2. Qonda iintlobo ezintathu zeenkqubo zokufaka amanzi: i-HVAC (hydraulic), i-plumbing (amanzi asekhaya, i-drywall kunye ne-ventilation) kunye neenkqubo ze-plumbing zamakhemikhali kunye nezikhethekileyo (iinkqubo zamanzi olwandle kunye neekhemikhali eziyingozi).
Iinkqubo zokufaka imibhobho kunye nemibhobho zikhona kwizinto ezininzi zokwakha. Abantu abaninzi baye babona i-P-trap okanye imibhobho yefriji phantsi kwesinki ekhokelela kwinkqubo eqhekekileyo neyahlukeneyo. Bambalwa abantu ababona imibhobho yobunjineli ephambili kwisityalo esiphakathi okanye inkqubo yokucoca iikhemikhali kwigumbi lezixhobo zedama lokubhukuda. Zonke ezi zicelo zifuna uhlobo oluthile lwemibhobho oluhlangabezana neemfuno, imiqathango yomzimba, iikhowudi, kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zoyilo.
Akukho sisombululo silula semibhobho esifanela zonke izicelo. Ezi nkqubo ziyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zomzimba nezekhowudi ukuba kuhlangatyezwane neekhrayitheriya ezithile zoyilo kwaye kubuzwa imibuzo efanelekileyo kubanini kunye nabaqhubi. Ukongeza, zinokugcina iindleko ezifanelekileyo kunye namaxesha okukhokela ukudala inkqubo yokwakha ephumelelayo.
Iipayipi ze-HVAC ziqulathe ulwelo olwahlukeneyo, uxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu amaninzi. Ipayipi ingaba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye idlule ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Ezi zinto kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kucaciswa imibhobho ye-HVAC kwiprojekthi. Igama elithi "umjikelo we-hydrodynamic" libhekisa ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi njengendlela yokudlulisa ubushushu yokupholisa nokufudumeza. Kwisicelo ngasinye, amanzi anikezelwa ngesantya sokuhamba kunye namaqondo obushushu athile. Ukudluliselwa kobushushu okuqhelekileyo kwigumbi kwenziwa yi-coil yomoya ukuya emanzini eyenzelwe ukubuyisela amanzi kubushushu obumiselweyo. Oku kukhokelela kwinto yokuba ubushushu obuthile buyadluliselwa okanye bususwe kwindawo. Ukujikeleza kwamanzi okupholisa nokufudumeza yinkqubo ephambili esetyenziselwa ukupholisa umoya kwiindawo zorhwebo ezinkulu.
Kwizicelo ezininzi zezakhiwo ezisezantsi, uxinzelelo olulindelekileyo lokusebenza kwenkqubo ludla ngokuba ngaphantsi kweepawundi ezili-150 nge-intshi yesikwere (psig). Inkqubo ye-hydraulic (amanzi abandayo nashushu) yinkqubo yesekethe evaliweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba intloko epheleleyo yepompo ithatha ingqalelo ilahleko zokungqubana kwinkqubo yepayipi, iikhoyili ezinxulumene nayo, iivalvu kunye nezixhobo. Ukuphakama okungaguqukiyo kwenkqubo akuchaphazeli ukusebenza kwepompo, kodwa kuchaphazela uxinzelelo olufunekayo lokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ii-coolers, ii-boilers, iipompo, iipayipi kunye nezixhobo zilinganiswe ngoxinzelelo lokusebenza lwe-150 psi, oluqheleke kakhulu kubavelisi bezixhobo kunye namacandelo. Apho kunokwenzeka, olu vavanyo loxinzelelo kufuneka lugcinwe kuyilo lwenkqubo. Izakhiwo ezininzi ezithathwa njengeziphantsi okanye eziphakathi ziwela kudidi loxinzelelo lokusebenza lwe-150 psi.
Kuyilo lwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, kuya kusiba nzima ukugcina iinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nezixhobo zingaphantsi komgangatho we-150 psi. Intloko yomgca oqinileyo ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-350 (ngaphandle kokongeza uxinzelelo lwepompo kwinkqubo) iya kudlula umgangatho woxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwezi nkqubo (1 psi = 2.31 iinyawo intloko). Inkqubo isenokusebenzisa i-pressure breaker (ekwimo ye-heat exchanger) ukwahlula iimfuno zoxinzelelo eziphezulu zekholamu kwezinye iipayipi kunye nezixhobo ezixhunyiweyo. Olu yilo lwenkqubo luya kuvumela uyilo kunye nokufakwa kwee-coolers zoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kunye nokucacisa iipayipi zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nezixhobo kwinqaba yokupholisa.
Xa kucaciswa imibhobho yeprojekthi enkulu yekhampasi, umyili/injineli kufuneka ayichonge ngabom inqaba kunye nemibhobho echazwe kwipodium, ebonisa iimfuno zabo ngabanye (okanye iimfuno ezidibeneyo ukuba izixhobo zokutshintshiselana ubushushu azisetyenziselwa ukwahlukanisa indawo yoxinzelelo).
Elinye icandelo lenkqubo evaliweyo kukucocwa kwamanzi kunye nokususwa kwayo nayiphi na ioksijini emanzini. Uninzi lweenkqubo ze-hydraulic zixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokunyanga amanzi equlathe iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kunye nezithinteli zokugcina amanzi ehamba ngemibhobho kwi-pH efanelekileyo (malunga ne-9.0) kunye namanqanaba eentsholongwane ukulwa ne-biofilms zemibhobho kunye nokugqwala. Ukuzinzisa amanzi kwinkqubo kunye nokususa umoya kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bemibhobho, iipompo ezinxulumene nayo, iikhoyili kunye neevalvu. Nawuphi na umoya ovalelekileyo kwimibhobho unokubangela ukuxinana kwamanzi kwiipompo zamanzi ezipholileyo nezifudumezayo kwaye unciphise ukudluliselwa kobushushu kwi-cooler, boiler okanye iikhoyili zokujikeleza.
Ubhedu: Uhlobo L, B, K, M okanye C olutsaliweyo noluqinisiweyo ngokwe-ASTM B88 kunye ne-B88M kunye nezixhobo zobhedu ezibunjiweyo ze-ASME B16.22 kunye nezixhobo zobhedu ezine-solder okanye i-solder engenalo i-lead ukuze isetyenziswe phantsi komhlaba.
Umbhobho oqinileyo, uhlobo L, B, K (ngokuvamile usetyenziswa ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba kuphela) okanye u-A ngokwe-ASTM B88 kunye ne-B88M, kunye nezixhobo zobhedu ezenziwe nge-ASME B16.22 kunye nezixhobo ezidityaniswe nge-solder engenalo i-lead okanye ngaphezulu komhlaba. Le tube ikwavumela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezivaliweyo.
Ityhubhu yobhedu yohlobo lwe-K yeyona tyhubhu ityebileyo ekhoyo, inika uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-1534 psi. intshi kwi-100 F kwi-½ intshi. Iimodeli L kunye ne-M zinoxinzelelo olusebenzayo oluphantsi kune-K kodwa zisafanelekile kwizicelo ze-HVAC (uxinzelelo luqala kwi-1242 psi kwi-100F ukuya kwi-12 in. kunye ne-435 psi kunye ne-395 psi. La maxabiso athathwe kwiTheyibhile 3a, 3b kunye ne-3c yeSikhokelo seThubhu yobhedu epapashwe yi-Copper Development Assn.
Olu xinzelelo lokusebenza lwenzelwe ukuqhuba imibhobho ethe tye, nto leyo edla ngokungakhawulelwanga kukuqhuba imibhobho exineneyo kwinkqubo. Izixhobo zokufakela kunye noqhagamshelo oludibanisa ubude obubini bombhobho lunokuvuza okanye kungaphumeleli phantsi koxinzelelo lokusebenza kwezinye iinkqubo. Iintlobo zoqhagamshelo eziqhelekileyo zemibhobho yobhedu kukuwelda, ukunyibilikisa okanye ukutywina okucinezelweyo. Olu hlobo loqhagamshelo kufuneka lwenziwe ngezinto ezingenalo ilothe kwaye lulinganiswe ngoxinzelelo olulindelekileyo kwinkqubo.
Uhlobo ngalunye loqhagamshelo luyakwazi ukugcina inkqubo engenamanzi xa i-fitting ivalwe ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa ezi nkqubo zisabela ngokwahlukileyo xa i-fitting ingavalwanga ngokupheleleyo okanye ingashukunyiswanga. Amajoyinti e-solder kunye ne-solder anamathuba amaninzi okusilela nokuvuza xa inkqubo izaliswe kwaye ivavanywa kwaye isakhiwo asikahlali. Kule meko, abakhi kunye nabahloli banokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza apho i-joint ivuza khona baze balungise ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo isebenze ngokupheleleyo kwaye abakhweli kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphakathi konakaliswe. Oku kunokuphinda kwenziwe ngee-fittings eziqinileyo ukuba iringi yokuchonga ukuvuza okanye indibano ichaziwe. Ukuba awucinezeli yonke indlela ezantsi ukuze uchonge indawo yengxaki, amanzi anokuvuza ngaphandle kwe-fitting njenge-solder okanye i-solder. Ukuba ii-fittings eziqinileyo zokuvuza azichazwanga kuyilo, ngamanye amaxesha ziya kuhlala ziphantsi koxinzelelo ngexesha lovavanyo lokwakha kwaye zinokuhluleka kuphela emva kwexesha lokusebenza, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo enabantu kunye nokwenzakala okunokwenzeka kubantu abahlala kuyo, ingakumbi ukuba iipayipi ezishushu ezishushu zidlula kwiipayipi.
Iingcebiso zobungakanani beepayipi zobhedu zisekelwe kwiimfuno zemigaqo, iingcebiso zomenzi kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zokusebenza. Kwizicelo zamanzi abandayo (ubushushu bomthombo wamanzi buqhele ukuba yi-42 ukuya kwi-45 F), umda wesantya ocetyiswayo kwiinkqubo zepayipi zobhedu yi-8 feet ngomzuzwana ukunciphisa ingxolo yenkqubo kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okukhukuliseka/ukubola. Kwiinkqubo zamanzi ashushu (ngoqhelekileyo yi-140 ukuya kwi-180 F yokufudumeza indawo kunye ne-205 F yokuvelisa amanzi ashushu asekhaya kwiinkqubo ze-hybrid), umda wesantya ocetyiswayo weepayipi zobhedu uncinci kakhulu. I-Copper Tubing Manual idwelisa ezi santya njenge-2 ukuya kwi-3 feet ngomzuzwana xa ubushushu bomthombo wamanzi bungaphezulu kwe-140 F.
Iipayipi zobhedu zihlala zinobukhulu obuthile, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezili-12. Oku kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kobhedu kwiindawo eziphambili zekhampasi, njengoko ezi zakhiwo zidla ngokufuna imibhobho emikhulu kune-intshi ezili-12. Ukusuka kwisityalo esiphakathi ukuya kwiindawo ezitshintshiselana nobushushu ezinxulumene nazo. Iipayipi zobhedu zixhaphake kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic ezinobubanzi obuyi-intshi ezi-3 okanye ngaphantsi. Kwiisayizi ezingaphezu kwe-intshi ezi-3, iipayipi zentsimbi ezinezikhewu zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yomahluko kwixabiso phakathi kwentsimbi nobhedu, umahluko kwimibhobho ebotshelelweyo xa kuthelekiswa nepayipi ebotshelelweyo okanye ebotshelelweyo (izixhobo zoxinzelelo azivumelekanga okanye azicetyiswa ngumnini okanye yinjineli), kunye nesantya samanzi esicetyiswayo kunye namaqondo obushushu kwezi zinto ngaphakathi kwipayipi nganye yezinto.
Intsimbi: Umbhobho wentsimbi omnyama okanye ogqunyiweyo ngokwe-ASTM A 53/A 53M onezixhobo zentsimbi ethambileyo (ASME B16.3) okanye ezenziwe ngentsimbi ebhityileyo (ASTM A 234/A 234M) kunye nezixhobo zentsimbi ethambileyo (ASME B16.39). Iiflanges, izixhobo kunye noqhagamshelo lweklasi ye-150 kunye ne-300 ziyafumaneka ngezixhobo ezifakwe imisonto okanye ezirhangqiweyo. Umbhobho unokudityaniswa ngentsimbi yokuzalisa ngokuhambelana ne-AWS D10.12/D10.12M.
Ihambelana ne-ASTM A 536 Class 65-45-12 Ductile Iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M Class 32510 Ductile Iron kunye ne-ASTM A 53/A 53M Class F, E, okanye S Grade B Assembly Steel, okanye ASTM A106 , steel grade B. Izixhobo ezifakwe igrooved okanye ilug zokuncamathisela izixhobo ezifakwe igrooved end.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, imibhobho yentsimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipayipi ezinkulu kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo luvumela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nobungakanani ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkqubo zamanzi abandayo nashushu. Amagama eklasi yeeflanges, izixhobo, kunye nezixhobo abhekisa kuxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomphunga ogcweleyo kwi-psi. intshi yento ehambelanayo. Izixhobo zeKlasi 150 zenzelwe ukusebenza kuxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-150 psi. intshi kwi-366 F, ngelixa izixhobo zeKlasi 300 zibonelela ngoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-300 psi. intshi kwi-550 F. Izixhobo zeKlasi 150 zibonelela ngoxinzelelo lwamanzi olusebenzayo olungaphezulu kwe-300 psi. intshi kwi-150 F, kwaye izixhobo zeKlasi 300 zibonelela ngoxinzelelo lwamanzi olusebenzayo olufikelela kwi-2,000 psi. intshi kwi-150 F. Ezinye iimpawu zezinto ezikhoyo ziyafumaneka kwiintlobo ezithile zemibhobho. Umzekelo, kwiiflanges zepayipi yesinyithi kunye nezixhobo zeflanges ze-ASME 16.1, iiklasi ze-125 okanye ze-250 zingasetyenziswa.
Iinkqubo zombhobho oneemibhobho kunye noqhagamshelo zisebenzisa imibhobho esikiweyo okanye eyenziweyo eziphelweni zeepayipi, izixhobo, iivalvu, njl.njl. ukuxhuma phakathi kobude bombhobho okanye izixhobo ngenkqubo yoqhagamshelo eguquguqukayo okanye eqinileyo. Ezi zixhobo zoqhagamshelo ziqulathe iindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezibotshiweyo kwaye zinomatshini wokuhlamba kwibhore yoqhagamshelo. Ezi nkqubo zifumaneka kwiintlobo ze-flange zeklasi ezili-150 kunye ne-300 kunye nezixhobo ze-EPDM gasket kwaye ziyakwazi ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu ukusuka kwi-230 ukuya kwi-250 F (kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bombhobho). Ulwazi lombhobho oneemibhobho luthathwe kwiincwadi zeVictaulic kunye noncwadi.
Iipayipi zentsimbi zeShedyuli 40 kunye ne-80 zamkelekile kwiinkqubo ze-HVAC. Inkcazo yepayipi ibhekisa kubukhulu bodonga lombhobho, obunyukayo ngokwenani lenkcazo. Ngokwanda kobukhulu bodonga lombhobho, uxinzelelo olusebenzayo oluvumelekileyo lombhobho othe tye nalo luyanda. Ityhubhu yeShedyuli 40 ivumela uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe-1694 psi kwi-½ intshi. Ipayipi, i-696 psi intshi kwi-12 intshi (-20 ukuya kwi-650 F). Uxinzelelo olusebenzayo oluvumelekileyo lwetyhubhu yeShedyuli 80 yi-3036 psi. intshi (½ intshi) kunye ne-1305 psi. intshi (12 intshi) (zombini -20 ukuya kwi-650 F). La maxabiso athathwe kwicandelo leDatha yoBunjineli yaseWatson McDaniel.
Iiplastiki: Imibhobho yeplastiki yeCPVC, izixhobo zesokhethi ukuya kwiSpecification 40 kunye neSpecification 80 ukuya kwiASTM F 441/F 441M (ASTM F 438 ukuya kwiSpecification 40 kunye neASTM F 439 ukuya kwiSpecification 80) kunye nezincamathelisi zesinyibilikisi (ASTM F493).
Umbhobho weplastiki wePVC, izixhobo zesokhethi ngokweshedyuli ye-ASTM D 1785 40 kunye neshedyuli 80 (ishedyuli ye-ASM D 2466 40 kunye neshedyuli ye-ASTM D 2467 80) kunye nezincamathelisi zesinyibilikisi (ASTM D 2564). Ibandakanya iprimer ngokweshedyuli ye-ASTM F 656.
Zombini iipayipi ze-CPVC kunye ne-PVC zifanelekile kwiinkqubo ze-hydraulic ezingaphantsi komhlaba, nangona naphantsi kwezi meko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kufakwa ezi pipes kwiprojekthi. Iipayipi zeplastiki zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-sewer kunye ne-ventilation duct, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba apho iipayipi ezingenanto zidibana ngqo nomhlaba ojikelezileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukumelana nokugqwala kweepayipi ze-CPVC kunye ne-PVC kuluncedo ngenxa yokugqwala kweminye imihlaba. Iipayipi ze-hydraulic zihlala zigqunywe nge-insulation kwaye zigqunywe nge-PVC sheath ekhuselayo enika i-buffer phakathi kweepayipi zesinyithi nomhlaba ojikelezileyo. Iipayipi zeplastiki zingasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamanzi amancinci abandayo apho kulindeleke uxinzelelo oluphantsi. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kwipayipi ye-PVC ludlula i-150 psi kuzo zonke iipayipi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 intshi, kodwa oku kusebenza kuphela kumaqondo obushushu angama-73 F okanye ngaphantsi. Naluphi na ubushushu obungaphezulu kwama-73°F buya kunciphisa uxinzelelo lokusebenza kwinkqubo yepayipi ukuya kwi-140°F. I-derating factor yi-0.22 kolu bushushu kwaye yi-1.0 kwi-73 F. Ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza be-140 F bubobombhobho we-PVC weShedyuli 40 kunye noweShedyuli 80. Umbhobho we-CPVC unako ukumelana nobubanzi bobushushu bokusebenza, okwenza ukuba ufaneleke ukusetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 F (kunye ne-derating factor ye-0.2), kodwa unomlinganiselo woxinzelelo ofanayo nowe-PVC, ovumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezishushu ezigcina amaqondo obushushu aphezulu amanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 okanye kwi-205 F, imibhobho ye-PVC okanye ye-CPVC ayikhuthazwa. Yonke idatha ithathwe kwiinkcukacha zombhobho we-Harvel PVC kunye neenkcukacha zombhobho we-CPVC.
Iipayipi Iipayipi zithwala ulwelo olwahlukeneyo, izinto eziqinileyo, kunye neegesi. Zombini ulwelo oluselwayo nolungaselwayo luhamba kwezi nkqubo. Ngenxa yobuninzi bolwelo oluthwalwa kwinkqubo yemibhobho, iipayipi ezichaphazelekayo zihlelwa njengeepayipi zamanzi zasekhaya okanye iipayipi zokukhupha amanzi kunye nokukhupha umoya.
Amanzi asekhaya: Umbhobho wobhedu othambileyo, iintlobo ze-ASTM B88 K kunye ne-L, iintlobo ze-ASTM B88M A kunye ne-B, kunye nezixhobo zoxinzelelo lobhedu oluqiniweyo (ASME B16.22).
Iityhubhu zeCopper eziqinileyo, ii-ASTM B88 Iintlobo L kunye ne-M, ii-ASTM B88M Iintlobo B kunye ne-C, ezineeCast Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.18), iiWrought Copper Weld Fittings (ASME B16.22), iiBronze Flanges (ASME B16.24) ) kunye nee-copper fittings (MCS SP-123). Le tube ikwavumela ukusetyenziswa kwee-fittings ezivaliweyo.
Iindidi zemibhobho yobhedu kunye nemigangatho enxulumene nayo ithathwe kwiCandelo 22 11 16 leMasterSpec. Uyilo lwemibhobho yobhedu yokubonelela ngamanzi asekhaya luthintelwe ziimfuno zamanqanaba aphezulu okuhamba kwamanzi. Zichazwe kwinkcazo yemibhobho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Icandelo 610.12.1 le-2012 Uniform Plumbing Code lithi: Isantya esiphezulu kwimibhobho ye-copper kunye ne-copper alloy kunye neenkqubo zokufakela akufuneki sidlule iifithi ezi-8 ngomzuzwana emanzini abandayo kunye neefithi ezi-5 ngomzuzwana emanzini ashushu. La maxabiso aphindaphindwa kwi-Copper Tubing Handbook, esebenzisa la maxabiso njengesantya esiphezulu esicetyiswayo kwezi ntlobo zeenkqubo.
Iipayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zohlobo lwe-316 ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM A403 kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifanayo kusetyenziswa izihlanganisi ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezikrunekileyo kwiipayipi zamanzi ezinkulu zasekhaya kunye nokutshintshwa ngokuthe ngqo kweepayipi zobhedu. Ngenxa yokunyuka kwexabiso lobhedu, iipayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziya zixhaphaka kwiinkqubo zamanzi zasekhaya. Iintlobo zeepayipi kunye nemigangatho enxulumene nazo zivela kwiCandelo le-Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec 22 11 00.
Utshintsho olutsha oluza kuphunyezwa kwaye luphunyezwe ngo-2014 yi-Federal Drinking Water Leadership Act. Olu lugunyaziso lwemithetho yangoku eCalifornia naseVermont malunga nomxholo welothe kwiindlela zamanzi zemibhobho, iivalvu, okanye izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamanzi zasekhaya. Umthetho uthi yonke imiphezulu emanzi yemibhobho, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka "ingabi nalothe", oko kuthetha ukuba umxholo ophezulu welothe "awudluli kumyinge olinganiselweyo we-0.25% (ilothe)". Oku kufuna ukuba abavelisi bavelise iimveliso ze-cast ezingenalothe ukuze bahambelane neemfuno zomthetho ezintsha. Iinkcukacha zibonelelwa yi-UL kwiZikhokelo zeLothe kwiinxalenye zamanzi okusela.
Ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokungenisa umoya: Imibhobho yamanzi amdaka engenamikhono kunye nezixhobo ezihambelana ne-ASTM A 888 okanye i-Cast Iron Sewer Piping Institute (CISPI) 301. Izixhobo ezithambileyo ezihambelana ne-ASME B16.45 okanye i-ASSE 1043 zingasetyenziswa kunye nenkqubo engayekiyo.
Imibhobho yamanzi amdaka enziwe ngentsimbi ephosiweyo kunye nezinto ezifakwe kwi-flanged kufuneka zihambelane ne-ASTM A 74, ii-raber gaskets (ASTM C 564) kunye ne-pure lead kunye ne-oak okanye i-hemp fiber sealant (ASTM B29).
Zombini ezi ntlobo zemibhobho zingasetyenziswa kwizakhiwo, kodwa imibhobho kunye nezixhobo ezingenamibhobho zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphezu komhlaba kwizakhiwo zorhwebo. Iipayipi zesinyithi ezifakwe i-CISPI Plugless Fittings zivumela ukufakwa okusisigxina, zinokulungiswa ngokutsha okanye zinokufikelelwa ngokususa ii-band clamps, ngelixa zigcina umgangatho wombhobho wesinyithi, nto leyo enciphisa ingxolo yokuqhekeka kumjelo wenkunkuma ngepayipi. Ingxaki yepayipi yesinyithi efakwe isinyithi kukuba imibhobho iyonakala ngenxa yenkunkuma ene-asidi efumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlambela eziqhelekileyo.
Iipayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ze-ASME A112.3.1 kunye nezixhobo ezineziphelo ezivuthelweyo nezivuthelweyo zingasetyenziselwa iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu endaweni yeepayipi zentsimbi ephosiweyo. Iipayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zikwasetyenziselwa icandelo lokuqala lepayipi, eliqhagamshela kwisinki yomgangatho apho imveliso ye-carbonated ikhupha amanzi ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo wokugqwala.
Umbhobho wePVC oqinileyo ngokwe-ASTM D 2665 (ukukhupha amanzi, ukuphambukisa kunye neengcingo zokungenisa umoya) kunye nombhobho wehoneycomb wePVC ngokwe-ASTM F 891 (Isihlomelo 40), uqhagamshelo lweeflare (ASTM D 2665 ukuya kwi-ASTM D 3311, idreyini, inkunkuma kunye neengcingo zokungenisa umoya) ezifanelekileyo kumbhobho weShedyuli 40), iprimer yokuncamathelisa (ASTM F 656) kunye ne-solvent adhesive (ASTM D 2564). Imibhobho yePVC inokufumaneka ngaphezulu nangaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, nangona iqheleke ukuba idweliswe ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwemibhobho kunye neemfuno zomthetho okhethekileyo.
Kwindawo yokwakha yaseSouthern Nevada, i-International Building Code (IBC) Amendment ka-2009 ithi:
603.1.2.1 Izixhobo. Iipayipi ezinokutsha zivumelekile ukuba zifakwe kwigumbi lenjini, zivaliwe ngesakhiwo esingatshiyo seeyure ezimbini kwaye zikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo zii-sprinkler ezizenzekelayo. Iipayipi ezinokutsha zinokuqhutywa ukusuka kwigumbi lezixhobo ukuya kwamanye amagumbi, ngaphandle kokuba iipayipi zivaliwe kwindawo ekhethekileyo evunyiweyo engatshiyo yeeyure ezimbini. Xa iipayipi ezinjalo ezinokutsha zidlula kwiindonga zomlilo kunye/okanye kumgangatho/isilingi, ukungena kufuneka kuchazwe kwizinto ezithile zepayipi ezinemigangatho F kunye no-T engekho ngaphantsi kokumelana nomlilo okufunekayo ukuze kungene. Iipayipi ezinokutsha akufuneki zingene ngaphezu komaleko omnye.
Oku kufuna ukuba zonke iipayipi ezinokutsha (zeplastiki okanye ezinye) ezikhoyo kwisakhiwo seKlasi 1A njengoko kuchaziwe yi-IBC zigqunywe kwisakhiwo seeyure ezi-2. Ukusetyenziswa kweepayipi zePVC kwiinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi kuneengenelo ezininzi. Xa kuthelekiswa neepayipi zesinyithi eziphosiweyo, iPVC iyakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kunye ne-oxidation ebangelwa yinkunkuma yokuhlambela nomhlaba. Xa ibekwe phantsi komhlaba, iipayipi zePVC nazo ziyamelana nokugqwala komhlaba ojikelezileyo (njengoko kubonisiwe kwicandelo leepayipi zeHVAC). Iipayipi zePVC ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi ziphantsi kwemida efanayo nenkqubo ye-hydraulic yeHVAC, enobushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza obuyi-140 F. Olu bushushu lunyanzeliswa ngakumbi ziimfuno zeKhowudi yeMibhobho eNxulumeneyo kunye neKhowudi yeMibhobho yeHlabathi, echaza ukuba nayiphi na i-removers yokukhupha amanzi kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-140 F.
Icandelo 810.1 le-2012 Uniform Plumbing Code lithi imibhobho yomphunga akufuneki idityaniswe ngqo kwipayipi okanye kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi, kwaye amanzi angaphezu kwe-140 F (60 C) akufuneki akhutshwe ngqo kwipayipi exinzelelweyo.
Icandelo 803.1 leKhowudi yeMibhobho yaMazwe ngaMazwe ka-2012 lithi imibhobho yomphunga akufuneki idityaniswe kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi okanye nakweyiphi na inxalenye yenkqubo yokukhupha amanzi, kwaye amanzi angaphezu kwe-140 F (60 C) akufuneki akhutshwe nakweyiphi na inxalenye yenkqubo yokukhupha amanzi.
Iinkqubo zemibhobho ezikhethekileyo zinxulunyaniswa nokuthuthwa kolwelo olungaqhelekanga. Olu lwelo lunokwahluka ukusuka kwimibhobho ye-aquariums zaselwandle ukuya kwimibhobho yokubonelela ngeekhemikhali kwiinkqubo zezixhobo zedama lokudada. Iinkqubo zemibhobho ye-aquarium azixhaphakanga kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, kodwa zifakelwa kwezinye iihotele ezineenkqubo zemibhobho ezikude eziqhagamshelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwigumbi lokumpompa eliphakathi. Intsimbi engatyiwayo ibonakala ngathi luhlobo olufanelekileyo lwemibhobho kwiinkqubo zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yokuba iyakwazi ukuthintela ukugqwala nezinye iinkqubo zamanzi, kodwa amanzi anetyuwa anokugqwala kwaye atshabalalise imibhobho yentsimbi engatyiwayo. Kwizicelo ezinjalo, imibhobho yasemanzini yeplastiki okanye ye-copper-nickel CPVC iyahlangabezana neemfuno zokugqwala; xa kubekwa le mibhobho kwindawo enkulu yorhwebo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba imibhobho ingatsha na. Njengoko kuphawuliwe apha ngasentla, ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho etshayo eMzantsi Nevada kufuna indlela eyahlukileyo yokucelwa ukubonisa injongo yokuthobela ikhowudi yohlobo lwesakhiwo esifanelekileyo.
Imibhobho yedama ebonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo okuntywiliselwa emzimbeni ineekhemikhali ezinyibilikisiweyo (i-12.5% ​​ye-sodium hypochlorite bleach kunye ne-hydrochloric acid zingasetyenziswa) ukugcina i-pH ethile kunye nebhalansi yeekhemikhali njengoko kufuneka lisebe lezempilo. Ukongeza kwimibhobho yekhemikhali enyibilikisiweyo, i-chlorine bleach epheleleyo kunye nezinye iikhemikhali kufuneka zithuthwe ukusuka kwiindawo zokugcina izinto ezininzi kunye namagumbi ezixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Imibhobho ye-CPVC ayixhathisi kwiikhemikhali zokubonelela nge-chlorine bleach, kodwa imibhobho ye-ferrosilicon ephezulu ingasetyenziswa njengendlela eyahlukileyo kwiipayipi zeekhemikhali xa idlula kwiintlobo zezakhiwo ezingatshiyo (umz. Uhlobo 1A). Yomelele kodwa ibuthathaka ngakumbi kunemibhobho yesinyithi eqhelekileyo kwaye inzima kunemibhobho efanayo.
Eli nqaku lixoxa nje ngezinto ezimbalwa ezinokwenzeka zokuyila iinkqubo zombhobho. Zimela uninzi lweentlobo zeenkqubo ezifakiweyo kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zorhwebo, kodwa kuya kuhlala kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga kulo mthetho. Inkcazo epheleleyo ye-master sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekumiseleni uhlobo lwemibhobho kwinkqubo ethile kunye nokuvavanya iikhrayitheriya ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso nganye. Iinkcazo ezisemgangathweni ziya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zeeprojekthi ezininzi, kodwa abayili kunye neenjineli kufuneka bazihlolisise xa kufikwa kwiinqaba eziphakamileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iikhemikhali eziyingozi, okanye utshintsho kumthetho okanye kummandla. Funda ngakumbi malunga neengcebiso zombhobho kunye nemiqathango yokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga neemveliso ezifakwe kwiprojekthi yakho. Abathengi bethu bayasithemba njengeengcali zoyilo ukuba sinike izakhiwo zabo ubungakanani obufanelekileyo, uyilo olulinganisiweyo nolufikelelekayo apho imibhobho ifikelela kubomi bayo obulindelekileyo kwaye ingaze ihlangabezane nokusilela okukhulu.
UMatt Dolan yinjineli yeprojekthi kwi-JBA Consulting Engineers. Amava akhe akwindlela yokuyila iinkqubo ze-HVAC ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemibhobho yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo ezifana neeofisi zorhwebo, izibonelelo zempilo kunye neendawo zokwamkela iindwendwe, kuquka iinqaba zeendwendwe eziphakamileyo kunye neendawo zokutyela ezininzi.
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