Enkosi ngokutyelela iNature.com. Usebenzisa inguqulelo yesikhangeli esinenkxaso yeCSS encinci. Ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo Ukuze ufumane amava angcono, sicebisa ukuba usebenzise isikhangeli esihlaziyiweyo (okanye ukhubaze iMowudi yokuHlanganisa kwi-Internet Explorer). Ukongeza, ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eqhubekayo, sibonisa indawo ngaphandle kwezitayile kunye neJavaScript.
Ibonisa i-carousel yee-slides ezintathu ngaxeshanye. Sebenzisa amaqhosha e-Okwangaphambili ne-Elandelayo ukuhamba kwii-slides ezintathu ngexesha, okanye sebenzisa amaqhosha e-slider ekupheleni ukuhamba kwii-slides ezintathu ngexesha.
Kolu phononongo, ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, uyilo lwemithombo ye-torsion kunye ne-compression yendlela yokusonga amaphiko esetyenziswa kwi-rocket ithathwa njengengxaki yokwenza ngcono. Emva kokuba i-rocket ishiye ityhubhu yokuqalisa, amaphiko avaliweyo kufuneka avulwe kwaye aqiniswe ixesha elithile. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukwandisa amandla agcinwe kwimithombo ukuze amaphiko akwazi ukusasaza ngexesha elifutshane kangangoko. Kule meko, i-equation yamandla kuzo zombini iimpapasho ichazwe njengomsebenzi wenjongo kwinkqubo yokwenza ngcono. Ububanzi bentambo, ububanzi bekhoyili, inani leekhoyili, kunye neeparameter zokuphambuka ezifunekayo kuyilo lwentwasahlobo zichazwe njengee-variables zokulungisa. Kukho imida yejiyometri kwii-variables ngenxa yobukhulu bendlela yokusebenza, kunye nemida kwinto yokhuseleko ngenxa yomthwalo othwalwa yimithombo. I-algorithm yenyosi yobusi (BA) yasetyenziswa ukusombulula le ngxaki yokwenza ngcono nokwenza uyilo lwentwasahlobo. Amaxabiso amandla afunyenwe nge-BA angaphezulu kunalawo afunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili ze-Design of Experiments (DOE). Ii-Springs kunye neendlela ezidityaniswe kusetyenziswa iiparameters ezifunyenwe ekwenzeni ngcono zahlalutywa okokuqala kwinkqubo ye-ADAMS. Emva koko, uvavanyo lovavanyo lwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa izipringi ezenziweyo kwiindlela zokwenyani. Ngenxa yovavanyo, kwabonwa ukuba amaphiko avuleka emva kweemililimitha ezingama-90. Eli xabiso lingaphantsi kakhulu kwenjongo yeprojekthi yeemililimitha ezingama-200. Ukongeza, umahluko phakathi kweziphumo zohlalutyo kunye nezovavanyo yi-16 ms kuphela.
Kwinqwelo moya nakwiinqwelo moya, iindlela zokusonga iityhubhu zekhoyili yentsimbi engagqwaliyo zibalulekile. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa ekuguquleni nasekuguquleni iindiza ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nolawulo lokubhabha. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokubhabha, amaphiko ayasongeka kwaye avuleke ngokwahlukileyo ukunciphisa impembelelo ye-aerodynamic1. Le meko inokuthelekiswa nokuhamba kwamaphiko eentaka ezithile kunye nezinambuzane ngexesha lokubhabha nokuntywila imihla ngemihla. Ngokufanayo, ii-gliders ziyasongeka kwaye zivuleke kwiinqanawa ezingaphantsi komhlaba ukunciphisa iziphumo ze-hydrodynamic kunye nokwandisa ukuphathwa3. Enye injongo yezi ndlela kukubonelela ngeenzuzo zevolumu kwiinkqubo ezinje ngokusongeka kwe-helikopta propeller 4 yokugcina kunye nokuthutha. Amaphiko erokhethi nawo ayasongeka ukuze kuncitshiswe indawo yokugcina. Ke ngoko, ii-missile ezingaphezulu zingabekwa kwindawo encinci yesiqalisi 5. Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngempumelelo ekusongeni nasekuvulekeni zihlala zizipringi. Ngexesha lokusongeka, amandla agcinwa kuyo kwaye akhutshwe ngexesha lokusongeka. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiguquguqukayo, amandla agciniweyo nakhululweyo ayalingana. Ipringi yenzelwe ikakhulu inkqubo, kwaye olu yilo lunika ingxaki yokwenza ngcono6. Kuba nangona iquka izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobubanzi bentambo, ububanzi bekhoyili, inani lokujika, i-engile ye-helix kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, kukwakho neendlela ezinje ngobunzima, umthamo, usasazo oluncinci loxinzelelo okanye ukufumaneka kwamandla aphezulu7.
Olu phononongo lucacisa uyilo kunye nokulungiswa kweesprings zeendlela zokusonga amaphiko ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zeerokhethi. Ekubeni zingaphakathi kwityhubhu yokuqalisa ngaphambi kokuba zibhabhe, amaphiko ahlala egobile kumphezulu werokhethi, kwaye emva kokuphuma kwityhubhu yokuqalisa, avuleka ixesha elithile aze ahlale ecinezelwe kumphezulu. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwerokhethi. Kwindlela yokusonga ephuhlisiweyo, ukuvulwa kwamaphiko kwenziwa ziisprings ze-torsion, kwaye ukukhiya kwenziwa ziisprings ze-compression. Ukuze kuyilwe ispring efanelekileyo, kufuneka kwenziwe inkqubo yokulungisa. Ngaphakathi kwe-spring optimization, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwiincwadi.
UParedes et al.8 bachaze i-maximum fatigue life factor njengomsebenzi ojolise kuyilo lwee-helical springs baza basebenzisa indlela ye-quasi-Newtonian njengendlela yokwenza ngcono. Ii-variables kwi-optimization zichongiwe njengobubanzi bentambo, ububanzi be-coil, inani lee-turns, kunye nobude be-spring. Enye i-parameter yesakhiwo se-spring zizinto ezenziwe ngazo. Ke ngoko, oku kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwizifundo zoyilo kunye nokwenza ngcono. UZebdi et al. 9 babeka iinjongo zokuqina okuphezulu kunye nobunzima obuncinci kumsebenzi we-objective kwisifundo sabo, apho i-weight factor yayibalulekile. Kule meko, bachaze izinto ze-spring kunye ne-geometric njengezinto eziguquguqukayo. Basebenzisa i-algorithm ye-genetic njengendlela yokwenza ngcono. Kwishishini leemoto, ubunzima bezinto buluncedo ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwesithuthi ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwepetroli. Ukunciphisa ubunzima ngelixa belungiselela ii-coil springs zokumiswa luphando olwaziwayo10. UBahshesh kunye noBahshesh11 bachonge izinto ezifana ne-E-glass, i-carbon kunye ne-Kevlar njengezinto eziguquguqukayo kumsebenzi wazo kwindawo ye-ANSYS ngenjongo yokufikelela ubunzima obuncinci kunye namandla aphezulu okutsalwa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zoyilo lwe-suspension spring composite. Inkqubo yokuvelisa ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwemithombo edibeneyo. Ngoko ke, izinto ezahlukeneyo eziguquguqukayo ziyabandakanyeka kwingxaki yokwenza ngcono, njengendlela yokuvelisa, amanyathelo athatyathwe kwinkqubo, kunye nolandelelwano lwaloo manyathelo12,13. Xa kuyilwa imithombo yeenkqubo ezitshintshayo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iifrequencies zendalo zenkqubo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ifrequencies yokuqala yendalo yentwasahlobo ibe ubuncinane izihlandlo ezi-5-10 kunefriquensi yendalo yenkqubo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqaqamba14. UTaktak et al. 7 bagqibe ekubeni banciphise ubunzima bentwasahlobo kwaye bandise ifrequencies yokuqala yendalo njengemisebenzi ejolise kuyilo lwentwasahlobo yekhoyili. Basebenzise ukukhangela iipateni, indawo yangaphakathi, iseti esebenzayo, kunye neendlela ze-algorithm ze-genetic kwisixhobo sokwenza ngcono iMatlab. Uphando lohlalutyo luyinxalenye yophando loyilo lwentwasahlobo, kwaye iFinite Element Method idumile kule ndawo15. UPatil et al.16 baphuhlise indlela yokwenza ngcono yokunciphisa ubunzima bentwasahlobo ye-compression helical besebenzisa inkqubo yohlalutyo kwaye bavavanya ii-analytical equations besebenzisa indlela ye-finite element. Enye ikhrayitheriya yokwandisa ukusebenza kwentwasahlobo kukwanda kwamandla anokugcinwa. Eli tyala likwaqinisekisa ukuba intwasahlobo igcina ukusebenza kwayo ixesha elide. URahul noRameshkumar17 Bafuna ukunciphisa umthamo wentwasahlobo kunye nokwandisa amandla oxinzelelo kuyilo lwentwasahlobo ye-coil yemoto. Basebenzise nee-algorithms zemfuza kuphando lokwenza ngcono.
Njengoko kunokubonwa, iiparameters kwisifundo sokwenza ngcono ziyahluka ukusuka kwinkqubo ukuya kwinkqubo. Ngokubanzi, iiparameters zokuqina kunye noxinzelelo lwe-shear zibalulekile kwinkqubo apho umthwalo othwalayo uyinto egqibayo. Ukukhethwa kwezinto kufakiwe kwinkqubo yokunciphisa ubunzima ngezi parameters zimbini. Kwelinye icala, iifrequencies zendalo ziyajongwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxinana kwiinkqubo ezinamandla kakhulu. Kwiinkqubo apho usetyenziso lubalulekile, amandla andiswa kakhulu. Kwiizifundo zokwenza ngcono, nangona i-FEM isetyenziselwa izifundo zohlalutyo, kunokubonwa ukuba ii-algorithms ze-metaheuristic ezifana ne-algorithm ye-genetic14,18 kunye ne-algorithm ye-gray wolf19 zisetyenziswa kunye nendlela ye-classical Newton ngaphakathi koluhlu lweeparameter ezithile. Ii-algorithms ze-metaheuristic ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwiindlela zohlengahlengiso zendalo ezisondela kwimeko efanelekileyo ngexesha elifutshane, ngakumbi phantsi kwempembelelo yoluntu20,21. Ngokusasazwa okungahleliweyo koluntu kwindawo yokukhangela, ziyayiphepha i-optima yendawo kwaye ziya kwi-optima yehlabathi22. Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibisoloko isetyenziswa kumxholo weengxaki zokwenyani zoshishino23,24.
Ityala elibalulekileyo lendlela yokugoba ephuhliswe kolu phononongo kukuba amaphiko, awayekwindawo evaliweyo ngaphambi kokuba andize, avuleka ixesha elithile emva kokuphuma kwityhubhu. Emva koko, into yokutshixa ivala iphiko. Ke ngoko, izipringi azichaphazeli ngokuthe ngqo amandla okubhabha. Kule meko, injongo yokwenza ngcono yayikukwandisa amandla agciniweyo ukukhawulezisa intshukumo yentwasahlobo. Ububanzi bomqukumbelo, ububanzi bocingo, inani lemiqukumbelo kunye nokuphambuka kwachazwa njengeeparameter zokulungisa. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncinci bentwasahlobo, ubunzima abuzange buthathwe njengenjongo. Ke ngoko, uhlobo lwezinto luchazwa njengoluzinzileyo. Umda wokhuseleko wokuguqulwa koomatshini umiselwa njengomda obalulekileyo. Ukongeza, imida yobukhulu obuguquguqukayo ibandakanyeka kububanzi bendlela yokusebenza. Indlela ye-BA metaheuristic yakhethwa njengendlela yokwenza ngcono. I-BA yathandwa ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiguquguqukayo nesilula, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwayo kuphando lokwenza ngcono koomatshini25. Kwinxalenye yesibini yophando, iinkcazo zezibalo ezineenkcukacha zifakiwe kwisakhelo soyilo olusisiseko kunye noyilo lwentwasahlobo yendlela yokugoba. Inxalenye yesithathu iqulethe i-algorithm yokwenza ngcono kunye neziphumo zokulungisa. Isahluko 4 senza uhlalutyo kwinkqubo ye-ADAMS. Ukufaneleka kwezi mithombo kuyahlalutywa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele imveliso. Icandelo lokugqibela liqulathe iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemifanekiso yovavanyo. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kolu phando zithelekiswa nomsebenzi wangaphambili wababhali besebenzisa indlela ye-DOE.
Amaphiko aphuhliswe kolu phononongo kufuneka asonge aye kumphezulu werokhethi. Amaphiko ajikeleza ukusuka kwindawo egobileyo ukuya kwindawo evulekileyo. Ngenxa yoku, kwaveliswa indlela ekhethekileyo. Kumfanekiso 1 ubonisa ulwakhiwo olugobileyo noluvulekileyo5 kwinkqubo yokulungelelanisa irokhethi.
Kumfanekiso 2 ubonisa umbono wecandelo lendlela yokusebenza. Le ndlela yokusebenza inamacandelo amaninzi oomatshini: (1) umzimba oyintloko, (2) umngxuma wephiko, (3) ibheri, (4) umzimba wokutshixa, (5) isihlahla sokutshixa, (6) iphini yokumisa, (7) intwasahlobo yokutshixa kunye (8) nemithombo yokucinezela. Umngxuma wephiko (2) uqhagamshelwe kwintwasahlobo yokutshixa (7) ngesingxobo sokutshixa (4). Zonke ezi ndawo zintathu zijikeleza ngaxeshanye emva kokuba irokhethi isuke. Ngale ntshukumo yokujikeleza, amaphiko ajika aye kwindawo yawo yokugqibela. Emva koko, iphini (6) iqhutywa yintwasahlobo yokuxixa (8), ngaloo ndlela ivala yonke indlela yomzimba wokutshixa (4)5.
I-modulus ye-elastic (E) kunye ne-shear modulus (G) zezona parameters ziphambili zoyilo lwentwasahlobo. Kolu phononongo, ucingo lwentsimbi yentwasahlobo enekhabhoni ephezulu (i-Music wire ASTM A228) lukhethwe njengezinto zentwasahlobo. Ezinye iiparameters zi-wire diameter (d), ububanzi be-coil obuphakathi (Dm), inani lee-coils (N) kunye ne-spring deflection (xd ye-compression springs kunye ne-θ ye-torsion springs)26. Amandla agciniweyo e-compression springs \({(SE}_{x})\) kunye ne-torsion (\({SE}_{\theta}\)) springs anokubalwa kwi-equation. (1) kunye ne-(2)26. (Ixabiso le-shear modulus (G) le-compression spring yi-83.7E9 Pa, kwaye ixabiso le-elastic modulus (E) le-torsion spring yi-203.4E9 Pa.)
Ubukhulu bomatshini benkqubo bumisela ngokuthe ngqo imida yejometri yentwasahlobo. Ukongeza, iimeko apho irokhethi iza kuba khona nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ezi zinto zimisela imida yeeparameter zentwasahlobo. Omnye umda obalulekileyo yi-safety factor. Inkcazo ye-safety factor ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha nguShigley et al.26. I-compression spring safety factor (SFC) ichazwa njengoxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo olwahlulwe luxinzelelo phezu kobude obuqhubekayo. I-SFC ingabalwa kusetyenziswa ii-equations. (3), (4), (5) kunye no-(6)26. (Kwizinto zentwasahlobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo, \({S}_{sy}=980 MPa\)). U-F umele amandla kwi-equation kwaye u-KB umele i-Bergstrasser factor yama-26.
I-torsion safety factor yespring (SFT) ichazwa njengo-M owahlulwe ngo-k. I-SFT ingabalwa kwi-equation. (7), (8), (9) kunye no-(10)26. (Kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo, \({S}_{y}=1600 \mathrm{MPa}\)). Kwi-equation, i-M isetyenziselwa i-torque, \({k}^{^{\prime}}\) isetyenziselwa i-spring constant (torque/rotation), kwaye i-Ki isetyenziselwa i-stress correction factor.
Injongo ephambili yokwenza ngcono kolu phononongo kukwandisa amandla entwasahlobo. Umsebenzi ojoliswe kuwo wenzelwe ukufumana \(\overrightarrow{\{X\}}\) okwandisa \(f(X)\). \({f}_{1}(X)\) kunye \({f}_{2}(X)\) yimisebenzi yamandla yentwasahlobo yokucinezela kunye neyokujika, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iinguqu ezibaliweyo kunye nemisebenzi esetyenziselwa ukwenza ngcono iboniswe kwezi zibalo zilandelayo.
Imida eyahlukeneyo ebekwe kuyilo lwentwasahlobo inikwe kwezi zibalo zilandelayo. Ii-equations (15) kunye ne-(16) zimele izinto zokhuseleko ze-compression kunye ne-torsion springs, ngokwahlukeneyo. Kolu phononongo, i-SFC kufuneka ibe nkulu okanye ilingane ne-1.2 kwaye i-SFT mayibe nkulu okanye ilingane ne-θ26.
I-BA iphefumlelwe ngamaqhinga okufuna impova yeenyosi27. Iinyosi zifuna ngokuthumela iinyosi ezininzi kwiindawo ezichumileyo zempova kunye neenyosi ezimbalwa kwiindawo ezichumileyo zempova. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kuluntu lweenyosi kuyafezekiswa. Kwelinye icala, iinyosi ezihlolayo ziyaqhubeka nokukhangela iindawo ezintsha zempova, kwaye ukuba kukho iindawo ezinemveliso ngakumbi kunangaphambili, uninzi lweenyosi ziya kuqondiswa kule ndawo intsha28. I-BA inamacandelo amabini: uphendlo lwengingqi kunye nophendlo lwehlabathi. Uphendlo lwengingqi lukhangela uluntu oluninzi olukufutshane nezona zincinci (iisayithi ze-elite), njengeenyosi, kwaye lukhangela kancinci kwezinye iisayithi (iisayithi ezilungileyo okanye ezikhethiweyo). Uphendlo olungenanjongo lwenziwa kwicandelo lophendlo lwehlabathi, kwaye ukuba kufunyenwe amaxabiso amahle, izikhululo zifuduselwa kwicandelo lophendlo lwengingqi kwi-iteration elandelayo. I-algorithm iqulethe iiparameter ezithile: inani leenyosi ezihlolayo (n), inani leendawo zophendlo lwengingqi (m), inani leendawo ze-elite (e), inani leenyosi ezikhangelayo kwiindawo ze-elite (nep), inani leenyosi ezikhangelayo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Indawo (nsp), ubungakanani bendawo (ngh), kunye nenani leempendulo (I)29. I-pseudocode ye-BA iboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Le algorithm izama ukusebenza phakathi kwe \({g}_{1}(X)\) kunye ne \({g}_{2}(X)\). Ngenxa yesiphumo ngasinye sokuphindaphinda, amaxabiso afanelekileyo ayamiselwa kwaye inani labantu liqokelelwa lijikeleze la maxabiso ukuzama ukufumana amaxabiso angcono. Izithintelo zijongwa kwicandelo lokukhangela lendawo nelehlabathi. Kuphando lwendawo, ukuba ezi zinto zifanelekile, ixabiso lamandla liyabalwa. Ukuba ixabiso elitsha lamandla likhulu kunexabiso elifanelekileyo, nika ixabiso elitsha kwixabiso elifanelekileyo. Ukuba ixabiso elingcono elifunyenwe kwisiphumo sokukhangela likhulu kunento yangoku, into entsha iya kubandakanywa kwingqokelela. Umzobo webhloko wophando lwendawo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
Inani labemi lelinye lawona manqanaba aphambili kwi-BA. Kuyabonakala kwizifundo zangaphambili ukuba ukwandisa inani labemi kunciphisa inani leempendulo ezifunekayo kwaye kwandisa amathuba okuphumelela. Nangona kunjalo, inani lovavanyo olusebenzayo nalo liyanda. Ubukho benani elikhulu leendawo ze-elite abuchaphazeli kakhulu ukusebenza. Inani leendawo ze-elite linokuba liphantsi ukuba alikho kwi-zero30. Ubungakanani benani leenyosi ze-scout (n) budla ngokukhethwa phakathi kwama-30 kunye ne-100. Kolu phononongo, zombini iimeko ezingama-30 kunye nama-50 ziqhutywe ukuze kuchongwe inani elifanelekileyo (Itheyibhile 2). Ezinye iiparameter zimiselwa ngokuxhomekeke kubemi. Inani leendawo ezikhethiweyo (m) (malunga) nama-25% obungakanani babemi, kwaye inani leendawo ze-elite (e) phakathi kweendawo ezikhethiweyo yi-25% ye-m. Inani leenyosi ezondlayo (inani lokukhangela) likhethwe ukuba libe yi-100 kwi-elite plots kunye nama-30 kwezinye ii-plots zasekuhlaleni. Ukukhangela ummelwane yingcamango esisiseko yazo zonke ii-algorithms zokuzivelela. Kolu phononongo, kusetyenziswe indlela yokunciphisa ummelwane. Le ndlela inciphisa ubukhulu bendawo ngesantya esithile ngexesha lokuphindaphinda ngakunye. Kwizihlandlo ezizayo, amaxabiso amancinci endawo30 angasetyenziselwa uphando oluchanekileyo.
Kwimeko nganye, kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezilishumi ezilandelelanayo ukujonga ukuba i-algorithm yokwenza ngcono iyaphinda ivele na. Kumzobo 5 ubonisa iziphumo zokwenziwa ngcono kwentwasahlobo yokutsalwa kwetyuwa kwisicwangciso 1, nakumzobo 6 - kwisicwangciso 2. Idatha yovavanyo ikwanikwe kwiitheyibhile 3 kunye no-4 (itheyibhile equlethe iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zentwasahlobo yokutsalwa kwetyuwa ikwiNkcukacha eyoNgezelelweyo S1). Inani leenyosi liqinisa ukukhangela amaxabiso amahle kwi-iteration yokuqala. Kwimeko 1, iziphumo zezinye iimvavanyo bezingaphantsi kowona mgangatho uphezulu. Kwimeko 2, kunokubonwa ukuba zonke iziphumo zokwenziwa ngcono zisondela kowona mgangatho uphezulu ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu kunye nezinye iiparameter ezifanelekileyo. Kunokubonwa ukuba amaxabiso kwiSigaba 2 anele kwi-algorithm.
Xa ufumana ixabiso eliphezulu lamandla kwiinguqulelo, kukho into yokhuseleko enikwayo njengesithintelo sophando. Jonga itheyibhile yento yokhuseleko. Amaxabiso amandla afunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-BA athelekiswa nalawo afunyenwe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-5 DOE kwiTheyibhile 5. (Ukuze kube lula ukwenziwa, inani leenguqu (N) zentwasahlobo ye-torsion yi-4.9 endaweni ye-4.88, kwaye ukuphambuka (xd) yi-8 mm endaweni ye-7.99 mm kwintwasahlobo yoxinzelelo.) Kuyabonakala ukuba i-BA yeyona siphumo singcono. I-BA ivavanya onke amaxabiso ngokukhangela kwengingqi neyehlabathi. Ngale ndlela inokuzama ezinye iindlela ngokukhawuleza.
Kolu phononongo, uAdams wasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya intshukumo yendlela yokusebenza kwephiko. UAdams unikwa kuqala imodeli ye-3D yendlela yokusebenza. Emva koko chaza intwasahlobo eneeparameters ezikhethiweyo kwicandelo elingaphambili. Ukongeza, ezinye iiparameters kufuneka zichazwe kuhlalutyo lokwenyani. Ezi ziiparameters zomzimba ezifana nonxibelelwano, iipropati zezinto, uqhagamshelwano, ukungqubana, kunye nomxhuzulane. Kukho i-swivel joint phakathi kwe-blade shaft kunye ne-bearing. Kukho ii-5-6 cylindrical joints. Kukho ii-5-1 fixed joints. Umzimba oyintloko wenziwe ngezinto ze-aluminium kwaye zizinzile. Izinto zezinye iindawo zentsimbi. Khetha i-coefficient of friction, ukuqina koqhagamshelwano kunye nobunzulu bokungena komphezulu wokungqubana kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezinto. (intsimbi engagqwaliyo i-AISI 304) Kolu phononongo, i-parameter ebalulekileyo lixesha lokuvula lendlela yokusebenza kwephiko, ekufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-200 ms. Ke ngoko, jonga ixesha lokuvula kwephiko ngexesha lohlalutyo.
Ngenxa yohlalutyo luka-Adams, ixesha lokuvula lendlela yokusebenza kwephiko yi-74 milliseconds. Iziphumo zokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-4 ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Umfanekiso wokuqala kuMfanekiso. 5 lixesha lokuqala lokulinganisa kwaye amaphiko akwindawo yokulinda ukugoba. (2) Ibonisa indawo yephiko emva kwe-40ms xa iphiko lijikeleze ii-degrees ezingama-43. (3) ibonisa indawo yephiko emva kwe-71 milliseconds. Kwakhona kumfanekiso wokugqibela (4) ibonisa ukuphela kokujika kwephiko kunye nendawo evulekileyo. Ngenxa yohlalutyo oluguquguqukayo, kwabonwa ukuba indlela yokuvula iphiko imfutshane kakhulu kunexabiso elijoliswe kulo le-200 ms. Ukongeza, xa kulinganiswa izipringi, imida yokhuseleko ikhethwe kwixabiso eliphezulu elicetyiswayo kwiincwadi.
Emva kokugqitywa koyilo lonke, ukwenza ngcono kunye nophando lokulinganisa, kwenziwa kwaye kwahlanganiswa iprototype yale ndlela. Emva koko iprototype yavavanywa ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zokulinganisa. Okokuqala khusela iqokobhe eliphambili uze ugobe amaphiko. Emva koko amaphiko akhululwa kwindawo egobileyo kwaye kwenziwa ividiyo yokujikeleza kwamaphiko ukusuka kwindawo egobileyo ukuya kwelo lisetyenzisiweyo. I-timer ikwasetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ixesha ngexesha lokurekhoda ividiyo.
Kumfanekiso 8 kubonisa iifreyimu zevidiyo ezinombolo 1-4. Inombolo yesakhelo 1 kumfanekiso ibonisa umzuzu wokukhululwa kwamaphiko asongiweyo. Lo mzuzu uthathwa njengomzuzu wokuqala wexesha t0. Iifreyimu 2 kunye no-3 zibonisa izikhundla zamaphiko 40 ms kunye ne-70 ms emva komzuzu wokuqala. Xa kuhlalutywa iifreyimu 3 kunye no-4, kunokubonwa ukuba intshukumo yephiko izinza nge-90 ms emva kwe-t0, kwaye ukuvulwa kwephiko kugqityiwe phakathi kwe-70 kunye ne-90 ms. Le meko ithetha ukuba zombini uvavanyo lokulinganisa kunye novavanyo lweprototype zinika malunga nexesha elifanayo lokusetyenziswa kwephiko, kwaye uyilo luhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza zendlela yokusebenza.
Kule nqaku, ii-torsion kunye nee-compression springs ezisetyenziswa kwindlela yokusonga iiphiko zilungiswa kusetyenziswa i-BA. Iiparameters zinokufikelelwa ngokukhawuleza ngokuphindaphinda okumbalwa. I-torsion spring ilinganiswe kwi-1075 mJ kwaye i-compression spring ilinganiswe kwi-37.24 mJ. La maxabiso angcono ngama-40-50% kunezifundo zangaphambili ze-DOE. I-spring idityaniswe kwindlela yokusebenza kwaye ihlalutywe kwinkqubo ye-ADAMS. Xa ihlalutywa, kufunyaniswe ukuba amaphiko avuleka ngaphakathi kwee-millisecond ezingama-74. Eli xabiso lingaphantsi kakhulu kwenjongo yeprojekthi yee-millisecond ezingama-200. Kwisifundo esilandelayo sovavanyo, ixesha lokuvula lilinganiswe malunga ne-90 ms. Lo mahluko we-millisecond ezili-16 phakathi kohlalutyo unokubangelwa zizinto ezingqongileyo ezingalinganiswanga kwisoftware. Kukholelwa ukuba i-algorithm yokwenza ngcono efunyenwe ngenxa yophando ingasetyenziselwa uyilo lwentwasahlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Izinto zentwasahlobo zazichazwe kwangaphambili kwaye azizange zisetyenziswe njengenguqu ekuphuculeni. Ekubeni iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zentwasahlobo zisetyenziswa kwiinqwelomoya nakwiirokhethi, i-BA iya kusetyenziswa ukuyila ezinye iintlobo zentwasahlobo kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukufezekisa uyilo lwentwasahlobo olufanelekileyo kuphando lwexesha elizayo.
Sivakalisa ukuba lo mbhalo-ngqangi ngowentsusa, awukashicilelwa ngaphambili, kwaye okwangoku awukacingelwa ukuba upapashwe kwenye indawo.
Lonke ulwazi oluveliswe okanye oluhlalutyiweyo kolu phononongo lufakiwe kweli nqaku lishicilelweyo [kunye nefayile yolwazi olongezelelweyo].
UMin, Z., uKin, uVK kunye noRichard, uLJ Iinqwelomoya Ukuhlaziya ingcamango ye-airfoil ngotshintsho olukhulu lwejometri. IES J. Icandelo A Impucuko. ukwakheka. iprojekthi. 3(3), 188–195 (2010).
Sun, J., Liu, K. kunye noBhushan, B. Isishwankathelo se-backwing yebhungane: ulwakhiwo, iimpawu zoomatshini, iindlela zokusebenza, kunye nokuphefumlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo. J. Mecha. Ukuziphatha. Isayensi yezebhayoloji. alma mater. 94, 63–73 (2019).
UChen, Z., uYu, J., uZhang, A., kunye noZhang, F. Uyilo kunye nohlalutyo lwendlela yokusonga i-propulsion ye-glider engaphantsi kwamanzi eqhutywa yi-hybrid. Ocean Engineering 119, 125–134 (2016).
UKartik, HS kunye noPrithvi, K. Uyilo kunye noHlalutyo lweNdlela yokuGqibela yeHelikopta ethe tyaba yokuZinzisa. iteknoloji yangaphakathi yetanki yokugcina i-J. Ing. (IGERT) 9(05), 110–113 (2020).
UKulunk, Z. kunye noSahin, M. Ukwenziwa ngcono kweeparameters zoomatshini zoyilo lwephiko lerokhethi eligoqekayo kusetyenziswa indlela yoyilo lovavanyo. J. Imodeli yangaphakathi. Ukulungiswa. 9(2), 108–112 (2019).
Ke, J., Wu, ZY, Liu, YS, Xiang, Z. & Hu, XD Design Method, Performance Study, kunye neProcedure Production yeComposite Coil Springs: A Review. composite. composition. 252, 112747 (2020).
UTaktak M., uOmheni K., uAlui A., uDammak F. kunye noKhaddar M. Uyilo olusebenzayo lwezipringi zekhoyili. Faka isicelo sesandi. 77, 178–183 (2014).
UParedes, M., uSartor, M., kunye noMascle, K. Inkqubo yokwenza ngcono uyilo lwee-tension springs. ikhompyutha. ukusetyenziswa kwendlela. uboya. iprojekthi. 191(8-10), 783-797 (2001).
UZebdi O., uBouhili R. kunye noTrochu F. Uyilo olufanelekileyo lwezipringi zehelical ezidityanisiweyo kusetyenziswa ukulungiswa kwezinto ezininzi. J. Reinf. iplastiki. compose. 28 (14), 1713–1732 (2009).
I-Pawart, i-HB kunye ne-Desale, i-DD Ukuphucula izipringi zekhoyili zokumiswa kwangaphambili ze-tricycle. inkqubo. umenzi. 20, 428–433 (2018).
UBahshesh M. kunye noBahshesh M. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwemithombo yentsimbi yekhoyili enemithombo edibeneyo. J yangaphakathi. Iprojekthi yezifundo ezininzi. isayensi. 3(6), 47–51 (2012).
UChen, L. et al. Funda ngeeparameter ezininzi ezichaphazela ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo nokuguqukayo kwemithombo yekhoyili edityanisiweyo. J. Market. itanki yokugcina. 20, 532–550 (2022).
UFrank, J. Uhlalutyo kunye nokuphuculwa kweComposite Helical Springs, iPhD Thesis, iSacramento State University (2020).
UGu, Z., uHou, uX. kunye noYe, J. Iindlela zokuyila nokuhlalutya izipringi zehelical ezingezizo ezilandelelanayo kusetyenziswa indibaniselwano yeendlela: uhlalutyo lwezinto ezipheleyo, isampuli elinganiselweyo ye-Latin hypercube, kunye neprogram ye-genetic. inkqubo. I-Fur Institute. iprojekthi. uCJ Mecha. iprojekthi. isayensi. 235(22), 5917–5930 (2021).
UWu, L., et al. IiSprings zeCoil zeCarbon Fiber eziLungisekayo zeSpring Rate: Uphononongo loYilo kunye neMechanism. J. Market. itanki yokugcina. 9(3), 5067–5076 (2020).
I-Patil DS, i-Mangrulkar KS kunye ne-Jagtap ST Ukulungiswa kobunzima bemithombo ye-helical yokucinezela. itanki yokugcina yangaphakathi ye-J. Innov. Iingcali ezininzi. 2(11), 154–164 (2016).
URahul, MS kunye noRameshkumar, K. Ukulungiswa kwemisebenzi emininzi kunye nokulinganisa ngamanani izipringi zekhoyili kwizicelo zeemoto. alma mater. inkqubo namhlanje. 46. ​​4847–4853 (2021).
UBai, JB et al. Ukuchaza indlela engcono yokusebenza – Uyilo olufanelekileyo lweZakhiwo zeHelical eziDibeneyo kusetyenziswa iiAlgorithms zeGenetic. compose. composition. 268, 113982 (2021).
Shahin, I., Dorterler, M., kunye noGokche, H. Ukusebenzisa indlela yokwenza ngcono i-灰狼 ngokusekelwe ekuphuculeni ubungakanani obuncinci boyilo lwentwasahlobo yokucinezela, Ghazi J. Engineering Science, 3(2), 21–27 (2017).
Aye, KM, Foldy, N., Yildiz, AR, Burirat, S. kunye noSait, SM Metaheuristics besebenzisa iiarhente ezininzi ukwenza ngcono iingozi. yangaphakathi J. Veh. dec. 80(2–4), 223–240 (2019).
Yildyz, AR kunye no-Erdash, MU I-algorithm entsha ye-hybrid Taguchi-salpa group optimization yoyilo oluthembekileyo lweengxaki zobunjineli bokwenyani. uvavanyo lwe-alma mater. 63(2), 157–162 (2021).
Yildiz BS, Foldi N., Burerat S., Yildiz AR kunye neSait SM Uyilo oluthembekileyo lweendlela ze-robotic gripper kusetyenziswa i-algorithm entsha ye-hybrid grasshopper optimization system. expert. system. 38(3), e12666 (2021).