Cov Lus Cim Los Ntawm Tus Kws Kho: Txhua Xyoo. Kev Tsim Kho Mining muaj Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Kev Lag Luam. Muaj ntau tus neeg uas tau siv sijhawm ntau los tsim cov khoom siv rau qhov teeb meem no, thaum tseem ua lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Ua tsaug rau Cov Kws Kho ntawm Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Txhua Xyoo ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Kev Lag Luam, Tus Thawj Coj thiab Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Khoom Siv Hauv Kev Lag Luam thiab Cov Khoom Siv Sib Sau Ua Ke, thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khoom lag luam ib tus zuj zus.
Rajesh Raitani yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm SME ntawm Cytec Industries Inc. thiab yog tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm rau Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Cov Pob Zeb.
Lawv txoj kev pab ua rau muaj tau tsab ntawv xov xwm Industrial Minerals lub Xya Hli no. Sawv cev rau kuv cov nyeem ntawv, cov neeg kho xov xwm ua tsaug rau lawv.
Plaub lub tuam txhab - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. thiab Unimin Corp. - Tau khawb av nplaum pob zeb hauv plaub lub xeev xyoo 2013. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pib, kev tsim khoom yog 1 metric ton (1.1 lab tons luv) nrog tus nqi kwv yees li ntawm $ 47 lab. Kev tsim khoom nce 3 feem pua ​​​​​​los ntawm 973 carats (1.1 lab tons luv) hauv xyoo 2012, muaj nqis ntawm $ 45.1 lab. Tennessee yog tus tsim khoom ua ntej, suav txog 64% ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev, ua raws li Texas. Mississippi thiab Kentucky. Kwv yees li 67% ntawm tag nrho cov av nplaum pob zeb tsim tawm yog cua ntab, 22% yog av nplaum ntxhib lossis tsoo, thiab 11% yog dej slurry.
Xyoo 2013, cov neeg tsim khoom siv pob zeb hauv tsev tau muag av nplaum rau cov lag luam hauv qab no: cov vuas ceramic hauv pem teb thiab phab ntsa (44%); xa tawm (21%); cov khoom siv huv (18%); ntau yam ceramics (9%); los ntawm kev siv kawg hauv xyoo 2012 Hom thiab kev ua lag luam tam sim no, cov khoom sau, cov khoom txuas thiab cov khoom khi thiab kev siv tsis tau teev tseg (4% txhua). Lwm cov lag luam suav rau tsawg dua 1% ntawm cov av nplaum pob seem uas muag lossis siv. Kev muag khoom tau tshaj tawm rau kev tsim cov fiberglass lossis feem ntau cov khoom sau, cov khoom sau thiab cov ntawv thov khi yuav yog cov av nplaum kaolin uas tau khawb lossis yuav los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom siv pob zeb.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb ua ntej ntawm cov neeg tsim cov av nplaum hauv tebchaws, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov av nplaum hauv tebchaws yog nyob ib ncig ntawm US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) hauv xyoo 2013, piv rau US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) hauv xyoo 2012. Cov nqi ib chav ntawm cov av nplaum xa tawm thiab xa tuaj yog $ 126 / t ($ 114 / st) thiab $ 373 / t ($ 338 / st) feem ntau hauv xyoo 2013, piv rau $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) thiab $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) hauv xyoo 2013) hauv xyoo 2012, feem. Tus nqi ib chav ntawm feem ntau cov khoom xa tawm ntau tau nce hauv xyoo 2013, thiab cov khoom xa tawm tsawg-tonnage, muaj nqis siab tau ob npaug hauv xyoo 2013 piv rau xyoo 2012, ua rau cov khoom xa tawm nruab nrab muaj nqis ob npaug. Ob qho khoom xa tawm tsawg-tonnage, muaj nqis siab hauv xyoo 2013 yog qhov ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm tus nqi xa tawm.
Raws li US Census Bureau, muaj 4,681 tons (516 tons) ntawm cov av nplaum pob zeb tau raug xa tuaj rau xyoo 2013, uas muaj nqis txog $174,000, piv rau 436 tons (481 tons) uas muaj nqis txog $137,000 hauv xyoo 2012. Feem ntau ntawm cov av nplaum pob zeb tau raug xa tuaj los ntawm United Kingdom. Lub Chaw Suav Pej Xeem hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tshaj tawm tias cov khoom xa tawm hauv xyoo 2013 yog 52.2 carats (57,500 tons luv luv) uas muaj nqis $ 6.6 lab, piv rau 74 carats (81.600 tons) hauv xyoo 2012, Muaj Nqis $ 4.58 lab. Cov chaw tseem ceeb rau cov av nplaum pob xa tawm yog descending, Belgium, cov chaw xa khoom loj hauv Tebchaws Europe, Venezuela thiab Nicaragua. Peb lub tebchaws no tau txais 58 feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov khoom xa tawm av nplaum pob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov neeg tsim khoom hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau tshaj tawm ob mus rau peb npaug ntawm cov khoom xa tawm ntau dua li Lub Chaw Suav Pej Xeem hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv lag luam xa khoom los ntawm Mev Ministry of Economy, cov khoom xa tawm ntawm cov av nplaum pob ntawm cov tonnage loj xa los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas mus rau Mexico tuaj yeem raug cais ua kaolin.
Lub zeem muag rau kev lag luam av nplaum pob yog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev muag khoom thaum lub tebchaws Asmeskas kev lag luam txuas ntxiv rov zoo los ntawm kev lag luam poob qis. Xyoo 2013, kev tsim kho lag luam thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev muag khoom av nplaum pob vim lawv siv rau hauv kev tsim cov vuas ceramic thiab cov khoom siv huv. Lub Chaw Suav Neeg Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm 923,000 chav tsev ntiag tug pib hauv xyoo 2013, piv rau 781,000 pib hauv xyoo 2012, nce 18 feem pua. Tus nqi ntawm cov tsev nyob thiab tsis yog tsev nyob ua tiav hauv xyoo 2013 nce 5 feem pua ​​mus rau $ 898 billion los ntawm $ 857 billion hauv xyoo 2012. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem kev txeeb vaj tse raug daws teeb meem hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, txo cov tsev khoob hauv kev ua lag luam. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txhim kho no, kev pib vaj tse tseem qis dua qib ua ntej kev lag luam poob qis.
Kev muag khoom hauv tsev ntawm cov av nplaum pob kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum pob xws li cov vuas thiab cov khoom siv huv. Xyoo 2013, cov vuas xa khoom tau poob los ntawm $ 62.1 lab ntawm 5.86 square meters (63.1 lab square feet) xyoo 2012 mus rau 5.58 square meters (60.1 lab square feet) muaj nqis $ 64.7 lab. Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov vuas raws li Harmonized Tariff Schedule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm ntim, Tuam Tshoj (22%); Mexico (21%); Ltalis thiab Qaib Cov Txwv (10% txhua tus); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru thiab Spain (5% txhua tus). Kev xa khoom siv hauv chav dej nce ntxiv los ntawm 25.2 lab hauv xyoo 2012 mus rau 29.7 lab hauv xyoo 2013. Tuam Tshoj suav txog 14.7 lab (49%) ntawm kev xa khoom siv hauv chav dej hauv Asmeskas hauv xyoo 2013, thiab Mexico 11.6 lab (39%). Kev xa khoom siv vuas ceramic thiab cov khoom siv hauv chav dej Cov neeg tsim khoom siv av nplaum pob los ntawm Mexico tsis tshua saib xyuas cov neeg tsim khoom siv av nplaum pob hauv tebchaws dua li cov neeg los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, vim tias cov neeg tsim khoom hauv Asmeskas yog cov neeg xa khoom siv av nplaum pob tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam ceramic hauv Mev. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsim kho qhia tau hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm kev muag khoom siv av nplaum pob hauv tebchaws hauv xyoo 2014 yuav zoo ib yam li xyoo 2013.*
Yuav luag txhua yam bauxite uas siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog xa tuaj los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Alabama, Arkansas, thiab Georgia tsim cov bauxite thiab bauxite av nplaum me me rau kev siv uas tsis yog hlau.
Xyoo 2013, cov hlau bauxite (qhuav qhuav) uas xa tuaj rau Asmeskas muaj tag nrho 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 lab tonnes) txo qis 5% ntawm xyoo 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) thiab Brazil (25%) yog cov neeg xa khoom loj tshaj plaws rau Asmeskas xyoo 2013. Xyoo 2013, cov hlau bauxite calcined uas hnyav 131-carat (144,400 tons luv luv) tau xa tuaj rau Asmeskas, nce 58% txhua xyoo.
Kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv refractory qib calcined bauxite nce ntxiv piv rau xyoo 2012, ua rau muaj kev rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom muag thaum kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv refractory raws li bauxite txo qis piv rau xyoo 2012. Kev tsim cov hlau hauv tsev, uas yog kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv refractory raws li bauxite, poob qis li 2% hauv xyoo 2013, piv rau xyoo 2012. Tuam Tshoj (49%) thiab Guyana (44%) yog cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa khoom refractory-qib calcined bauxite hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
Xyoo 2013, cov khoom siv bauxite uas tsis yog refractory calcined tag nrho muaj 455 carats (501,500 luv tons) nce 40% piv rau xyoo 2012. Kev loj hlob no yog vim muaj kev siv bauxite ntau ntxiv hauv cov cement, kev lag luam roj ua cov khoom siv rau hydraulic fracturing, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom hlau. Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) thiab Brazil (20%) yog cov chaw tseem ceeb.
Xyoo 2013, Tebchaws Meskas tau xa tawm 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, uas yog 40% nce ntxiv piv rau xyoo 2012, nrog rau Canada (72%) thiab Mexico (7%) yog cov chaw xa khoom tseem ceeb. Xyoo 2013, Tebchaws Meskas tau xa tawm ntau yam tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsis-refractory grade calcined bauxite, piv rau kwv yees li 13 kilotons (14,300 short tons) hauv xyoo 2012. Cov khoom xa tawm coarse dry bauxite tag nrho yuav luag 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons), uas yog 59% txo qis piv rau xyoo 2012, nrog rau Canada (82%) yog cov chaw xa khoom tseem ceeb.
Xyoo 2013, kev tsim cov alumina hauv tebchaws kwv yees li ntawm 4.1 metric tons (4.6 lab luv tons), poob qis 7% los ntawm xyoo 2012. Qhov kev poob qis no yog vim muaj kev tsim khoom tsawg dua ntawm Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. Ob feem peb ntawm nws lub peev xwm raug kaw thaum Lub Yim Hli thiab ib feem peb seem thaum Lub Kaum Hli. Lub chaw refinery raug muag rau Almatis GmbH thiab rov pib dua thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis.
Tag nrho cov alumina xa tuaj rau xyoo 2013 yog 2.05 metric tons (2.26 lab tus qauv tons), nce 8% piv rau xyoo 2012 alumina xa tuaj. Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) thiab Brazil (12%) yog cov chaw tseem ceeb. Tag nrho cov alumina xa tawm hauv xyoo 2013 yog 2.25 metric tons (2.48 lab tus qauv tons), nce 27% piv rau xyoo 2012 xa tawm. Ntawm lawv, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) thiab Iceland (13%) yog cov chaw tseem ceeb.
Tag nrho cov kev siv bauxite hauv tsev (ntawm qhov sib npaug qhuav nyoos) hauv xyoo 2013 tau kwv yees li ntawm 9.8 mt (10.1 lab tus qauv tons), siab dua 2% piv rau xyoo 2012. Ntawm qhov no, kwv yees li 8.8 metric tons (9.1 lab tus qauv tons) tau siv los tsim alumina. qis dua 6% piv rau xyoo dhau los. Lwm yam kev siv bauxite suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv abrasives, cement, tshuaj lom neeg thiab refractories, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam roj, kev tsim hlau thiab kev kho dej.
Xyoo 2013, kev siv alumina hauv tebchaws tag nrho yog 3.89 metric tons (4.29 lab tus qauv tons), txo qis 6% los ntawm xyoo 2012. Alumina uas lwm cov lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas siv yog kwv yees li 490 kilotons (540,000 tus qauv tons) xyoo 2013, txo qis 16% los ntawm xyoo 2012. Lwm yam kev siv alumina suav nrog cov khoom siv abrasives, cement, ceramics thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Tus nqi rau cov bauxite xa tuaj thiab xa tawm txawv ntawm qhov chaw, qhov chaw mus thiab qib. Tus nqi rau cov khoom siv refractory qib calcined bauxite los ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 2013 yog $ 813 / t ($ 737 / st) los ntawm Brazil (nce 5%) thiab $ 480 / t ($ 435 / st) los ntawm Tuam Tshoj (qis me ntsis) thiab $ 441 Nws ($ 400 / st) los ntawm Guyana (qis me ntsis).
Tus nqi rau cov bauxite uas tsis yog refractory qib calcined uas xa tuaj ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb yog txij li $ 56 / t ($ 51 / st) hauv Australia (qis 20%) txog $ 65 / t ($ 59 / st) hauv tebchaws Greece (nce 12%) hauv xyoo 2013. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov bauxite qhuav uas xa tuaj hauv xyoo 2013 yog $ 30 / t ($ 27 / st), siab dua 7% piv rau xyoo 2012. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm alumina xa tuaj hauv xyoo 2013 yog $ 396 / t ($ 359 / st), qis dua 3% piv rau xyoo 2012 2012. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm alumina xa tawm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas poob qis 11% mus rau $ 400 hauv xyoo 2013 piv rau xyoo 2012 tus nqi / t ($ 363 / st).
Tus nqi txhuas txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo 2013 txog rau peb lub hlis thawj zaug ntawm xyoo 2014. Tus nqi txhuas qis thiab tus nqi hluav taws xob siab yog cov laj thawj rau kev kaw ib lub chaw ua hlau txhuas hauv tebchaws hauv xyoo 2013 thiab kev tshaj tawm txog kev kaw lwm lub chaw ua hlau txhuas hauv peb lub hlis thawj zaug ntawm xyoo 2014. Zog Tshiab Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2013 thiab pib ntawm xyoo 2014, cov tswv ntawm peb lub chaw ua hlau txhuas thiab cov neeg muab hluav taws xob tau pom zoo rau kev muab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tswv ntawm ob lub chaw ua hlau lwm tus tab tom sim sib tham txog kev pom zoo hluav taws xob kom txo tus nqi hluav taws xob.
Txawm hais tias tus nqi txhuas tau ruaj khov hauv peb lub hlis thawj zaug ntawm xyoo 2014, qhov kev thov alumina yuav nyob ntawm cov ntawv cog lus tshiab rau kev muab hluav taws xob nrog qee lub tuam txhab smelting. Txawm hais tias tus nqi roj av hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txuas ntxiv nce siab dua xyoo tas los no, tus nqi qis dua yuav txuas ntxiv muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tuam txhab refining alumina hauv tebchaws hauv xyoo 2014.
Kev xa tawm cov bauxite uas tau calcined refractory-grade yuav vam khom kev tsim hlau, tab sis kev hloov cov hlau nrog txhuas los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim tsheb kom txhim kho kev siv roj tsawg yuav txo qhov kev xav tau hlau thiab cov khoom siv refractory rau kev ua hlau. Kev siv cov bauxite uas tsis tau calcined qib yuav nce ntxiv hauv xyoo 2014 vim tias kev lag luam roj av siv nws ntxiv rau cov khoom siv abrasives, cement thiab hydraulic fracturing.*
Xyoo 2013, kev lag luam bentonite tseem tsis tau hloov pauv los ntawm xyoo 2012. Tag nrho cov khoom tsim thiab muag hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 4.95 metric tons (5.4 lab metric tons), piv rau 4.98 metric tons (5.5 lab metric tons) hauv xyoo 2012. Kev tsim cov bentonite nthuav dav yog Wyoming tswj hwm, ua raws li Utah thiab Montana.Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada thiab Colorado. Los ntawm xyoo 2011, kev rov zoo los ntawm kev lag luam poob qis hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab thoob ntiaj teb (2007-2009) zoo li tau ua tiav tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev siv bentonite hauv kev tsim kho thaum kawg pib rov zoo. Hauv North America (Tebchaws Meskas thiab Canada), sodium bentonite uas o tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov calcium bentonite uas tsis o tuaj, suav txog ntau dua 97% ntawm kev lag luam bentonite tag nrho. Kev tsim cov bentonite uas tsis nthuav dav tshwm sim hauv Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California thiab Nevada. Kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm bentonite uas tsis nthuav dav yog cov khoom siv xuab zeb foundry, kev kho dej thiab kev lim dej.
Thoob ntiaj teb, lub teb chaws tseem ceeb uas tsim cov sodium activated bentonite yog tim Greece. Suav teb, Egypt thiab Is Nrias teb. AMCOL (yav tas los hu ua American Colloid Co.) tseem yog lub teb chaws tseem ceeb uas tsim cov sodium bentonite nrog kwv yees li 40% ntawm kev lag luam, thaum BPM Minerals LLC (lub tuam txhab me ntawm Halliburton) muaj kwv yees li 30% ntawm kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Lwm lub tuam txhab tsim cov sodium bentonite loj yog MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite thiab Wyo-Ben. Tsis muaj cov tuam txhab tsim cov bentonite tshiab pib tsim kho hauv xyoo 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. tau qhib lub qhov av tshiab ze ntawm Thermopolis, Wyoming. Cov peev txheej ntawm cov nyiaj khaws cia yuav kav ntev li 10 txog 20 xyoo. Cov nqi khoom siv raw tseem ruaj khov, thaum cov nqi thauj khoom tsis hloov pauv hauv xyoo 2013.
Kev siv bentonite rau kev khawb roj thiab roj av yog qhov siv bentonite nthuav dav tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2013, tsim tau kwv yees li 1.15 metric tons (1.26 lab tons luv). Tus naj npawb ntawm cov rigs uas nquag ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv hauv xyoo 2013, lees paub qhov rov qab los ntawm kev khawb roj thiab roj av. Tshwj xeeb, kev khawb kab rov tav rau kev tsim shale yog ib qho kev siv bentonite loj.
Lub lag luam nqus cov khib nyiab tsiaj uas muaj cov khoom qab zib yog lub lag luam thib ob loj tshaj plaws rau cov bentonite uas nthuav dav. Txawm hais tias cov neeg coob ntawm cov khib nyiab tsiaj tau txog 1.24 metric tons (1.36 lab metric tons) hauv xyoo 2005, nws tau hloov pauv ntawm 1.05 thiab 1.08 metric tons (1.15 thiab 1.19 lab metric tons) dhau xyoo, nrog rau kev lag luam ntawm kwv yees li 1.05 metric tons (1.15 lab metric tons) hauv xyoo 2013 mt).
Cov hlau pellets rau kev nthuav dav bentonite yog qhov kev lag luam loj thib peb, loj hlob mus rau 550 kilotons (606.000 luv tons) hauv xyoo 2013 raws li qhov xav tau hlau nce ntxiv rau Asmeskas tsheb thiab cov khoom siv hnyav.
Txij li xyoo 2011, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov bentonite nthuav dav siv ua cov khoom siv hauv cov xuab zeb rau hlau thiab lwm yam hlau tshaj 500 carats (550,000 luv tons). Kev tsim cov khoom tshiab tsis tau cuam tshuam loj rau plaub lub khw loj granular thiab hmoov bentonite nthuav dav no.
Lub lag luam rau bentonite rau kev siv hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse, faib ua pawg sib cais los ntawm xyoo 2005, yog 175 carats (192,000 luv tons), qhia tias lub lag luam pib rov zoo los ntawm kev lag luam poob qis xyoo 2008. Kev lag luam tiv thaiv dej thiab kaw bentonite txuas ntxiv loj hlob nrog kev lag luam kev tsim kho tom qab kev lag luam poob qis hauv Asmeskas, ncav cuag 150 carats (165,000 luv tons) hauv xyoo 2013. Lub lag luam rau lwm cov bentonites me me rau cov nplaum, zaub mov tsiaj, cov khoom sau thiab cov khoom sau, thiab lwm yam kev siv feem ntau tsis tau rov zoo los ntawm kev lag luam poob qis xyoo 2008.
Ib feem me me ntawm kev lag luam bentonite yog tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua kom dej haus thiab cawv txiv hmab ntshiab thiab cov khoom organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie thiab Elementis Specialties Inc. tab tom nrhiav kev lag luam bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis tau nthuav dav nws lub Hoobkas hectorite hauv Newbury Springs, Calif., dhau ntau xyoo, ob npaug ntawm nws lub peev xwm yav dhau los thiab ua rau nws siv hluav taws xob ntau dua. Elementis txuas ntxiv tsim cov khoom organoclay pheej yig dua xws li Bentone 910, Bentone 920 thiab Bentone 990 rau cov roj drilling.
Txij li thaum muaj kev lag luam poob qis thoob ntiaj teb xyoo 2008, tus nqi pauv ntawm cov nyiaj Asmeskas tau pab txhawb kev xa khoom bentonite. Xyoo 2013, cov neeg tsim khoom bentonite hauv tebchaws tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 950 carats (1.05 lab tons luv luv) ntawm bentonite rau kev khawb av nkos, cov xuab zeb foundry thiab lwm yam kev lag luam sib txawv. Muaj me ntsis bentonite tau xa los ntawm Canada.2013.1 Mexico thiab Greece
Bismuth yog ib yam khoom hnyav dua uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog antimony. Nws yog ib yam khoom seem ntawm kev rho tawm cov hlau lead thiab tungsten, thiab rau qhov tsawg dua tooj liab thiab tin. Antimony yog ib yam khoom seem sib dua. Nws yog ib yam khoom seem ntawm kev rho tawm cov hlau xws li hlau lead, nyiaj thiab kub. Kev siv bismuth thiab antimony feem ntau yog ua ib qho tshuaj sib xyaw.
Cov tshuaj Bismuth thiab antimony thiab lwm yam kev siv uas tsis yog hlau yog feem ntau ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg no. Tsis tshua siv ua hlau lossis hlau sib xyaw.
Pawg siv kawg loj tshaj plaws rau bismuth yog pawg tshuaj lom neeg, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj xws li Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), tshuaj pleev qhov muag nrog cov nyhuv pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), cov tshuaj catalysts, thiab lwm yam kev siv tshuaj xws li xim (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Pawg siv kawg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau bismuth yog pawg metallurgical additive, uas nws cov khoom sib xyaw tiv thaiv kev crystallization ntawm graphite los ntawm carbon supersaturated molten steel, txhawb kev ua haujlwm dawb ntawm hlau, tooj liab thiab txhuas, thiab txhawb kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv galvanizing. Rau txhua daim ntawv thov ntawm pawg ntxiv no, bismuth tsis ua haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev alloying, tab sis ua haujlwm ua tus catalyst uas tiv thaiv, txhawb lossis tsim qee yam kev cuam tshuam lossis cov khoom. Hlau tsuas yog xav tau 0.1% bismuth lossis selenium rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Piv rau cov pawg siv kawg no, pawg bismuth alloy tsuas yog muaj me me ntawm bismuth thiab siv rau hauv fusible alloys, lwm cov alloys qis melting point, thiab mos txwv.
Kev siv antimony ntau tshaj plaws yog ua cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, feem ntau yog siv rau kev kho cov yas, cov nplaum thiab cov ntaub. Antimony oxide muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua cov roj-theem dawb quencher hauv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, hauv ntau yam khoom siv halogenated tseem ceeb siv ua cov tshuaj tua hluav taws.
Lwm pawg ntawm cov khoom tsis yog hlau feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov xim thiab iav (suav nrog cov khoom siv av nplaum). Antimony oxide hauv feem ntau cov iav thiab cov khoom siv av nplaum ua haujlwm ua lub opacifier, tab sis antimony hauv cov iav tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem ua rau lawv meej. Cov hlau lead thiab alloy antimony feem ntau muaj cov hlau lead antimony siv rau hauv cov roj teeb tsheb siv roj av.
Kev siv rov qab tau ntau yam los ntawm yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua (bismuth hauv cov tshuaj kho mob plab thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce vim nws tau tawg tag) mus rau qhov nyuaj txo qis, xws li antimony hauv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, cov khoom ntxiv rau metallurgical thiab bismuth hauv galvanizing, antimony hauv iav Bismuth hauv Additives thiab Catalysts. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws, yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj plaws los siv rov qab bismuth hauv fusible alloys thiab lwm yam alloys thiab antimony hauv cov roj teeb antimony lead plates.
Tebchaws Asmeskas cov hlau bismuth uas xa tuaj rau xyoo 2012 thiab 2013 tseem tsis tau hloov pauv ntau ntawm 1,699 tons (1,872 luv tons) thiab 1,708 tons (1,882 luv tons). Antimony oxide, uas xa tuaj ntau tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov ntim, yog 20.7 carats (22,800 luv tons) (tag nrho) hauv xyoo 2012 thiab 21.9 carats (24,100 tons) hauv xyoo 2013, nce me ntsis. Ob lub hlis ntawm xyoo 2014 cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias tus qauv no tseem txuas ntxiv mus. Lub Tebchaws Meskas Geological Survey (USGS) tsis tshaj tawm nws daim ntawv soj ntsuam kev siv bismuth txhua peb lub hlis lawm.
Xyoo 2011 (qhov luam tawm tshiab tshaj plaws) kev siv tag nrho txhua xyoo rau kev siv bismuth hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 222 tons (245 tons) rau pawg khoom siv hlau thiab 54 tons (59 tons) rau cov hlau bismuth. Qhov seem yog feem ntau rau cov tshuaj lom neeg, 6681 (736 st).
USGS qhov kev siv antimony pom tseeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 21.7 carats (23,900 luv tons) hauv xyoo 2012 thiab 24 carats (26,500 luv tons) hauv xyoo 2013.
Vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau, cov txiaj ntsig xyoo 2013 rau bismuth tsis tau hloov pauv ntau. Rau antimony, kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsawg, kev siv hauv xyoo 2013 yuav tsum siab dua li 10% piv rau xyoo 2012. Hauv xyoo 2014, bismuth zoo li yuav tsis hloov pauv thiab antimony yuav poob qis me ntsis.
Plaub yam minerals suav txog 90 feem pua ​​ntawm cov borates uas kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb siv—sodium borate, calcium tin, thiab potassium; calcium borate, duomolite; thiab calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax yog ib yam khoom dawb crystalline hu ua sodium tetraborate decahydrate, uas tshwm sim ntuj hauv cov mineral tin. Boric acid yog ib yam khoom tsis muaj xim, crystalline khov uas muag hauv kev kho mob, kev sau ntawv thiab qib zoo tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv granular lossis hmoov, feem ntau yog anhydrous boric acid. Cov nyiaj borate yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm roob hluav taws thiab huab cua qhuav, nrog rau cov nyiaj loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas Mojave Desert ze boron.CA, Alpine Belt ntawm South Asia, Andean Belt ntawm South America. Qhov zoo ntawm cov peev txheej lossis cov khoom khaws cia feem ntau yog ntsuas raws li nws cov boron trioxide (B,0,) sib npaug.
Xyoo 2013 Tebchaws Meskas cov khoom siv boron thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw tau nce me ntsis los ntawm xyoo 2012; Tag nrho cov nyiaj tau khaws cia kom tsis txhob muaj kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tuam txhab. Ob lub tuam txhab hauv Southern California tsim cov pob zeb boron, feem ntau yog sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, ib lub tuam txhab me me ntawm UK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, rho tawm cov pob zeb tseem ceeb thiab tin-calcium los ntawm kev qhib qhov av mining ntawm nws cov haujlwm hauv Boron, California. Cov pob zeb no tau ua tiav rau hauv boric acid lossis sodium borate cov khoom ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm ze ntawm lub qhov av thiab xa los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau lossis tsheb thauj khoom rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv North America lossis muag thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm Chaw nres nkoj ntawm Los Angeles. Cov borates tshwj xeeb, xws li kev ua liaj ua teb, ntoo preservative thiab flame retardant khoom, yog tsim nyob rau hauv Wilmington, CA, hauv Borax. cog. Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) tsim borax thiab boric acid los ntawm potassium thiab sodium borate brines ntawm nws lub chaw Searles Lake ze Trôna, California. Ntawm SVM's Trôna thiab Westend cog, cov brines no tau ua tiav rau hauv anhydrous, decahydrate thiab borax pentahydrate.
Cov zaub mov boron thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau siv rau sab qaum teb nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Cov qauv kev faib tawm kwv yees rau cov tshuaj boron uas siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 2013 yog iav thiab ceramics, 80%; xab npum, tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab tshuaj dawb, 4%; kev ua liaj ua teb, 4%; enamels thiab glazes, 3% thiab lwm yam kev siv, 9%. Boron siv rau hauv iav ua cov khoom ntxiv los txo qhov nthuav dav thermal; txhim kho lub zog, kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev ruaj khov; thiab muab kev tiv thaiv rau kev co, kub siab, thiab kev poob siab thermal. Kev rwb thaiv tsev thiab textile fiberglass yog kev siv borates loj tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb.
Boron yog cov micronutrient siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, feem ntau yog rau kev txhawb nqa kev tsim noob. Cov chiv boron feem ntau yog los ntawm borax thiab monetite, uas tuaj yeem xa los ntawm kev tsuag lossis dej ywg vim lawv cov dej yaj tau zoo.
Xyoo 2013, Tebchaws Meskas cov khoom xa tawm sodium borate yog 650 kt (716,000 st), nce me ntsis ntawm 646 kt (712,000 st) xyoo 2012. Cov khoom xa tawm boric acid tseem tsis hloov pauv ntawm 190 kt (209,000 st). Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xa tawm boric acid tau nce ntxiv los ntawm $816/t ($740/st) xyoo 2012 mus rau $910/t ($740/st) xyoo 2013. Lub tebchaws uas tau txais cov khoom xa tawm boric acid tseem ceeb xyoo 2013 yog Kaus Lim Qab Teb, suav txog 20 feem pua. Cov khoom xa tawm boric acid xyoo 2013 yog 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), qis dua li xyoo 2012 li 4%. Kwv yees li 64% ntawm cov khoom xa tawm boric acid xyoo 2013 los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xa tawm boric acid xyoo 2013 yog $687/t ($623/st), nce ntxiv los ntawm $782/1 ($709/st) xyoo 2012.
Xyoo 2013, Qaib ntxhw thiab Tebchaws Meskas yog cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim cov borate. Yog tsis suav nrog Tebchaws Meskas cov khoom tsim tawm, tag nrho cov borate thoob ntiaj teb kwv yees li ntawm 4.9 metric tons (5.4 lab metric tons) hauv xyoo 2013, uas yog 11 feem pua ​​​​​​nce ntxiv los ntawm xyoo 2012.
Argentina yog lub teb chaws tsim cov boron ore loj hauv South America. Qhov kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev tsim cov borate hauv Argentina, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog boric acid, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev thov ntau ntxiv rau borates los ntawm kev lag luam ceramic thiab iav hauv Asia thiab North America.