Ihe Onye Dere: Kwa Afọ. Injinịa Ngwuputa nwere Nyocha Mineral Industrial. E nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ ndị tinyere oge dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta ihe maka mbipụta a, ebe ha na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ha. Daalụ nye Ndị Dere nke Nyocha Kwa Afọ nke Mineral Industrial, Onyeisi oche na osote Onyeisi nke Kọmitii Teknụzụ nke Ngalaba Mineral Industrial na Aggregates, na ndị dere profaịlụ ngwaahịa nke ọ bụla.
Rajesh Raitani bụ onye otu obere ụlọ ọrụ na obere ụlọ ọrụ Cytec Industries Inc. ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Teknụzụ maka Ngalaba Mineral na Aggregates Industrial.
Enyemaka ha mere ka mbipụta Industrial Minerals nke ọnwa Julaị a kwe omume. N'aha ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ m, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ na-ekele ha.
Ụlọ ọrụ anọ – HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys. Old Hickory Clay Co. na Unimin Corp. – Ejiri ụrọ bọọlụ gwupụta ihe na steeti anọ na 2013. Dịka data mbido si kwuo, mmepụta bụ tọn metric 1 (ton obere 1.1 nde) yana atụmatụ uru nke $47 nde. Mmepụta mụbara pasent 3 site na karat 973 (ton obere 1.1 nde) na 2012, nke ruru $45.1 nde. Tennessee bụ onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị elu, na-aza 64% nke mmepụta n'ime ụlọ, Texas na-esochi ya. Mississippi na Kentucky. Ihe dị ka 67% nke mmepụta ụrọ bọọlụ niile bụ ikuku na-efe efe, 22% bụ ụrọ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke a gwepịara egwepịa, na 11% bụ mmiri slurry.
Na 2013, ndị na-emepụta ụrọ bọọlụ n'ime obodo rere ụrọ n'ahịa ndị a: taịlị seramiiki na mgbidi (44%); mbupụ (21%); ihe ndị dị ọcha (18%); seramiiki dị iche iche (9%); site na njedebe ojiji na 2012 Mode na ahịa ugbu a, ihe ndị na-ejupụta ihe, ihe ndọtị na ihe ndị na-ejikọ na ojiji a na-akọwaghị (4%). Ahịa ndị ọzọ na-enweta ihe na-erughị 1% nke ụrọ bọọlụ fọdụrụnụ e rere ma ọ bụ jiri. Ahịa akọpụtara maka imepụta fiberglass ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe na-ejupụta ihe, ihe na-ejupụta ihe na ihe na-ejikọ ihe nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe e gwupụtara n'ala kaolin ma ọ bụ zụta site n'aka ndị na-emepụta ụrọ bọọlụ.
Dịka nnyocha mbụ e mere n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ụrọ bọọlụ n'ime obodo si kwuo, nkezi ọnụ ahịa ụrọ bọọlụ n'ime obodo dị ihe dị ka US$47/t ($43/t) na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere US$46/t ($42/t) na 2012. Ọnụ ahịa otu nke ụrọ bọọlụ mbupụ na mbubata bụ $126/t ($114/st) na $373/t ($338/st) n'otu n'otu na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere $62/t ($56/st) na $314/t ($285/st) na 2013, n'otu n'otu. Ọnụ ahịa otu nke ọtụtụ mbupụ buru ibu mụbara na 2013, mbupu nke mbupụ dị obere, nke bara uru okpukpu abụọ na 2013 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2012, nke mere ka mbupụ nkezi mụbaa uru okpukpu abụọ. Mbupu abụọ dị obere, nke bara uru na 2013 mere ka uru mbubata mụbaa.
Dịka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ nke US si kwuo, e si mba ọzọ bubata tọn 4,681 (ton 516) nke ụrọ bọọlụ na 2013, nke ruru $174,000, ma e jiri ya tụnyere tọn 436 (ton 481) nke ruru $137,000 na 2012. E si mba United Kingdom bubata ọtụtụ ụrọ bọọlụ ahụ. Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ nke US kọrọ na mbupụ na 2013 bụ karat 52.2 (ton 57,500 dị mkpụmkpụ) ruru nde $6.6, ma e jiri ya tụnyere karat 74 (ton 81.600) na 2012, nke ruru nde $4.58. Ebe ndị bụ isi maka mbupụ ụrọ bọọlụ bụ Belgium, ebe ndị Europe na-ebugharị ụgbọ mmiri, Venezuela na Nicaragua. Mba atọ a na-ejide pasent 58 nke mbupụ ụrọ bọọlụ nke US. Ndị na-emepụta US na-akọkarị mbupụ okpukpu abụọ ruo atọ karịa nke US Census Bureau. Dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ azụmaahịa mbubata nke Mexico Ministry of Akụnụba bipụtara si kwuo, mbupụ ụrọ bọọlụ nke nnukwu tonnage ebuga site na United States gaa Mexico nwere ike ịbụ kaolin.
Echiche maka ụlọ ọrụ ụrọ bọọlụ bụ mmụba na ahịa ka akụ na ụba US na-aga n'ihu na-agbake site na ọdịda akụ na ụba. Na 2013, ọrụ owuwu azụmahịa na owuwu ụlọ dị oke mkpa maka ire ere ụrọ bọọlụ n'ihi ojiji ha na imepụta taịlị seramiiki na ihe ndị dị ọcha. Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ nke US kọrọ na ụlọ obibi nkeonwe 923,000 malitere na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmalite 781,000 na 2012, mmụba pasent 18. Uru nke ụlọ obibi na nke na-abụghị ebe obibi emechara na 2013 mụbara pasent 5 ruo ijeri $898 site na ijeri $857 na 2012. Na mgbakwunye, a na-edozi okwu ndị metụtara mwepụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States, na-ebelata ọnụọgụgụ ụlọ ndị tọgbọ chakoo n'ahịa. N'agbanyeghị mmezi ndị a, mmalite ụlọ ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa tupu ọdịda akụ na ụba.
Ahịa nke ụrọ bọọlụ n'ime obodo na-emetụtakwa mbubata ngwaahịa ndị e ji ụrọ bọọlụ mee dịka taịlị na ihe ndị e ji asa ákwà. Na 2013, mbubata taịlị dara site na $62.1 nde na mita 5.86 (miliọn square feet) na 2012 ruo mita square mita 5.58 (miliọn square feet) ruru $64.7 nde. Isi mmalite nke taịlị dịka koodu nhazi Harmonized Tariff 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 N'usoro mbelata nke olu, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy na Turkey (10% nke ọ bụla); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru na Spain (5% nke ọ bụla). Mbubata ngwa ahịa dị ọcha mụbara site na nde 25.2 na 2012 ruo nde 29.7 na 2013. China ruru nde 14.7 (49%) nke ngwa ahịa dị ọcha nke US na 2013, na Mexico nde 11.6 (39%). Mbubata nke taịlị seramiiki na ngwa ahịa dị ọcha. Ndị na-emepụta ụrọ bọọlụ si Mexico anaghị elebara ndị na-emepụta ụrọ dị ọcha anya karịa ndị si China, ebe ndị na-emepụta US bụ ndị na-ebubata ụrọ bọọlụ na ụlọ ọrụ seramiiki Mexico. Mmụba na ọrụ owuwu na-egosi na mmụba nke ire ere ụrọ dị n'ụlọ na 2014 nwere ike ịdị ka nke 2013.*
Ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ bauxite niile a na-eri na United States ka a na-ebubata. Alabama, Arkansas, na Georgia na-emepụta obere ụrọ bauxite na bauxite maka ojiji na-abụghị nke ígwè.
Mbubata bauxite nke ọkwa ígwè (nke a kpọrọ nkụ) ruru tọn metric 9.8 (nde tọn 10.1) na 2013, nke bụ mbelata 5% site na mbubata 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) na Brazil (25%) bụ ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa kacha elu na US na 2013. Na 2013, e bubatara bauxite nke nwere 131-carat (144,400 obere tọn) nke na-adịghị ike, mmụba nke 58% kwa afọ.
Mbubata nke bauxite nke nwere ọkwa na-adịghị mma mụbara ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2012, nke mere ka e megharịa ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa ka mbupụ ngwaahịa bauxite nke nwere ọkwa na-adịghị mma belatara ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2012. Mmepụta ígwè n'ụlọ, nke bụ isi ihe eji emepụta ngwaahịa bauxite nke nwere isi na-adịghị mma, dara ihe dị ka 2% na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmepụta nke afọ 2012. China (49%) na Guyana (44%) bụ isi ihe si na mbubata bauxite nke nwere ọkwa na-adịghị mma na US.
Mbubata bauxite nke a na-akpọ calcined grade non-refractory grade ruru 455 carats (501,500 short tọn) na 2013, mmụba 40% karịa mbubata 2012. E gosipụtara mmụba a n'ihi mmụba nke ojiji bauxite na simenti, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị ka ihe na-akwalite mgbawa hydraulic, na ndị na-emepụta ígwè. Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) na Brazil (20%) bụ isi ihe ndị a na-enweta.
Na 2013, mba Amerịka na-ebupụ bauxite nke nwere ike ịcha ọcha nke 9-carat (9,900 st) nke na-anaghị emegharị ahụ, nke a bụ mmụba 40% karịa mbupụ na 2012, ebe mba Kanada (72%) na mba Meksiko (7%) bụ isi ebe ha na-aga. Na 2013, mba Amerịka na-ebupụ obere bauxite nke na-anaghị emegharị ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị ka kiloton 13 (ton 14,300) na 2012. Mbupụ bauxite akọrọ nke dị mkpụmkpụ ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 4,000 (ton 4,400), nke bụ mbelata 59% site na mbupụ na 2012, ebe mba Kanada (82%) bụ isi ebe ha na-aga.
A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta alumina n'ime obodo ruru tọn metric 4.1 (nde tọn 4.6) na 2013, nke dara pasent 7 site na 2012. Mbelata ahụ bụ n'ihi obere mmepụta na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe 540 t/y nke Ormet Corp. (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles. E mechiri ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikike ya na Ọgọst na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ fọdụrụ na Ọktoba. E rere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ahụ nye Almatis GmbH ma maliteghachi ya na etiti Disemba.
Mkpokọta ihe e si na alumina bubata na 2013 bụ tọn metric 2.05 (nde tọn ọkọlọtọ 2.26), mmụba 8% karịa mbubata alumina na 2012. Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) na Brazil (12%) bụ isi ihe ndị e si na ya pụta. Mbupụ alumina na 2013 bụ tọn metric 2.25 (nde tọn ọkọlọtọ 2.48), mmụba 27% karịa mbupu na 2012. N'ime ha, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) na Iceland (13%) bụ ebe ndị a na-aga.
A chọpụtara na oriri bauxite n'ime obodo (n'ihe dị ka tọn 10.1 nde) na 2013 ruru 9.8 mt (ton ọkọlọtọ 10.1 nde), nke karịrị 2% karịa nke 2012. N'ime nke a, e jiri ihe dị ka tọn 8.8 metric (ton ọkọlọtọ 9.1 nde) mepụta alumina.6% dị ala karịa afọ gara aga. Ojiji ndị ọzọ e ji bauxite mee gụnyere imepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị nro, simenti, kemịkalụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, tinyere n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, mmepụta ígwè na ọgwụgwọ mmiri.
Ojiji alumina n'ime ụlọ ọrụ aluminom niile n'afọ 2013 bụ tọn metric 3.89 (nde tọn 4.29), mbelata nke 6% site na 2012. Alumina ndị ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na US riri bụ ihe dị ka kiloton 490 (tọn 540,000 ọkọlọtọ) na 2013, mbelata 16% site na ọnụọgụ 2012. Ojiji ndị ọzọ nke alumina gụnyere ihe e ji eme ka ihe dị nro, simenti, seramiiki na kemịkalụ.
Ọnụ ahịa bauxite e si mba ọzọ bịa na nke e si mba ọzọ bịa na-adịgasị iche site na ebe e si bịa, ebe a na-aga na ọkwa ya. Ọnụ ahịa otu maka bauxite a na-esi mba ọzọ enweta site na isi mmalite na 2013 bụ $813/t ($737/st) site na Brazil (elu 5%) na $480/t ($435/st) site na China (ala ntakịrị) na $441 It ($400/st) site na Guyana (ala ntakịrị).
Ọnụ ahịa bauxite a na-akpọ calcined nke na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe nke e si n'ebe ndị isi nweta dị site na $56/t ($51/st) na Australia (dalata 20%) ruo $65/t ($59/st) na Gris (karịa 12%) na 2013. Ọnụ ahịa bauxite akọrọ a na-ebubata na 2013 bụ $30/t ($27/st), 7% karịa na 2012. Ọnụ ahịa alumina a na-ebubata na 2013 bụ $396/t ($359/st), 3% dị ala karịa na 2012 2012. Ọnụ ahịa alumina a na-ebubata na US dara site na 11% ruo $400 na 2013 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ahịa 2012 /t ($363/st).
Ọnụ ahịa aluminom gara n'ihu na 2013 ruo nkeji mbụ nke 2014. A na-ekwu na ọnụ ahịa aluminom dị ala na ọnụ ahịa ọkụ eletrik dị elu bụ ihe kpatara mmechi nke otu igwe na-agbaze aluminom mbụ n'ime obodo na 2013 na ọkwa nke mmechi nke igwe na-agbaze aluminom ọzọ na nkeji mbụ nke 2014. Ike Ọhụrụ Na ngwụcha 2013 na mmalite 2014, ndị nwe igwe na-agbaze aluminom atọ na ndị na-ebunye ọkụ eletrik ruru nkwekọrịta ọkọnọ ọkụ eletrik. Agbanyeghị, ndị nwe igwe na-agbaze aluminom abụọ ndị ọzọ na-agbalị ịkparịta ụka na nkwekọrịta ọkụ eletrik iji belata ọnụ ahịa ọkụ eletrik.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa aluminom anọgidela na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkeji mbụ nke afọ 2014, ọchịchọ alumina ga-adabere na nkwekọrịta ọkụ eletrik ọhụrụ na ụfọdụ ndị na-agbaze ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa gas sitere n'okike nke US anọgidewo na-arị elu n'afọ gara aga, a na-atụ anya na ọnụ ahịa dị ala ga-anọgide na-enye uru ọnụ ahịa nye ndị na-agbaze ihe alumina n'ime ụlọ na 2014.
A na-atụ anya na mbubata bauxite nke a na-akpọ calcined grade refractory ga-adabere na mmepụta ígwè, mana nnọchi ígwè site n'aka ndị na-emepụta ụgbọala iji melite arụmọrụ mmanụ nwere ike ibelata ọchịchọ maka ígwè na ngwaahịa refractory maka imepụta ígwè. A na-atụ anya na oriri nke bauxite nke a na-akpọ calcined grade na-abụghị refractory grade ga-abawanye na 2014 ka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na-eji ya eme ihe maka abrasives, simenti na hydraulic fracturing.*
Na 2013, ụlọ ọrụ bentonite agbanwebeghị site na 2012. Ngụkọta mmepụta na ire ahịa na US bụ tọn metric 4.95 (tọn metric nde 5.4), ma e jiri ya tụnyere tọn metric 4.98 (ton metric nde 5.5) na 2012. Mmepụta nke bentonite gbasaa bụ Wyoming, Utah na Montana sochiri ya.Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada na Colorado. Ka ọ na-erule 2011, mgbake site na ọdịda akụ na ụba US na ụwa (2007-2009) yiri ka ọ zuru oke. Agbanyeghị, mmepụta ụlọ na ojiji owuwu bentonite ndị metụtara ya amalitela ịgbake. Na North America (US na Canada), sodium bentonite sara mbara na-achịkwa calcium bentonite na-abụghị sara, na-aza ihe karịrị 97% nke ahịa bentonite dum. Mmepụta bentonite na-agbasaghị na-eme na Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California na Nevada. Ojiji bụ isi nke bentonite na-agbasaghị bụ ihe njikọ ájá foundry, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na nzacha.
N'ụwa niile, isi ihe na-emepụta sodium activated bentonite bụ Greece. China, Egypt na India. AMCOL (nke bụbu American Colloid Co.) ka bụ onye na-emepụta sodium bentonite kachasị elu nke nwere ihe dị ka 40% nke ahịa, ebe BPM Minerals LLC (ụlọ ọrụ Halliburton) nwere ihe dị ka 30% nke ahịa US. Ndị ọzọ na-emepụta sodium bentonite bụ MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite na Wyo-Ben. Ọ dịghị ndị na-emepụta bentonite ọhụrụ malitere iwu ụlọ na 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. meghere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ọhụrụ dị nso na Thermopolis, Wyoming. A na-atụ anya na ebe nchekwa ego ahụ ga-adịru ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 10 ruo 20. Ọnụ ego ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe nọgidere na-akwụsi ike, ebe ọnụego ibu gwongworo agbanweghị na 2013.
Bentonite nke a na-egwupụta ihe maka igwu mmanụ na gas na mgbake bụ ojiji kachasị ukwuu nke bentonite gbasaara na 2013, na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 1.15 metric (nde tọn 1.26 nde). Ọnụọgụ nke rigs na-arụ ọrụ nọgidere na-amụba na 2013, na-akwado nlọghachi nke igwu mmanụ na gas. Karịsịa, igwu ala kwụ ọtọ maka mmepụta shale bụ nnukwu ojiji nke bentonite.
Ahịa nke na-amịkọrọ ihe mkpofu anụ ụlọ bụ ahịa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu maka bentonite gbasaara granular. Ọ bụ ezie na ìgwè anụ ụlọ ruru tọn metric 1.24 (ton metric 1.36 nde) na 2005, ọ gbanwere n'etiti tọn metric 1.05 na 1.08 (ton metric 1.15 na 1.19 nde) n'ime afọ ndị a, yana ahịa nke ihe dị ka tọn metric 1.05 (ton metric 1.15 nde) na 2013 mt.
Mkpụrụ ígwè maka bentonite gbasaara bụ ahịa nke atọ kachasị ukwuu, na-eto ruo kiloton 550 (606,000 obere tọn) na 2013 ka ọchịchọ maka ígwè mụbara maka mmepụta ụgbọala na ngwa agha dị arọ nke US.
Kemgbe afọ 2011, nkezi ọnụọgụ nke bentonite gbasaara agbasa nke e ji mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ejikọ ájá foundry maka ígwè na ọla ndị ọzọ karịrị karat 500 (ton 550,000 dị mkpụmkpụ). Mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ọhụrụ emetụtaghị ahịa bentonite buru ibu anọ a gbasaara gbasaa na ntụ ntụ.
Ahịa maka bentonite maka ngwa injinia obodo, nke e kewapụrụ iche na 2005, bụ karat 175 (ton obere 192,000), nke na-egosi na ahịa ahụ malitere ịlọghachi site na ndakpọ akụ nke 2008. Ahịa bentonite na-egbochi mmiri na mkpuchi nọgidere na-eto eto na ụlọ ọrụ owuwu mgbe ndakpọ akụ nke US gasịrị, na-eru karat 150 (ton obere 165,000) na 2013. Ahịa maka obere bentonite ndị ọzọ gbasaara maka ihe nrapado, nri anụmanụ, ihe njupụta na ihe njupụta, na ngwa ndị ọzọ emechabeghị nwetaghachi na ndakpọ akụ nke 2008.
Otu obere akụkụ nke ahịa bentonite bụ ọkachamara na mmepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ na mmanya na ngwaahịa organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie na Elementis Specialties Inc. na-achụso ahịa bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis gbasaara ụlọ ọrụ hectorite ya gbasaa na Newbury Springs, Calif., ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-amụba ikike ya na mbụ okpukpu abụọ ma na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Elementis na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ngwaahịa organoclay dị ọnụ ala dịka Bentone 910, Bentone 920 na Bentone 990 maka mmiri mmiri ndị dabere na mmanụ.
Kemgbe nsogbu akụ na ụba ụwa na 2008, ọnụego mgbanwe nke dollar US enyerela aka ịbawanye mbupụ bentonite. Na 2013, ndị na-emepụta bentonite n'ime obodo kọrọ na mbupụ nke 950 carats (1.05 nde tọn mkpụmkpụ) nke bentonite maka igwu apịtị, ihe ndị na-ejikọta ájá foundry na ahịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. E si Canada bubata obere bentonite. 2013.1 Mexico na Gris
Bismuth bụ ihe dị arọ nke nwere njikọ kemịkalụ na antimony. Ọ bụ ihe sitere na lead na tungsten ewepụtara, yana obere ọla kọpa na tin. Antimony bụ ihe kemịkalụ dị mfe. Ọ bụ ihe sitere na mwepụta nke ọla dịka lead, ọlaọcha na ọlaedo. Ojiji bụ isi nke bismuth na antimony bụ dị ka ihe mejupụtara.
Ngwakọta bismuth na antimony na ojiji ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọla bụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ ihe ndị a ji eri ihe. A naghị eji ha eme ihe dị ka ígwè ma ọ bụ alloy.
Otu kachasị ukwuu nke ndị na-eji bismuth eme ihe bụ otu kemịkalụ, nke gụnyere ọgwụ dịka Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), ihe ịchọ mma anya nwere mmetụta pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ihe na-akpali akpali, na ojiji kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ dị ka agba (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Otu ihe ọzọ dị mkpa maka ojiji bismuth bụ otu ihe mgbakwunye metallurgical, nke ihe mejupụtara ya na-egbochi kristal nke graphite site na ígwè a gbazere agbaze nke carbon supersaturated, na-akwalite igwe anaghị agbaze nke ígwè, ọla kọpa na aluminom, ma na-akwalite mkpuchi otu na galvanizing. Maka ojiji niile nke otu mgbakwunye a, bismuth anaghị arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agwakọta ihe, kama ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali nke na-egbochi, na-akwalite ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe. Ígwè chọrọ naanị 0.1% bismuth ma ọ bụ selenium maka ezigbo igwe. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu ndị a na-eji eme ihe, otu bismuth alloy na-aza naanị obere bismuth ma a na-eji ya na alloys ndị a na-agbaze agbaze, alloys ndị ọzọ dị ala, na mgbọ.
Ojiji kachasị ukwuu nke antimony bụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, ọkachasị n'ọgwụgwọ plastik, ihe nrapado na ákwà. Antimony oxide nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka ihe na-egbu ọkụ gas-phase na ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke halogenated ejiri dị ka ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ.
A na-ejikarị ụdị ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị ọla eme ihe na agba na iko (gụnyere seramiiki). Antimony oxide n'ọtụtụ iko na seramiiki na-arụ ọrụ dị ka opacifier, mana antimony dị na iko pụrụ iche nwere ike ime ka ha doo anya. Otu antimony lead na alloy mejupụtara isi antimony nke eji na batrị ụgbọala na-eji mmanụ ụgbọala arụ ọrụ.
Ịmegharị ihe site na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikwe omume (bismuth na ọgwụ afọ na ihe ịchọ mma n'ihi na ọ gbasaara kpamkpam) ruo na obere ihe isi ike, dị ka antimony na ihe ndị na-egbochi ọkụ, ihe mgbakwunye metallurgical na bismuth na galvanizing, antimony na iko Bismuth na ihe mgbakwunye na Catalysts. Ụzọ kachasị mfe, kachasị mfe na dị ọnụ ala iji megharịa bismuth na alloys ndị a na-agbaze na alloys ndị ọzọ na antimony na efere lead antimony batrị.
Mbubata ígwè bismuth nke mba Amerịka agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu na 2012 na 2013 na tọn 1,699 (ton 1,872) na tọn 1,708 (ton 1,882). Antimony oxide, nke a na-ebubata n'ọtụtụ ebe, bụ karat 20.7 (ton 22,800) (mkpokọta) na 2012 na karat 21.9 (ton 24,100) na 2013, mmụba dị ntakịrị. Ọnwa abụọ nke 2014 data na-egosi na usoro a na-aga n'ihu. United States Geological Survey (USGS) anaghịzi ebipụta nyocha oriri bismuth ya kwa ọnwa atọ.
Ngụkọta ojiji kwa afọ maka oriri bismuth nke afọ 2011 (nke ebipụtara ọhụrụ) na United States bụ tọn 222 (tọn 245) maka otu mgbakwunye metallurgical na tọn 54 (tọn 59) maka bismuth alloys. Ngụkọta ya bụ maka kemịkalụ, 6681 (st 736).
Ojiji USGS na-eri antimony na United States bụ karat 21.7 (ton obere tọn 23,900) na 2012 na karat 24 (ton obere tọn 26,500) na 2013.
Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ọtụtụ data, nsonaazụ bismuth nke afọ 2013 agbanweghị nke ukwuu. Maka antimony, inyocha obere data, oriri na 2013 kwesịrị ịdị ihe dị ka 10% karịa na 2012. Na 2014, bismuth nwere ike ịnọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe ma antimony ga-ebelata ntakịrị.
Mineral anọ mejupụtara pasent 90 nke borates ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-eji n'ụwa niile—sodium borate, calcium tin, na potassium; calcium borate, duomolite; na calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax bụ ihe ọcha kristal a maara nke ọma dị ka sodium tetraborate decahydrate, nke na-apụta n'onwe ya n'ime tin mineral. Boric acid bụ ihe siri ike na-enweghị agba, kristal a na-ere na teknụzụ, ọgwụ steeti na ọkwa pụrụ iche na ụdị granular ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ, ọtụtụ mgbe dị ka anhydrous boric acid. A na-ejikọta nkwụnye borate na ọrụ mgbawa ugwu na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ, yana nnukwu nkwụnye ego bara uru na US Mojave Desert dị nso na boron. CA, Alpine Belt nke South Asia, Andean Belt nke South America. A na-atụkarị ịdị mma nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ nchekwa na nha nhata ya na boron trioxide (B,0,).
Mmepụta nke mineral na ihe ndị mejupụtara boron na mba Amerịka nke afọ 2013 mụbara ntakịrị site na afọ 2012; A na-echekwa mkpokọta iji zere ikpughe data nke ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na Southern California na-emepụta mineral boron, nke kachasị sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, ụlọ ọrụ nwere kpamkpam nke Rio Tinto Minerals pic nke dị na UK, na-ewepụta isi nkume na tin-calcium site na ụzọ igwu ala oghere na ọrụ ya na Boron, California. A na-ahazi mineral ndị a ka ha bụrụ ngwaahịa boric acid ma ọ bụ sodium borate na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị nso na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ma na-ebuga ha site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ gwongworo nye ndị ahịa na North America ma ọ bụ na-ere ha n'ụwa niile site na Port of Los Angeles. A na-emepụta borates pụrụ iche, dị ka ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo, ihe nchekwa osisi na ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, na Wilmington, CA, na Borax.plant. Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) na-emepụta borax na boric acid site na potassium na sodium borate brines na ebe Searles Lake ya dị nso na Trôna, California. Na osisi Trôna na Westend nke SVM, a na-agwakọta brines ndị a ka ha bụrụ anhydrous, decahydrate na borax pentahydrate.
A na-eri ihe ndị dị ka mineral na kemịkalụ Boron n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States. Atụmatụ nkesa maka ihe ndị e ji boron mee na United States na 2013 bụ iko na seramiiki, 80%; ncha, ihe nhicha, na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ọcha dị, 4%; ọrụ ugbo, 4%; enamel na glazes, 3% na ojiji ndị ọzọ, 9%. A na-eji Boron eme ihe na iko dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iji belata mgbasawanye okpomọkụ; melite ike, iguzogide kemịkalụ, na ịdịte aka; ma na-enye iguzogide mkpọtụ, okpomọkụ dị elu, na ihe na-akpata okpomọkụ. Mkpuchi na fiberglass ákwà bụ otu n'ime ojiji kachasị ukwuu nke borates n'ụwa niile.
Boron bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị maka ịkwalite mmepụta mkpụrụ. A na-enweta fatịlaịza Boron site na borax na monetite, nke a pụrụ iji mmiri fesa ma ọ bụ mmiri ịgba mmiri mee n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaze mmiri nke ọma.
Mbupụ sodium borate nke US bụ 650 kt (716,000 st) na 2013, obere mmụba site na 646 kt (712,000 st) na 2012. Mbupụ Boric acid agbanwebeghị na 190 kt (209,000 st). Uru nkeji nke mbupụ boric acid mụbara site na $816/t ($740/st) na 2012 ruo $910/t ($740/st) na 2013. Onye bụ isi natara mbupụ boric acid na 2013 bụ South Korea, nke ruru pasentị 20. Mbubata Boric acid na 2013 bụ kiloton 53 (ton 59,000), ihe dị ka 4% dị ala karịa na 2012. Ihe dị ka 64% nke boric acid ebubatara na 2013 sitere na Turkey. Uru nkeji nke mbubata boric acid na 2013 bụ $687/t ($623/st), site na $782/1 ($709/st) na 2012.
Turkey na United States bụ ndị isi n'ụwa n'ihe gbasara mmepụta borate na 2013. E wezụga mmepụta US, a na-eme atụmatụ na mkpokọta ibu borate zuru ụwa ọnụ dị tọn metric 4.9 (ton metric nde 5.4) na 2013, nke bụ mmụba pasent 11 site na 2012.
Argentina bụ nnukwu onye na-emepụta boron ore na South America. Mmụba na mmepụta borate na Argentina n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, karịsịa boric acid, bụ n'ihi mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka borates sitere na ụlọ ọrụ seramiiki na iko na Eshia na North America.