwe kwizinto eziphathekayo ezingenalo ilothe kwaye zilinganiswe ngoxinzelelo olulindelekileyo kwinkqubo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lokudibanisa luyakwazi ukugcina inkqubo yokuvuza-engavuziyo xa ukufakwa kutywinwe ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa ezi nkqubo ziphendula ngokuhlukileyo xa ukufakwa kungavalwanga ngokupheleleyo okanye kufakwe i-swaged.Amalungu e-solder kunye ne-solder kunokwenzeka ukuba angaphumeleli kwaye avuze xa inkqubo izaliswe kwaye ivavanywa kwaye isakhiwo singekahlali.Kule meko, iikontraki kunye nabahloli banokukhawuleza banqume apho idibeneyo ivuza kwaye ilungise ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo isebenze ngokupheleleyo kwaye abagibeli kunye ne-trim yangaphakathi yonakaliswe.Oku kunokuphinda kuveliswe ngofakelo olungavuziyo ukuba umsesane wokubona ukuvuza okanye ukudityaniswa kuchaziwe.Ukuba awucinezeli yonke indlela ezantsi ukuze uchonge indawo eyingxaki, amanzi anokuvuza kwindawo efanelekileyo njengesolder okanye i-solder.Ukuba izixhobo ezivuzayo ezivuzayo azichazwanga kuyilo, ngamanye amaxesha ziya kuhlala ziphantsi koxinzelelo ngexesha lovavanyo lokwakha kwaye zinokungaphumeleli kuphela emva kwexesha lokusebenza, okubangele umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo ehlala kuyo kunye nokulimala okungenzeka kubemi, ngakumbi ukuba imibhobho eshushu eshushu idlula kwimibhobho.amanzi.
Iingcebiso zokulinganisa umbhobho wobhedu zisekelwe kwiimfuno zemimiselo, iingcebiso zomenzi kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo.Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi abandayo (ubushushu bonikezelo lwamanzi ngokuqhelekileyo ngama-42 ukuya kuma-45 F), isantya esicetyiswayo seenkqubo zemibhobho yobhedu ziinyawo ezi-8 ngesekhondi ukunciphisa ingxolo yesixokelelwano kunye nokunciphisa amandla okhukuliseko/ukonakala.Kwiinkqubo zamanzi ashushu (ngokuqhelekileyo i-140 ukuya kwi-180 F yokufudumeza indawo kunye nokufika kwi-205 F kwimveliso yamanzi ashushu asekhaya kwiinkqubo ze-hybrid), umyinge wezinga eliphakanyisiweyo lemibhobho yobhedu incinci kakhulu.I-Copper Tubing Manual idwelisa ezi zantya njenge-2 ukuya kwi-3 iinyawo ngesekhondi xa ubushushu bokubonelela ngamanzi bungaphezu kwe-140 F.
Imibhobho yobhedu ngokuqhelekileyo iza ngobukhulu obuthile, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezili-12.Oku kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kobhedu kwizinto ezingundoqo zekhampasi, njengoko olu yilo lwezakhiwo luhlala lufuna ukudutyulwa okukhulu kune-intshi ezili-12.Ukususela kwisityalo esisembindini ukuya kutshintshiselwano lobushushu oluhambelanayo.I-tubing yobhedu ixhaphake kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic 3 intshi okanye ngaphantsi ububanzi.Ubukhulu obungaphezulu kwe-intshi ezi-3, i-slotted steel tubing isetyenziswa kakhulu.Oku kungenxa yomahluko weendleko phakathi kwentsimbi kunye nobhedu, umahluko kumsebenzi wombhobho otyatyiweyo ngokuchasene ne-welded okanye umbhobho owenziwe ngebrazed (ufakelo loxinzelelo aluvumelekanga okanye lucetyiswa ngumnini okanye injineli), kunye nesantya samanzi esicetyiswayo kunye namaqondo obushushu kula ngaphakathi kwimibhobho nganye yezixhobo.
Intsimbi: Umbhobho wensimbi omnyama okanye owenziwe nge-galvanized nge-ASTM A 53 / A 53M ene-ductile iron (ASME B16.3) okanye intsimbi ekhandiweyo (ASTM A 234 / A 234M) kunye nokufakwa kwentsimbi ye-ductile (ASME B16.39).Iiflange, izixhobo kunye neklasi ye-150 kunye ne-300 uxhulumaniso lufumaneka nge-threaded okanye i-flanged fittings.Umbhobho unokudityaniswa ngentsimbi yokuzalisa ngokuhambelana ne-AWS D10.12 / D10.12M.
Ihambelana ne-ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron kunye neASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, okanye S Grade B Assembly Steel, okanye ASTM A106 , i-ASTM A106 yentsimbi eqhotyoshelweyo ye-lutting fitting grade bg.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iipayipi zensimbi zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiibhobho ezinkulu kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic.Olu hlobo lwenkqubo luvumela uxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo, iimfuno zokushisa kunye nobukhulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkqubo zamanzi abandayo kunye nokufudumala.Ukutyunjwa kweklasi yeeflange, izifakelo, kunye nokufakelwa kubhekiselele kuxinzelelo lokusebenza lomphunga ogcweleyo kwi-psi.intshi yento ehambelanayo.Izixhobo ze-Class 150 zenzelwe ukusebenza kwingcinezelo yokusebenza ye-150 psi.intshi kwi-366 F, ngelixa i-Class 300 fittings ibonelela ngoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-300 psi.kwi-550 F. Izixhobo ze-Class 150 zibonelela ngaphezu kwe-300 psi yoxinzelelo lwamanzi olusebenzayo.intshi kwi-150 F, kunye neClass 300 fittings zibonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,000 psi ukusebenza koxinzelelo lwamanzi.intshi kwi 150 F. Ezinye iimpawu zokufakelwa ziyafumaneka kwiintlobo ezithile zemibhobho.Ngokomzekelo, kwiiflange zemibhobho yentsimbi kunye ne-ASME 16.1 ye-flanged fittings, amabakala 125 okanye ama-250 angasetyenziswa.
Imibhobho ekhutshiweyo kunye neenkqubo zokudibanisa zisebenzisa ii-grooves ezisikiweyo okanye ezibunjiweyo ekupheleni kwemibhobho, izixhobo, iivalve, njl.Ezi zidityanisiweyo ziquka iinxalenye ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezibholitiweyo kwaye zinewasha kwibholi yokudibanisa.Ezi nkqubo zifumaneka kwi-150 kunye ne-300 yeentlobo ze-flange zeklasi kunye ne-EPDM izinto ze-gasket kwaye ziyakwazi ukusebenza kumaqondo okushisa kwamanzi ukusuka kwi-230 ukuya kwi-250 F (kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bombhobho).Ulwazi lombhobho okhutshiweyo luthathwe kwiincwadana zeVictaulic kunye noncwadi.
IShedyuli ye-40 kunye ne-80 ipayipi yensimbi iyamkeleka kwiinkqubo ze-HVAC.Ukucaciswa kombhobho kubhekisela kubukhulu bodonga lombhobho, okwandayo kunye nenombolo yokucacisa.Ngokunyuka kobunzima bodonga lombhobho, uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza lombhobho ochanekileyo luyanda.Ishedyuli ye-40 ye-tubing ivumela uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-1694 psi kwi-intshi e-½.Umbhobho, 696 psi intshi 12 intshi (-20 ukuya 650 F).Uxinzelelo lokusebenza oluvumelekileyo lweShedyuli ye-80 ye-tubing yi-3036 psi.intshi (½ intshi) kunye 1305 psi.intshi (12 intshi) (zombini -20 ukuya 650 F).La maxabiso athathwe kwicandelo leWatson McDaniel Engineering Data.
Iiplastiki: Iipayipi zeplastiki ze-CPVC, izifakelo zesokhethi kwiNkcazo ye-40 kunye neNkcazo 80 kwi-ASTM F 441 / F 441M (ASTM F 438 ukuya kwiNkcazo ye-40 kunye ne-ASTM F 439 ukuya kwiNkcazo ye-80) kunye ne-adhesives ye-solvent (ASTM F493).
Ipayipi yeplastiki yePVC, izixhobo zokufakelwa kwi-ASTM D ye-1785 ishedyuli ye-40 kunye neshedyuli ye-80 (i-ASM D 2466 ishedyuli ye-40 kunye ne-ASTM D 2467 ishedyuli ye-80) kunye ne-adhesives ye-solvent (ASTM D 2564).Ibandakanya iprimer ngeASTM F 656.
Zomibini iipayipi ze-CPVC kunye ne-PVC zifanelekile kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic eziphantsi komgangatho womhlaba, nangona naphantsi kwezi meko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa ufaka le mibhobho kwiprojekthi.Imibhobho yePlastiki isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zogutyulo kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha umoya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba apho imibhobho engenanto idibana ngqo nomhlaba ojikelezileyo.Kwangaxeshanye, ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ye-CPVC kunye ne-PVC imibhobho kunenzuzo ngenxa yokubola kweminye imihlaba.Imibhobho ye-Hydraulic idla ngokugqunywa kwaye igqunywe ngesingxobo se-PVC esikhuselayo esibonelela ngesithintelo phakathi kwemibhobho yesinyithi kunye nomhlaba ojikelezileyo.Imibhobho yeplastiki ingasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezincinci zamanzi abandayo apho kulindeleke ukuba uxinzelelo oluphantsi lulindeleke.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kumbhobho wePVC ludlula i-150 psi kubo bonke ubungakanani bemibhobho ukuya kwi-intshi ezi-8, kodwa oku kusebenza kuphela kumaqondo obushushu angama-73 F okanye ngaphantsi.Nabuphi na ubushushu obungaphezulu kwe-73°F buya kunciphisa uxinzelelo lokusebenza kwinkqubo yemibhobho ukuya kwi-140°F.I-derating factor yi-0.22 kule qondo lokushisa kunye ne-1.0 kwi-73 F. Ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza kwe-140 F yiShedyuli ye-40 kunye neShedyuli ye-80 yepayipi ye-PVC.Umbhobho we-CPVC uyakwazi ukumelana noluhlu olubanzi lobushushu bokusebenza, okwenza ukuba lulungele ukusetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 F (kunye ne-derating factor ye-0.2), kodwa inomlinganiselo ofanayo woxinzelelo njenge-PVC, evumela ukuba isetyenziswe kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwezicelo zefriji ephantsi komhlaba.iinkqubo zamanzi ukuya kwi-intshi ezi-8.Kwiinkqubo zamanzi ashushu ezigcina amaqondo okushisa aphezulu ukuya kwi-180 okanye i-205 F, i-PVC okanye i-CPVC imibhobho ayikhuthazwa.Yonke idatha ithathwe kwi-Harvel PVC yenkcazo yombhobho kunye neenkcukacha zemibhobho ye-CPVC.
Imibhobho Imibhobho ithwala ulwelo oluninzi olwahlukeneyo, izinto eziqinileyo, kunye neegesi.Zombini ulwelo oluselwayo nolungaselwayo luyahamba kwezi nkqubo.Ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwamanzi aqhutywe kwinkqubo ye-plumbing, imibhobho echaphazelekayo ihlelwa njengemibhobho yamanzi yasekhaya okanye i-drainage kunye ne-ventilation pipes.
Amanzi asekhaya: Umbhobho wobhedu othambileyo, i-ASTM B88 iindidi ze-K kunye ne-L, i-ASTM B88M iindidi ze-A kunye ne-B, kunye nokufakwa koxinzelelo lobhedu (ASME B16.22).
I-Hard Copper Tubing, i-ASTM B88 Iintlobo ze-L kunye ne-M, i-ASTM B88M Iintlobo ze-B kunye ne-C, kunye ne-Cast Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.18), i-Wrought Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.22), i-Bronze Flanges (ASME B16.24)) kunye nezixhobo zobhedu (MCS SP-12).I-tube nayo ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezitywiniweyo.
Iindidi zemibhobho yobhedu kunye nemigangatho ehambelana nayo ithathwa kwiCandelo 22 11 16 le-MasterSpec.Uyilo lwemibhobho yobhedu ukulungiselela unikezelo lwamanzi asekhaya luqingqwa ziimfuno zowona mlinganiselo mkhulu wokuhamba kwamanzi.Zicaciswe kuluhlu lwemibhobho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
ICandelo le-610.12.1 le-2012 ye-Uniform Plumbing Code ithi: Isantya esiphezulu kwi-copper kunye ne-alloy alloy system kunye neenkqubo zokufakela kufuneka zingadluli kwi-8 iinyawo ngesekhondi emanzini abandayo kunye ne-5 iinyawo ngesekhondi emanzini ashushu.La maxabiso aphindwa kwakhona kwi-Copper Tubing Handbook, esebenzisa la maxabiso njengezantya ezicetyiswayo zolu hlobo lweenkqubo.
Uhlobo lwe-316 lwemibhobho yensimbi engenasici ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM A403 kunye nokufakelwa okufanayo usebenzisa i-welded okanye i-knurled couplings kwimibhobho yamanzi yasekhaya emikhulu kunye nokutshintshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimibhobho yobhedu.Ngokunyuka kwexabiso lobhedu, iipayipi zensimbi ezingenasici zixhaphake kakhulu kwiinkqubo zamanzi zasekhaya.Iindidi zemibhobho kunye nemigangatho ehambelana nayo zivela kwi-Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec Section 22 11 00.
Ulutsha olutsha oluza kuphunyezwa kwaye lunyanzeliswe kwi-2014 yi-Federal Drinking Water Leadership Act.Olu lunyanzeliso lomanyano lwemithetho yangoku eCalifornia naseVermont malunga nomxholo okhokelayo kwimibhobho yamanzi, iivalvu, okanye izifakelo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamanzi asekhaya.Umthetho uthi yonke imiphezulu emanzi yemibhobho, izifakelo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka “zingabinalothe”, nto leyo ethetha ukuba owona mxholo welothe uphezulu “awugqithi kumyinge wobunzima obuyi-0.25% (ilothe)”.Oku kufuna ukuba abavelisi bavelise iimveliso ezisasazwayo ezingalothe kakhulu ukuze zihambelane neemfuno ezintsha zomthetho.Iinkcukacha zibonelelwa yi-UL kwiziKhokelo zeNkokeli kuManzi okuSela.
Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye nokuphuma komoya: Imibhobho yogutyulo lwentsimbi engenamikhono kunye nezifakelo ezihambelana ne-ASTM A 888 okanye i-Cast Iron Sewer Piping Institute (CISPI) 301. Izifakelo ze-Sovent ezihambelana ne-ASME B16.45 okanye i-ASSE 1043 zingasetyenziswa ngenkqubo yokungayeki.
Imibhobho yogutyulo lwentsimbi egayiweyo kunye nezifakelo ezineflangi kufuneka zihambelane ne-ASTM A 74, iigaskets zerabha (ASTM C 564) kunye nelothe esulungekileyo kunye ne-oki okanye i-hemp fiber sealant (ASTM B29).
Zombini ezi ntlobo zokutsala zingasetyenziswa kwizakhiwo, kodwa ukutsalwa kwe-ductless kunye nezixhobo zixhaphake zisetyenziswa ngaphezulu komgangatho womhlaba kwizakhiwo zorhwebo.Imibhobho yentsimbi ene-CISPI ye-Plugless Fittings ivumela ukufakwa ngokusisigxina, inokuphinda iqwalaselwe okanye ifumaneke ngokususa i-band clamps, ngelixa igcina umgangatho wombhobho wensimbi, onciphisa ingxolo yokuqhawula kumlambo wenkunkuma ngombhobho.Icala elisezantsi lokugalela imibhobho yentsimbi kukuba imibhobho yamanzi iyawohloka ngenxa yenkunkuma eneasidi efumaneka kufakelo oluqhelekileyo kwigumbi lokuhlambela.
I-ASME A112.3.1 imibhobho yentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nezifakelo ezineziphelo ezivuthayo nezivuthayo zingasetyenziselwa iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu endaweni yemibhobho yentsimbi.I-plumbing yensimbi engenasici nayo isetyenziselwa icandelo lokuqala lemibhobho, elidibanisa kwi-sink floor apho imveliso ye-carbonated ikhupha ukunciphisa umonakalo wokubola.
Umbhobho we-PVC oqinileyo ngokwe-ASTM D 2665 (umsele, ukuphambuka kunye neentunja) kunye nombhobho we-PVC we-honeycomb ngokutsho kwe-ASTM F 891 (Isihlomelo 40), uxhulumaniso lwe-flare (ASTM D 2665 ukuya kwi-ASTM D 3311, i-drain, inkunkuma kunye ne-vents) ilungele iShedyuli 40 umbhobho), i-adhesive 40 umbhobho we-5M, i-adhesive 6MAST6 prime (i-adhesive 6MAST6) kunye ne-adhesive 6MAST6 i-adhesive 6MASTM6 prime ).Imibhobho ye-PVC inokufumaneka ngasentla nangaphantsi kwinqanaba lomhlaba kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, nangona ngokuqhelekileyo zidweliswe ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba ngenxa yokuqhekeka kombhobho kunye neemfuno zomgaqo okhethekileyo.
Kummandla wokwakha we-Southern Nevada, i-2009 International Building Code (IBC) isiHlomelo ithi:
603.1.2.1 Izixhobo.Imibhobho enokutsha ivumelekile ukuba ifakwe kwigumbi le-injini, ivalwe ngesakhiwo esinganyangekiyo kumlilo iiyure ezimbini kwaye ikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo zizitshizi ezizenzekelayo.Imibhobho evuthayo inokuqhutywa ukusuka kwigumbi lezixhobo ukuya kwamanye amagumbi, ngaphandle kokuba umbhobho uvalelwe kwindibano ekhethekileyo yeeyure ezimbini ekwaziyo ukumelana nomlilo.Xa umbhobho onjalo otshayo udlula kwiindonga zomlilo kunye / okanye imigangatho / iisilingi, ukungena kufuneka kucaciswe kwizinto ezithile zombhobho ezinamabakala F kunye ne-T angaphantsi kokumelana nomlilo ofunekayo ukuze ungene.Imibhobho etshayo akufuneki ingene ngaphezu komgangatho omnye.
Oku kufuna yonke imibhobho evuthayo (iplastiki okanye ngenye indlela) ekhoyo kwiKlasi ye-1A isakhiwo njengoko kuchazwe yi-IBC ukuba ifakwe kwisakhiwo seyure ye-2.Ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yePVC kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi kuneenzuzo ezininzi.Xa kuthelekiswa nemibhobho yentsimbi, i-PVC ixhathisa ngakumbi kwi-corrosion kunye ne-oxidation ebangelwa yinkunkuma yokuhlambela kunye nomhlaba.Xa ibekwe phantsi komhlaba, imibhobho ye-PVC iyakwazi ukumelana nokudleka komhlaba ojikelezileyo (njengoko kubonisiwe kwicandelo lemibhobho ye-HVAC).Imibhobho ye-PVC esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ixhomekeke kwimida efanayo ne-HVAC ye-hydraulic system, enobushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza kwe-140 F. Eli qondo lokushisa ligunyaziswa ngakumbi ngeemfuno ze-Uniform Piping Code kunye ne-International Piping Code, echaza ukuba nayiphi na into ekhutshweyo kwi-waste receptors kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-140 F.
ICandelo le-810.1 ye-2012 ye-Uniform Plumbing Code ithi imibhobho yomphunga mayingaqhagamshelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-piping okanye i-drain system, kwaye amanzi angaphezu kwe-140 F (60 C) akufanele akhutshwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-drain pressure.
ICandelo 803.1 leKhowudi yeMibhobho yaMazwe ngaMazwe ka-2012 ithi imibhobho yomphunga mayingaqhagamshelwa kwisixokelelwano sombhobho okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yenkqubo yokucoca amanzi, kwaye amanzi angaphezu kwe-140 F (60 C) kufuneka angakhutshelwa kuyo nayiphi na indawo yenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi.
Iinkqubo zombhobho ezikhethekileyo zinxulunyaniswa nokuthuthwa kolwelo olungelulo oluqhelekileyo.Olu lwelo lunokususela kwimibhobho yamanzi aselwandle ukuya kwimibhobho yokubonelela ngemichiza kwiinkqubo zezixhobo zamadama okuqubha.Iinkqubo ze-Aquarium plumbing aziqhelekanga kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, kodwa zifakwe kwezinye iihotele ezineenkqubo zombhobho ezikude eziqhagamshelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwigumbi lokumpompa eliphakathi.Intsimbi engatyiwayo ibonakala iluhlobo olufanelekileyo lwemibhobho kwiinkqubo zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yokukwazi ukuthintela ukubola nezinye iinkqubo zamanzi, kodwa amanzi anetyuwa anokugqwesa kwaye akhukulise imibhobho yentsimbi engatyiwayo.Kwizicelo ezinjalo, iplastiki okanye i-nickel-nickel ye-CPVC imibhobho yolwandle ihlangabezana neemfuno zomhlwa;xa ubeka le mibhobho kwindawo enkulu yorhwebo, ukutsha kweebhobho kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho etshayo kwi-Southern Nevada kufuna enye indlela ukuba icelwe ukubonisa injongo yokuthobela ikhowudi yohlobo lwesakhiwo esifanelekileyo.
Umbhobho wequla obonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo okuntywiliselwa uqulathe isixa esixutyiweyo seekhemikhali (i-12.5% ​​ye-sodium hypochlorite bleach kunye ne-hydrochloric acid ingasetyenziswa) ukugcina i-pH ethile kunye nokulingana kwemichiza njengoko kufunwa lisebe lezempilo.Ukongeza kwimibhobho yeekhemikhali edibeneyo, i-chlorine bleach epheleleyo kunye nezinye iikhemikhali kufuneka zihanjiswe kwiindawo zokugcina izinto ezininzi kunye namagumbi ezixhobo ezizodwa.Imibhobho ye-CPVC iyamelana neekhemikhali zonikezelo lweblitshi yeklorine, kodwa imibhobho ephezulu ye-ferrosilicon ingasetyenziswa njengenye indlela kwimibhobho yekhemikhali xa idlula kwiintlobo zezakhiwo ezingatshiyo (umz. Udidi loku-1A).Yomelele kodwa inkunkcutheke ngakumbi kunombhobho oqhelekileyo wentsimbi kwaye unzima kunemibhobho ethelekisekayo.
Eli nqaku lixoxa nje ezimbalwa kuninzi olunokwenzeka lokuyila iinkqubo zemibhobho.Bamele ezininzi iintlobo zeenkqubo ezifakwe kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zorhwebo, kodwa kuya kuhlala kukho okungafaniyo nomthetho.Inkcazo yenkosi iyonke sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu ekumiseleni uhlobo lwemibhobho yesixokelelwano esinikiweyo kunye nokuvavanya iikhrayitheriya ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso nganye.Iimpawu ezisemgangathweni ziya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zeeprojekthi ezininzi, kodwa abaqulunqi kunye neenjineli kufuneka bazihlolisise xa kuziwa kwiinqaba eziphakamileyo, ubushushu obuphezulu, iikhemikhali ezinobungozi, okanye utshintsho kumthetho okanye ulawulo.Funda ngakumbi malunga neengcebiso zemibhobho kunye nezithintelo ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga neemveliso ezifakwe kwiprojekthi yakho.Abathengi bethu bayasithemba njengeengcali zokuyila ukubonelela izakhiwo zabo ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo, ulungelelwaniso kakuhle kunye noyilo olufikelelekayo apho imibhobho ifikelela kubomi babo obulindelekileyo kwaye bangaze bafumane iintsilelo eziyingozi.
UMat Dolan yinjineli yeprojekthi kwiJBA Consulting Engineers.Amava akhe alele kuyilo lwe-HVAC enzima kunye neenkqubo zemibhobho kwiindidi zeentlobo zezakhiwo ezinjengeeofisi zorhwebo, amaziko okhathalelo lwempilo kunye neendawo zokwamkela iindwendwe, ezibandakanya iinqaba eziphakamileyo zeendwendwe kunye neendawo zokutyela ezininzi.
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