Inqaku loMhleli: Minyaka le. Ubunjineli beMigodi bune-Industrial Minerals Review. Kukho abantu abaninzi abachithe ixesha elininzi bephuhlisa le nkcazelo, ngelixa besenza umsebenzi wabo. Enkosi kubahleli be-Annual Review of Industrial Minerals, uSihlalo kunye noSekela Sihlalo weKomiti yoBugcisa ye-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, kunye nababhali beeprofayili zeemveliso nganye nganye.
URajesh Raitani lilungu le-SME kwiCytec Industries Inc. kwaye ungusihlalo weKomiti yoBugcisa kwiCandelo leMigodi yezoShishino kunye neeNdibaniselwano.
Uncedo lwabo lwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukukhutshwa kweZimbiwa zeZimbiwa zezoShishino ngoJulayi. Egameni labafundi bam, abahleli bayababulela.
Iinkampani ezine – HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. kunye neUnimin Corp. – Bembiwe udongwe lwebhola kumazwe amane ngo-2013. Ngokwedatha yokuqala, imveliso yi-metric ton e-1 (iitoni ezimfutshane ezi-1.1 yezigidi) enexabiso eliqikelelweyo le-$47 yezigidi. Imveliso inyuke nge-3 ekhulwini ukusuka kwi-973 carats (iitoni ezimfutshane ezi-1.1 yezigidi) ngo-2012, exabisa i-$45.1 yezigidi. ITennessee ngumvelisi okhokelayo, obala i-64% yemveliso yasekhaya, ilandelwa yiTexas.Mississippi kunye neKentucky. Malunga ne-67% yemveliso iyonke yodongwe lwebhola luyi-air flotation, i-22% ludongwe oluqinileyo okanye olutyumkileyo, kwaye i-11% ludaka lwamanzi.
Ngowama-2013, abavelisi bodongwe lwebhola basekhaya bathengise udongwe kwezi marike zilandelayo: iithayile zomgangatho weseramikhi nodonga (44%); ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (21%); iimpahla zococeko (18%); iiseramikhi ezahlukeneyo (9%); ngokusetyenziswa kokugqibela ngo-2012 Indlela kunye nemarike yangoku, izizalisi, izandisi kunye nezihlanganisi kunye nokusetyenziswa okungachazwanga (4% nganye). Ezinye iimarike zingaphantsi kwe-1% yodongwe lwebhola oluseleyo oluthengisiweyo okanye olusetyenzisiweyo. Iintengiso ezibikiweyo zokwenziwa kwefiberglass okanye uninzi lwezicelo zokuzalisa, izizalisi kunye nezihlanganisi kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziqulathe udongwe lwekaolin olumbiwa okanye oluthengwa ngabavelisi bodongwe lwebhola.
Ngokophando lokuqala lwabavelisi bodongwe lweebhola zasekhaya, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lodongwe lweebhola zasekhaya lalimalunga ne-US$47/t ($43/t) ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-US$46/t ($42/t) ngo-2012. Amaxabiso eyunithi yodongwe lweebhola oluthunyelwa ngaphandle nolungeniswayo ayeyi-$126/t ($114/st) kunye ne-$373/t ($338/st) ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$62/t ($56/st) kunye ne-$314/t ($285/st) ngo-2013) ngo-2012, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ixabiso leyunithi yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle okuninzi landa ngo-2013, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kweetoni eziphantsi, ezinexabiso eliphezulu kwaphindaphindeka kabini ngo-2013 xa kuthelekiswa no-2012, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ixabiso lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle eliphakathi liphindaphindeke kabini. Ukuthunyelwa kweetoni ezimbini eziphantsi, ezinexabiso eliphezulu ngo-2013 kwaba yimbangela yokunyuka kwexabiso lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.
Ngokutsho kwe-US Census Bureau, iitoni ezingama-4,681 (iitoni ezingama-516) zodongwe lwebhola zangeniswa ngo-2013, ezixabisa i-$174,000, xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ezingama-436 (iitoni ezingama-481) ezixabisa i-$137,000 ngo-2012. Ubuninzi bodongwe lwebhola bangeniswa buvela e-United Kingdom. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 yayizii-52.2 carats (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-57,500) ezixabisa i-$6.6 yezigidi, xa kuthelekiswa nee-74 carats (iitoni ezingama-81.600) ngo-2012, ezixabisa i-$4.58 yezigidi. Iindawo eziphambili zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-downwards, iBelgium, amaziko amakhulu okudluliselwa kwempahla eYurophu, iVenezuela kunye neNicaragua. La mazwe mathathu athatha iipesenti ezingama-58 zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-US ball doll. Abavelisi base-US badla ngokuxela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu kune-US Census Bureau. Ngokwezibalo zorhwebo lokungenisa impahla ezipapashwe yi-Ministry of Economy yaseMexico, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-ball doll yeetoni ezininzi ezithunyelwa ukusuka e-United States ukuya eMexico kunokuhlelwa njenge-kaolin.
Imbono yoshishino lwe-ball doll kukwanda kwentengiso njengoko uqoqosho lwase-US luqhubeka nokuchacha emva kokwehla koqoqosho. Ngo-2013, imisebenzi yokwakha yezorhwebo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezindlu yayibalulekile ekuthengisweni kwe-ball doll ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo ekwenzeni iithayile ze-ceramic kunye nezixhobo zangasese. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuba iiyunithi zezindlu zabucala ezingama-923,000 ziqalile ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa nokuqala okungu-781,000 ngo-2012, ukunyuka kwe-18 ekhulwini. Ixabiso lezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo ezingezizo zokuhlala ezigqityiweyo ngo-2013 lonyuke nge-5 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-$898 yezigidigidi ukusuka kwi-$857 yezigidigidi ngo-2012. Ukongeza, imiba yokuvalwa kwezindlu isonjululwa kwiindawo ezininzi zase-United States, nto leyo enciphisa inani lezindlu ezingenabantu kwimarike. Nangona kukho olu phuculo, ukuqaliswa kwezindlu kusengaphantsi kwamanqanaba angaphambi kokwehla koqoqosho.
Intengiso yasekhaya yodongwe lwebhola ikwachaphazeleka kukungeniswa kwemveliso eyenziwe ngodongwe lwebhola efana neethayile kunye nezinto zokucoca. Ngo-2013, ukungeniswa kweethayile kwehle ukusuka kwi-$62.1 yezigidi kwiimitha zesikwere ezingama-5.86 (iimitha zesikwere ezingama-63.1 yezigidi) ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-5.58 zeemitha zesikwere (iimitha zesikwere ezingama-60.1 yezigidi) ezixabisa i-$64.7 yezigidi. Imithombo ephambili yeethayile ngokwekhowudi yeshedyuli yeHarmonized Tariff 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngokwehla komthamo, iTshayina (22%); iMexico (21%); i-Itali kunye neTurkey (i-10% nganye); iBrazil (7%); IColombia, iPeru kunye neSpain (5% nganye). Ukungeniswa kwezinto zokucoca kunyuke ukusuka kwi-25.2 yezigidi ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-29.7 yezigidi ngo-2013. I-China ibike i-14.7 yezigidi (49%) yezinto zokucoca zase-US ezithengwe ngo-2013, kwaye iMexico ibike i-11.6 yezigidi (39%). Ukungeniswa kweethayile zeseramikhi kunye nezinto zokucoca Abavelisi bodongwe lwebhola abavela eMexico abanikeli ngqalelo ingako kubavelisi bodongwe lwebhola basekhaya kunabo baseTshayina, njengoko abavelisi base-US bengabathengisi bodongwe lwebhola abaphambili kwishishini lodongwe lweceramic laseMexico. Ukwanda komsebenzi wokwakha kubonisa ukuba ukukhula kokuthengiswa kodongwe lwebhola lwasekhaya ngo-2014 kusenokuba malunga no-2013.*
Phantse yonke i-bauxite esetyenziswa eMelika ingeniswa kwamanye amazwe. IAlabama, iArkansas, neGeorgia zivelisa inani elincinci le-bauxite kunye nodongwe lwe-bauxite ukuze lusetyenziswe ngaphandle kwesinyithi.
I-bauxite yodidi lwesinyithi (eyomileyo) ethengwe kwamanye amazwe ifikelele kwiitoni ze-9.8 zemetric (iitoni ezisemgangathweni ezili-10.1 lezigidi) ngo-2013, ukwehla nge-5% ukusuka kwi-2012. IJamaica (48%). IGuinea (26%) kunye neBrazil (25%) bezizezona ziboneleli ziphezulu e-US ngo-2013. Ngo-2013, i-131-carat (iitoni ezimfutshane ezili-144,400) i-refractory calcined bauxite yathengwa kwamanye amazwe, ukunyuka kwe-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcium ekrwada ekumgangatho ongaphiliyo kwandile xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2012, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuzaliseni kwakhona izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo njengoko ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso ezine-calcium ekrwada esekwe kwi-bauxite kwehla xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2012. Imveliso yentsimbi yasekhaya, eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimveliso ezine-calcium ekrwada esekwe kwi-bauxite, yehle nge-2% ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa nemveliso ka-2012. I-China (49%) kunye ne-Guyana (44%) zezona mithombo ziphambili yokungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcium ekrwada e-US.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite e-calcined grade non-refractory grade kuye kwafikelela kwi-455 carats (501,500 short tons) ngo-2013, ukunyuka kwama-40% ngaphezu kokungeniswa kwe-2012. Ukukhula kubangelwa kukusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo kwe-bauxite kwisamente, ishishini leoyile njengepropant ye-hydraulic fracturing, kunye nabavelisi bentsimbi. IGuyana (38%), iOstreliya (28%) kunye neBrazil (20%) yayizezona mithombo ziphambili.
Ngowama-2013, i-United States ithumele ngaphandle i-9-carat (9,900 st) i-refractory grade calcined bauxite, ukonyuka kwama-40% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kunye neKhanada (72%) kunye neMexico (7%) iindawo eziphambili. Ngowama-2013, i-United States ithumele ngaphandle inani elincinci le-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite, xa kuthelekiswa malunga ne-13 kilotons (14,300 short tons) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-coarse dry bauxite kufikelele phantse kwi-4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons), ukwehla kwama-59% ukusuka kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kunye neKhanada (82%) indawo ephambili.
Imveliso ye-alumina yasekhaya iqikelelwe kwiitoni ze-4.1 metric (iitoni ezimfutshane ezi-4.6 yezigidi) ngo-2013, yehle nge-7% ukusuka ngo-2012. Ukwehla kwakubangelwa kukwehla kwemveliso kwi-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, eLos Angeles refinery. Isibini kwisithathu samandla ayo savalwa ngo-Agasti kwaye isinye kwisithathu esiseleyo ngo-Okthobha. Le refinery yathengiswa kwi-Almatis GmbH yaza yaqalwa kwakhona phakathi kuDisemba.
Ixabiso lilonke le-alumina elithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 yayiziitoni ze-metric eziyi-2.05 (iitoni ezisemgangathweni eziyi-2.26 yezigidi), ukonyuka nge-8% ngaphezu kokungeniswa kwe-alumina ngo-2012. I-Australia (37%), iSuriname (35%) kunye neBrazil (12%) yayizezona mithombo ziphambili. Ixabiso lilonke le-alumina elithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 yayiziitoni ze-metric eziyi-2.25 (iitoni ezisemgangathweni eziyi-2.48 yezigidi), ukonyuka nge-27% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012. Phakathi kwazo, iKhanada (35%), iJiphutha (17%) kunye ne-Iceland (13%) zezona ndawo ziphambili ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya iyonke (ngokwesiseko esilinganayo nesomileyo) ngo-2013 kuqikelelwe kwi-9.8 mt (iitoni ezisemgangathweni ezili-10.1 lezigidi), ngaphezulu nge-2% kuno-2012. Koku, malunga neetoni ezi-8.8 zemetric (iitoni ezisemgangathweni ezili-9.1 lezigidi) zasetyenziswa ukuvelisa i-alumina. I-6% iphantsi kunonyaka ophelileyo. Ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwe-bauxite ziquka ukwenziwa kwezinto ezirhabaxa, isamente, iikhemikhali kunye nezinto ezirhabaxa, kunye nakwishishini leoyile, imveliso yentsimbi kunye nonyango lwamanzi.
Ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kwishishini le-alumina ngo-2013 babuyi-3.89 metric tons (iitoni ezi-4.29 zezigidi ezisemgangathweni), ukwehla kwe-6% ukusuka ngo-2012. I-alumina esetyenziswe zezinye iifemu e-US yayimalunga ne-490 kilotons (iitoni ezi-540,000 ezisemgangathweni) ngo-2013, ukwehla kwe-16% ukusuka kubungakanani bo-2012. Ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwe-alumina ziquka izinto ezirhabaxa, isamente, iiseramikhi kunye neekhemikhali.
Amaxabiso e-bauxite engeniswe kwamanye amazwe nethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ayahluka ngokwemvelaphi, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nomgangatho. Amaxabiso e-bauxite e-calcined engeniswe kwamanye amazwe evela kwimithombo ephambili ngo-2013 yayiyi-$813/t ($737/st) evela eBrazil (enyuke nge-5%) kunye ne-$480/t ($435/st) evela eTshayina (ehlile kancinci) kunye ne-$441 It ($400/st) evela eGuyana (ehlile kancinci).
Amaxabiso e-bauxite e-calcined grade engaguqukiyo engeniswe kwimithombo ephambili aqala kwi-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (ehle ngama-20%) ukuya kwi-$65/t ($59/st) eGrisi (enyuke nge-12%) ngo-2013. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-bauxite eyomileyo engenisiweyo ngo-2013 yayiyi-$30/t ($27/st), iphezulu nge-7% kunango-2012. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-alumina engenisiweyo ngo-2013 yayiyi-$396/t ($359/st), iphantsi nge-3% kunango-2012 ngo-2012. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-alumina ethunyelwe ngaphandle evela e-US lehle nge-11% laya kwi-$400 ngo-2013 xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso ka-2012 /t ($363/st).
Amaxabiso e-aluminium aqhubeka ngo-2013 ukuya kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amaxabiso aphantsi e-aluminium kunye neendleko eziphezulu zombane zikhankanywa njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwesixhobo esinye sokunyibilikisa i-aluminium sasekhaya ngo-2013 kunye nesibhengezo sokuvalwa kwesinye isixhobo sokunyibilikisa i-aluminium sokuqala kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amandla Amatsha Ekupheleni kuka-2013 nasekuqaleni kuka-2014, abanini bezixhobo zokunyibilikisa i-aluminium ezintathu eziphambili kunye nababoneleli bamandla bafikelele kwizivumelwano zokubonelela ngombane. Nangona kunjalo, abanini bezinye izixhobo zokunyibilikisa ezimbini bazama ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zamandla ukuze banciphise amaxabiso ombane.
Nangona amaxabiso e-aluminium ezinzile kwikota yokuqala ka-2014, imfuno ye-alumina iya kuxhomekeka kwizivumelwano ezintsha zobonelelo lwamandla nabanye abanyibilikisi. Nangona amaxabiso egesi yendalo e-US eqhubekile nokunyuka kunyaka ophelileyo, kulindeleke ukuba amaxabiso aphantsi aqhubeke nokubonelela ngezibonelelo zeendleko kubacoci be-alumina basekhaya ngo-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite ye-calcined ekumgangatho ongaphiliyo kulindeleke ukuba kuxhomekeke kwimveliso yentsimbi, kodwa ukutshintshwa kwentsimbi nge-aluminium ngabavelisi beemoto ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli kunokunciphisa imfuno yentsimbi kunye neemveliso ze-refractory zokwenza intsimbi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bauxite ye-calcined ekumgangatho ongaphiliyo kulindeleke ukuba kwande ngo-2014 njengoko ishishini le-petroleum liyisebenzisa ngakumbi kwi-abrasives, isamente kunye ne-hydraulic fracturing.*
Ngo-2013, ishishini le-bentonite alizange litshintshe ukusukela ngo-2012. Imveliso iyonke kunye neentengiso zase-US beziziitoni ze-4.95 metric (iitoni ze-5.4 yezigidi zeetoni), xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ze-4.98 metric (iitoni ze-5.5 yezigidi zeetoni) ngo-2012. Imveliso ye-bentonite eyandisiweyo ilawulwa yiWyoming, ilandelwa yi-Utah kunye neMontana. I-Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada kunye neColorado. Ngo-2011, ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo e-US nakwi-recession yehlabathi (2007-2009) kwabonakala kugqityiwe kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yezindlu kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo lwe-bentonite okunxulumene nayo ekugqibeleni kuqala ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo. EMantla Melika (e-US naseKhanada), i-sodium bentonite evuvukileyo ilawula i-calcium bentonite engavuvukiyo, ebalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-97% yemarike iyonke ye-bentonite. Imveliso ye-bentonite engavuvukiyo yenzeka e-Alabama, eMississippi, e-Arizona, eCalifornia naseNevada. Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-bentonite engavuvukiyo zizinto zokubopha isanti ye-foundry, unyango lwamanzi kunye nokuhluza.
Kwihlabathi liphela, umvelisi oyintloko we-sodium activated bentonite yiGrisi. ITshayina, iYiputa kunye neIndiya. I-AMCOL (eyayisakuba yiAmerican Colloid Co.) isaqhubeka nokuba ngumvelisi ophambili we-sodium bentonite onesabelo semarike esimalunga ne-40%, ngelixa iBPM Minerals LLC (inkampani engaphantsi kweHalliburton) inesabelo semarike esimalunga ne-30% e-US. Abanye abavelisi abakhulu be-sodium bentonite yi-MI-LLC, iBlack Hills Bentonite kunye neWyo-Ben. Akukho bavelisi batsha be-bentonite abaqale ukwakhiwa ngo-2013. I-Wyo-Ben Inc. yavula umgodi omtsha kufutshane neThermopolis, eWyoming. Iimali ezigciniweyo zedipozithi kulindeleke ukuba zihlale ubuncinane iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kwengama-20. Iindleko zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zahlala zizinzile, ngelixa amazinga omthwalo welori engatshintshanga ngo-2013.
I-bentonite yodidi lokugrumba yokwemba ioyile negesi kunye nokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo yayiyeyona ndlela iphambili yokusetyenziswa kwe-bentonite eyandisiweyo ngo-2013, ivelisa malunga neetoni ze-metric eziyi-1.15 (iitoni ezimfutshane eziyi-1.26 yezigidi). Inani leerigi ezisebenzayo laqhubeka nokwanda ngo-2013, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukubuya kokugrumba ioyile negesi. Ngokukodwa, ukugrumba ngokuthe tye kwimveliso ye-shale sisicelo esikhulu se-bentonite.
Imakethi yokufunxa inkunkuma yezilwanyana zasekhaya ecoliweyo yeyona marike yesibini ngobukhulu ye-granular expanded bentonite. Nangona inqwaba yezilwanyana zasekhaya ifikelele kwi-1.24 metric tons (1.36 million metric tons) ngo-2005, iye yatshintshatshintsha phakathi kwe-1.05 kunye ne-1.08 metric tons (1.15 kunye ne-1.19 million metric tons) kule minyaka idlulileyo, kunye nemakethi emalunga ne-1.05 metric tons (1.15 million metric tons) ngo-2013 mt).
Iipellets zesinyithi ze-bentonite ekhulisiweyo bezizezona marike zinkulu zesithathu, zikhula zaya kwi-550 kilotons (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-606.000) ngo-2013 njengoko imfuno yentsimbi yanda kwimveliso yeemoto nezixhobo ezinzima zase-US.
Ukususela ngo-2011, umyinge we-bentonite ekhutshiweyo esetyenziswa njenge-binder kwisanti yokubumba isinyithi nezinye izinyithi udlula ii-500 carats (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-550,000). Ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezintsha akuzichaphazelanga kakhulu ezi marike zine ezinkulu ze-granular kunye ne-powdered bentonite.
Imakethi ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjineli bokwakha, eyahlulwe ngokwahlukileyo kowama-2005, yayiyi-175 carats (192,000 short tons), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba imakethi yaqala ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo emva kokwehla koqoqosho ngo-2008. Imakethi ye-bentonite yokuthintela amanzi kunye nokuvala yaqhubeka nokukhula kunye neshishini lokwakha emva kokwehla koqoqosho e-US, yafikelela kwi-150 carats (165,000 short tons) ngo-2013. Imakethi yezinye ii-bentonite ezincinci ezandisiweyo zezinto zokuncamathelisa, ukutya kwezilwanyana, izinto zokuzalisa kunye nezinto zokuzalisa, kunye nezinye izinto ngokubanzi azikabuyeli kwimeko yesiqhelo yoqoqosho ngo-2008.
Inxalenye encinci yemarike ye-bentonite igxile kwimveliso yesiselo newayini kunye ne-organoclay. I-AMCOL, iSouthern Clay Products, iSud Chemie kunye ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. zilandela imarike ye-bentonite nanocomposite. I-Elementis yandise isityalo sayo se-hectorite esandisiweyo eNewbury Springs, eCalif., kwixesha leminyaka emininzi, iphinda kabini amandla ayo angaphambili kwaye yenza ukuba isebenze kakuhle ngamandla. I-Elementis iyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa iimveliso ze-organoclay ezingabizi kakhulu ezifana neBentone 910, iBentone 920 kunye neBentone 990 zamanzi okubhola asekelwe kwioyile.
Ukususela kwixesha lokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2008, izinga lokutshintshiselana ngedola yaseMelika lincede ekunyuseni ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bentonite. Ngo-2013, abavelisi be-bentonite basekhaya baxele ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-950 carats (1.05 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) ze-bentonite ukuze zigrumbe udaka, izihlanganisi zesanti yesiseko kunye nezinye iimarike ezahlukeneyo. Inani elincinci le-bentonite lingeniswe eKhanada. 2013.1 IMexico neGrisi
I-Bismuth yinto enzima enxulumene neekhemikhali ne-antimony. Yimveliso ephuma kwi-lead kunye ne-tungsten extraction, kwaye kancinci i-copper kunye ne-tin. I-antimony yinto ephuma kwi-chemical element ekhaphukhaphu. Yimveliso ephuma kwi-metals ezifana ne-lead, isilivere kunye negolide. Eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-bismuth kunye ne-antimony yi-compound.
Iikhompawundi zeBismuth kunye ne-antimony kunye nokusetyenziswa okungeyo-metallic okunxulumene noko kubangela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi zinto zeekhemikhali. Azisetyenziswa rhoqo njengesinyithi okanye i-alloy.
Iqela elikhulu elisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-bismuth liqela leekhemikhali, eliquka amayeza afana nePepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), izinto zokuthambisa amehlo ezinefuthe le-pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ii-catalysts, kunye nezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezifana neepeyinti (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Iqela elilandelayo elibalulekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth liqela le-metallurgical additive, eliyilwe lithintela ukwakheka kwe-graphite kwi-carbon supersaturated molded steel, likhuthaza ukucutshungulwa kwentsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminium ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye likhuthaza ukugqunywa okufanayo kwi-galvanizing. Kuzo zonke iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zeli qela le-additive, i-bismuth ayisebenzi njenge-alloying agent, kodwa isebenza njenge-catalyst ethintela, ekhuthaza okanye evelisa ii-reactions okanye ii-properties ezithile. Intsimbi ifuna i-bismuth okanye i-selenium eyi-0.1% kuphela ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Xa ithelekiswa nala maqela okusetyenziswa, iqela le-bismuth alloy libalelwa kuphela kwinani elincinci le-bismuth kwaye lisetyenziswa kwi-fusible alloys, kwezinye ii-alloys ezisezantsi zokunyibilika, kunye neembumbulu.
Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-antimony kukuyithintela ilangatye, ikakhulu ekuphatheni iiplastiki, izincamathelisi kunye nempahla. I-antimony oxide inendima ekhethekileyo njenge-gas-phase free radical quencher kwi-flame retardants, kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-halogenated ezisetyenziswa njenge-flame retardants.
Olunye udidi lweemveliso ezingezizo ezesinyithi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipigment nakwiglasi (kuquka iiceramics). I-Antimony oxide kwiiglasi ezininzi nakwiceramics isebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony kwiiglasi ezikhethekileyo ingazicacisa. Iqela le-antimony lead kunye ne-alloy liqulathe ikakhulu i-antimony lead esetyenziswa kwiibhetri zeemoto ezisebenzisa ipetroli.
Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kuqala kwinto engenakwenzeka (i-bismuth kumayeza esisu nakwizinto zokuthambisa kuba isasazeke ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kubunzima obuncitshisiweyo, njenge-antimony kwi-flame retardants, izongezo ze-metallurgical kunye ne-bismuth kwi-galvanizing, i-antimony kwiglasi i-Bismuth kwi-Additives kunye ne-Catalysts. Eyona ndlela ilula, ilula kwaye ingabizi kakhulu yokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-bismuth kwi-fusible alloys kunye nezinye ii-alloys kunye ne-antimony kwi-battery antimony lead plates.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bismuth metal e-US akuzange kutshintshe kakhulu ngo-2012 nango-2013 kwiitoni eziyi-1,699 (iitoni ezimfutshane eziyi-1,872) kunye neetoni eziyi-1,708 (iitoni ezimfutshane eziyi-1,882). I-Antimony oxide, eyona ingeniswe kakhulu ngomthamo, yayiyi-20.7 carats (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-22,800) (zizonke) ngo-2012 kunye ne-21.9 carats (iitoni ezingama-24,100) ngo-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci. Iinyanga ezimbini zedatha ka-2014 zibonisa ukuba le ndlela iyaqhubeka. I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisapapashi uphando lwayo lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth lwekota.
Isimbuku sonyaka sokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth (esipapashwe kutshanje) sonyaka ka-2011 eMelika yayiziitoni ezingama-222 (iitoni ezingama-245) kwiqela lezongezo ze-metallurgical kunye neetoni ezingama-54 (iitoni ezingama-59) zee-bismuth alloys. Ibhalansi ikakhulu yeyeekhemikhali, 6681 (736 st).
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-antimony kwe-USGS eMelika bekungama-21.7 carats (23,900 short tons) ngo-2012 kunye nama-24 carats (26,500 short tons) ngo-2013.
Ukuba akukho datha ininzi, iziphumo zika-2013 ze-bismuth azitshintshanga kangako. Kwi-antimony, ephonononga idatha encinci, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngo-2013 kufanele kube malunga ne-10% ngaphezulu kuno-2012. Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala ngathi ayitshintshi kwaye i-antimony yehle kancinci.
Iiminerali ezine ziqulathe ama-90 ekhulwini eeborate ezisetyenziswa lishishini kwihlabathi liphela—i-sodium borate, i-calcium tin, kunye ne-potassium; i-calcium borate, i-duomolite; kunye ne-calcium sodium borate, i-sodalite. I-Borax yinto emhlophe ekristale eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, eyenzeka ngokwendalo kwi-mineral tin. I-Boric acid sisixhobo esiqinileyo esingenambala, esikristale esithengiswa ngobuchwephesha, ngokwemiyalelo karhulumente kunye namanqanaba omgangatho okhethekileyo kwimo ye-granular okanye ye-powder, edla ngokuba yi-anhydrous boric acid. Iidiphozithi zeBorate zinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kunye nemozulu eyomileyo, kunye neediphozithi ezinkulu ezisebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kwi-US Mojave Desert kufutshane ne-boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America. Umgangatho wesixhobo okanye indawo egciniweyo uhlala ulinganiswa ngokwe-boron trioxide yayo (B,0,) elingana nayo.
Imveliso yase-US yeeminerali ze-boron kunye neekhompawundi inyuke kancinci ukusuka ngo-2013; Iitotali ziyagcinwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukutyhilwa kwedatha yenkampani. Iinkampani ezimbini eMzantsi California zivelisa iiminerali ze-boron, ikakhulu i-sodium borate. I-Rio Tinto Borax, inkampani ephethwe ngokupheleleyo yiRio Tinto Minerals ese-UK, ikhupha i-core rock kunye ne-tin-calcium ngeendlela zokumba imigodi evulekileyo kwimisebenzi yayo eBoron, eCalifornia. Ezi minerali zicutshungulwa zibe yi-boric acid okanye iimveliso ze-sodium borate kwiindawo zokucocisa kufutshane nomgodi kwaye zithunyelwa ngololiwe okanye ngelori kubathengi eMntla Melika okanye zithengiswe kumazwe ngamazwe ngePort of Los Angeles. Iiborate ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neemveliso zezolimo, zokugcina iinkuni kunye nezokurhoxisa ilangabi, ziveliswa eWilmington, CA, eBorax.plant. I-Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ivelisa i-borax kunye ne-boric acid kwi-potassium kunye ne-sodium borate brine kwisakhiwo sayo saseSearles Lake kufutshane neTrôna, eCalifornia. Kwizityalo ze-SVM's Trôna kunye neWestend, ezi brine zicocwa zibe yi-anhydrous, decahydrate kunye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Iiminerali zeBoron kunye neekhemikhali zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumantla asembindini nasempuma ye-United States. Iipateni zokusasazwa eziqikelelweyo zeekhompawundi zeBoron ezisetyenziswa e-United States ngo-2013 yayiyiglasi kunye neeseramikhi, 80%; isepha, iisepha, kunye neebleaches, 4%; ezolimo, 4%; ii-enamel kunye neeglaze, 3% kunye nezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa, 9%. IBoron isetyenziswa kwiglasi njengesongezelelo sokunciphisa ukwanda kobushushu; ukuphucula amandla, ukumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nokuqina; kwaye ibonelela ngokumelana nokungcangcazela, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu. I-insulation kunye ne-fiberglass yelaphu zezona ndlela zininzi zokusetyenziswa kwe-borates kwihlabathi liphela.
I-Boron sesona sizakhamzimba sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuveliswa kwembewu. Izichumisi ze-Boron zifumaneka kakhulu kwi-borax nakwi-monetite, ezinokuziswa ngamanzi atshizwayo okanye okunkcenkceshela ngenxa yokuba zinyibilika kakhulu emanzini.
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-sodium borate e-US bekuyi-650 kt (716,000 st) ngo-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci ukusuka kwi-646 kt (712,000 st) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid akutshintshanga kwi-190 kt (209,000 st). Ixabiso leyunithi yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid linyuke ukusuka kwi-$816/t ($740/st) ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-$910/t ($740/st) ngo-2013. Oyena mntu uphumelele ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 yayinguMzantsi Korea, obanga iipesenti ezingama-20. Ukungeniswa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 bekuyi-53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), malunga ne-4% ngaphantsi kuno-2012. Malunga ne-64% ye-boric acid engenisiweyo ngo-2013 ivela eTurkey. Ixabiso leyunithi yokungeniswa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 yayiyi-$687/t ($623/st), ukusuka kwi-$687/t ($623/st), ukusuka kwi-$687/t. $782/1 ($709/st) ngo-2012.
ITurkey kunye ne-United States zikhokele ihlabathi kwimveliso ye-borate ngo-2013. Ngaphandle kwemveliso yase-US, ubunzima be-borate yehlabathi buqikelelwe kwiitoni ze-4.9 metric (iitoni ze-5.4 yezigidi) ngo-2013, ukonyuka nge-11 ekhulwini ukusuka ngo-2012.
IArgentina ngumvelisi omkhulu we-boron ore eMzantsi Melika. Ukwanda kwemveliso ye-borate kutshanje eArgentina, ingakumbi i-boric acid, kungenxa yokwanda kwemfuno ye-borates evela kumashishini e-ceramic kunye neglasi e-Asia naseMntla Melika.