Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Chaka chilichonse. Uinjiniya wa Migodi umakhala ndi Kuwunika kwa Migodi Yamakampani. Pali anthu angapo omwe agwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri popanga nkhani iyi, komanso akuchita ntchito zawo. Zikomo kwa Olemba a Kuwunika Kwachaka kwa Migodi Yamakampani, Wapampando ndi Wachiwiri kwa Wapampando wa Komiti Yaukadaulo ya Dipatimenti ya Migodi Yamakampani ndi Magulu Osiyanasiyana, ndi olemba mbiri ya katundu payekhapayekha.
Rajesh Raitani ndi membala wa SME wa Cytec Industries Inc. ndipo ndiye wapampando wa Komiti Yaukadaulo ya Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Thandizo lawo linapangitsa kuti nkhani ya Industrial Minerals ya mu Julayi ino itheke. M'malo mwa owerenga anga, olemba nkhani akuthokoza.
Makampani anayi - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. ndi Unimin Corp. - Anakumba dongo la mpira m'maboma anayi mu 2013. Malinga ndi deta yoyambirira, kupanga ndi tani imodzi (matani afupiafupi 1.1 miliyoni) ndi mtengo woyerekeza wa $47 miliyoni. Kupanga kunakwera ndi 3 peresenti kuchokera ku ma carats 973 (matani afupiafupi 1.1 miliyoni) mu 2012, mtengo wake unali $45.1 miliyoni.Tennessee ndiye wopanga wamkulu, yemwe amapanga 64% ya kupanga kwapakhomo, kutsatiridwa ndi Texas.Mississippi ndi Kentucky. Pafupifupi 67% ya kupanga dongo lonse la mpira ndi mpweya woyandama, 22% ndi dongo lolimba kapena lophwanyika, ndipo 11% ndi matope amadzi.
Mu 2013, opanga dongo la m'nyumba adagulitsa dongo kumisika iyi: matailosi a pansi ndi makoma a ceramic (44%); zotumiza kunja (21%); zida zaukhondo (18%); zoumba zosiyanasiyana za ceramic (9%); pomaliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2012. Mtundu ndi msika wamakono, zodzaza, zowonjezera ndi zomangira ndi ntchito zosatchulidwa (4% iliyonse). Misika ina imakhala ndi zochepera 1% za dongo lotsala la ball lomwe lagulitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malonda omwe adanenedwa opanga fiberglass kapena zodzaza zambiri, zodzaza ndi zomangira mwina amakhala makamaka dongo la kaolin lomwe limakumbidwa kapena kugulidwa ndi opanga dongo la ball.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyambirira wa opanga dongo la m'nyumba, mtengo wapakati wa dongo la m'nyumba unali pafupifupi US$47/t ($43/t) mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi US$46/t ($42/t) mu 2012. Mitengo ya dongo la m'nyumba lotumizira kunja ndi lotumizira kunja inali $126/t ($114/st) ndi $373/t ($338/st) motsatana mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi $62/t ($56/st) ndi $314/t ($285/st) mu 2013) mu 2012, motsatana. Mtengo wa dongo la zinthu zambiri zotumizidwa kunja unakwera mu 2013, ndipo kutumiza kwa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja kwa tonnage yotsika mtengo kunawirikiza kawiri mu 2013 poyerekeza ndi 2012, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mtengo wapakati wa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja uwirikize kawiri. Kutumiza zinthu ziwiri zotsika mtengo, zokwera mtengo mu 2013 kunapangitsa kuti mtengo wa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja uchuluke.
Malinga ndi US Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (matani 516) a dongo lopangidwa ndi mpira adatumizidwa mu 2013, mtengo wake unali $174,000, poyerekeza ndi matani 436 (matani 481) omwe anali ofunika $137,000 mu 2012. Dongo lalikulu la mpira linatumizidwa kuchokera ku United Kingdom. Bungwe la US Census Bureau linanena kuti katundu wotumizidwa kunja mu 2013 anali ma carats 52.2 (matani afupi 57,500) ofunika $6.6 miliyoni, poyerekeza ndi ma carats 74 (matani 81.600) mu 2012, omwe mtengo wake unali $4.58 miliyoni. Malo akuluakulu otumizira dongo la mpira ndi otsika, Belgium, malo akuluakulu otumizira katundu ku Europe, Venezuela ndi Nicaragua. Mayiko atatuwa amapeza 58 peresenti ya dongo la mpira la ku US lomwe limatumizidwa kunja. Opanga ku US nthawi zambiri amanena kuti katundu wotumizidwa kunja ndi wochuluka kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu kuposa US Census Bureau. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamalonda zotumizidwa kunja zomwe zafalitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ku Mexico, katundu wotumizidwa kunja wa dongo la mpira la matani ambiri lotumizidwa kuchokera ku United States kupita ku Mexico akhoza kugawidwa ngati kaolin.
Chiyembekezo cha makampani opanga dongo la mpira ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malonda pamene chuma cha US chikupitilizabe kubwerera m'mbuyo chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma. Mu 2013, ntchito zomanga nyumba zamalonda ndi zomangamanga zinali zofunika kwambiri pa malonda a dongo la mpira chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matailosi a ceramic ndi ziwiya zaukhondo. US Census Bureau inanena kuti nyumba 923,000 zinayamba mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi nyumba 781,000 zinayamba mu 2012, zomwe zinawonjezera ndi 18 peresenti. Mtengo wa nyumba zogona ndi nyumba zomwe sizinali zogona zomwe zinamalizidwa mu 2013 unakwera ndi 5 peresenti kufika pa $898 biliyoni kuchokera pa $857 biliyoni mu 2012. Kuphatikiza apo, mavuto olanda nyumba akuthetsedwa m'madera ambiri a United States, zomwe zikuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyumba zopanda anthu pamsika. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zasintha, nyumba zoyambira zidakali pansi pamlingo wa mavuto azachuma asanafike.
Kugulitsa matailosi m'nyumba kumakhudzidwanso ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi matailosi monga matailosi ndi zinthu zotsukira. Mu 2013, kuitanitsa matailosi kunatsika kuchoka pa $62.1 miliyoni pa 5.86 square meters (63.1 miliyoni square feet) mu 2012 kufika pa 5.58 square meters (60.1 miliyoni square feet) zomwe ndi $64.7 miliyoni. Magwero akuluakulu a matailosi malinga ndi Harmonized Tariff Schedule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Potsika mtengo, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy ndi Turkey (10% iliyonse); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru ndi Spain (5% iliyonse). Kutumiza zinthu zaukhondo kunja kunakwera kuchoka pa 25.2 miliyoni mu 2012 kufika pa 29.7 miliyoni mu 2013. China inali ndi 14.7 miliyoni (49%) ya zinthu zaukhondo zomwe zinatumizidwa ku US mu 2013, ndipo Mexico inali ndi 11.6 miliyoni (39%). Kutumiza matailosi a ceramic ndi zinthu zaukhondo Opanga dongo la mpira kuchokera ku Mexico saganizira kwambiri opanga dongo la mpira m'nyumba kuposa ochokera ku China, chifukwa opanga aku US ndiye ogulitsa dongo la mpira kwambiri ku makampani opanga dongo la Mexico. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yomanga kukusonyeza kuti kukula kwa malonda a dongo la mpira m'nyumba mu 2014 kungakhale kofanana ndi mu 2013.*
Pafupifupi bauxite yonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States imatumizidwa kunja. Alabama, Arkansas, ndi Georgia amapanga bauxite ndi dongo laling'ono la bauxite kuti lisagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zachitsulo.
Mafuta a bauxite (ouma kwambiri) ochokera kunja anali matani 9.8 (matani 10.1 miliyoni okhazikika) mu 2013, kuchepa kwa 5% poyerekeza ndi mafuta omwe adatumizidwa kunja mu 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) ndi Brazil (25%) anali ogulitsa kwambiri ku US mu 2013. Mu 2013, mafuta a bauxite olemera ma carat 131 (matani 144,400 afupi) omwe anali ndi calcium calcined grade refractory adatumizidwa kunja, kuwonjezeka kwa 58% pachaka.
Kutumiza kwa bauxite yokhala ndi calcium yosungunuka m'nthaka kunawonjezeka poyerekeza ndi chaka cha 2012, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zinthu zomwe zili m'nyumba zibwererenso pamene kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi bauxite kunachepa poyerekeza ndi chaka cha 2012. Kupanga zitsulo zapakhomo, komwe ndi komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi bauxite, kunatsika ndi pafupifupi 2% mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi kupanga kwa 2012. China (49%) ndi Guyana (44%) ndizo magwero akuluakulu a ku America omwe amatumiza bauxite yokhala ndi calcium yosungunuka m'nthaka.
Kutumiza kwa bauxite yopangidwa ndi calcium yosasinthika kunafika ma carats 455 (matani 501,500 afupiafupi) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka kwa 40% kuposa kutumizidwa kwa 2012. Kukula kumeneku kunabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito bauxite mu simenti, makampani opanga mafuta ngati chothandizira pakuphwanya kwa hydraulic, ndi opanga zitsulo. Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) ndi Brazil (20%) anali magwero akuluakulu.
Mu 2013, United States idatumiza kunja 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, kuwonjezeka kwa 40% kuposa kutumiza kunja mu 2012, ndi Canada (72%) ndi Mexico (7%) malo akuluakulu opitirako. Mu 2013, United States idatumiza kunja kuchuluka kochepa kwa bauxite ya calcined grade yomwe si refractory, poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi ma kiloton 13 (14,300 short tonnes) mu 2012. Kutumiza kunja kwa bauxite youma kunali pafupifupi matani 4,000 (4,400 short tonnes), kuchepa kwa 59% kuchokera ku kutumiza kunja mu 2012, ndi Canada (82%) malo akuluakulu opitirako.
Kupanga alumina m'nyumba kunayerekezeredwa kukhala matani 4.1 (matani afupi 4.6 miliyoni) mu 2013, kutsika ndi 7% poyerekeza ndi 2012. Kutsika kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kupanga ku fakitale yoyeretsera mafuta ya Ormet Corp. ya 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles. Magawo awiri mwa atatu a mphamvu zake adatsekedwa mu Ogasiti ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu otsalawo mu Okutobala. Kampani yoyeretsera mafuta inagulitsidwa ku Almatis GmbH ndipo inayambiranso pakati pa Disembala.
Mafuta onse a alumina omwe amatumizidwa mu 2013 anali matani 2.05 (matani okhazikika 2.26 miliyoni), kuwonjezeka kwa 8% poyerekeza ndi mafuta a alumina omwe amatumizidwa mu 2012. Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) ndi Brazil (12%) anali magwero akuluakulu. Mafuta onse a alumina omwe amatumizidwa mu 2013 anali matani 2.25 (matani okhazikika 2.48 miliyoni), kuwonjezeka kwa 27% poyerekeza ndi mafuta otumizidwa mu 2012. Pakati pawo, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) ndi Iceland (13%) ndi omwe amatumizidwa kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bauxite yonse m'nyumba (potengera chofanana ndi chouma) mu 2013 kunayerekezeredwa kukhala 9.8 mt (matani okhazikika 10.1 miliyoni), 2% kuposa mu 2012. Mwa izi, pafupifupi matani 8.8 (matani okhazikika 9.1 miliyoni) adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga alumina. 6% yotsika kuposa chaka chatha. Ntchito zina za bauxite zikuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu zopukutira, simenti, mankhwala ndi zinthu zoyeretsera, komanso m'makampani opanga mafuta, kupanga zitsulo ndi kukonza madzi.
Chiwerengero chonse cha alumina chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga aluminiyamu mu 2013 chinali matani 3.89 (matani okhazikika 4.29 miliyoni), kuchepa kwa 6% poyerekeza ndi 2012. Alumina yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ena ku US inali pafupifupi makilotoni 490 (matani okhazikika 540,000) mu 2013, kuchepa kwa 16% kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa 2012. Ntchito zina za alumina zikuphatikizapo abrasives, simenti, ziwiya zadothi ndi mankhwala.
Mitengo ya bauxite yochokera kunja ndi yotumizidwa kunja imasiyana malinga ndi komwe imachokera, komwe ikupita komanso mtundu wake. Mitengo ya bauxite yochokera kunja yokhala ndi calcium yochepetsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu mu 2013 inali $813/t ($737/st) kuchokera ku Brazil (yokwera ndi 5%) ndi $480/t ($435/st) kuchokera ku China (yotsika pang'ono) ndi $441 It ($400/st) kuchokera ku Guyana (yotsika pang'ono).
Mitengo ya bauxite yopangidwa ndi calcium yotsika mtengo yomwe imatumizidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu inali kuyambira $56/t ($51/st) ku Australia (yotsika ndi 20%) mpaka $65/t ($59/st) ku Greece (yokwera ndi 12%) mu 2013. Mtengo wapakati wa bauxite youma yochokera kumayiko ena mu 2013 unali $30/t ($27/st), 7% yokwera kuposa mu 2012. Mtengo wapakati wa alumina yochokera kumayiko ena mu 2013 unali $396/t ($359/st), wochepera ndi 3% kuposa mu 2012 2012. Mtengo wapakati wa alumina yotumizidwa kuchokera ku US unatsika ndi 11% kufika pa $400 mu 2013 poyerekeza ndi mitengo ya 2012 /t ($363/st).
Mitengo ya aluminiyamu inapitirira mu 2013 mpaka kotala loyamba la 2014. Mitengo yotsika ya aluminiyamu ndi ndalama zambiri zamagetsi ndi zomwe zanenedwa kuti ndi zifukwa zomwe zinachititsa kuti chosungunula aluminiyamu chimodzi chapakhomo chitsekedwe mu 2013 komanso kulengeza kuti chosungunula china chachikulu cha aluminiyamu chatsekedwa mu kotala loyamba la 2014. Mphamvu Zatsopano Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2013 ndi kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2014, eni ake a zosungunula aluminiyamu zitatu zazikulu ndi ogulitsa magetsi adakwaniritsa mapangano opereka magetsi. Komabe, eni ake a zosungunula zina ziwiri akuyesera kukambirana za mgwirizano wamagetsi kuti achepetse mitengo yamagetsi.
Ngakhale mitengo ya aluminiyamu yakhazikika mu kotala yoyamba ya 2014, kufunikira kwa alumina kudzadalira mapangano atsopano amagetsi ndi osungunula ena. Ngakhale mitengo ya gasi wachilengedwe ku US yapitirira kukwera chaka chathachi, mitengo yotsika ikuyembekezeka kupitiliza kupereka zabwino pamtengo kwa oyenga alumina akunyumba mu 2014.
Kutumiza kwa bauxite ya calcium yosungunuka m'madzi kukuyembekezeka kudalira kupanga chitsulo, koma kusintha chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu ndi opanga magalimoto kuti awonjezere kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kungachepetse kufunikira kwa chitsulo ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'madzi popanga chitsulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito bauxite ya calcium yosungunuka m'madzi ...
Mu 2013, makampani opanga bentonite sanasinthe kuyambira mu 2012. Zonse zomwe US ​​idapanga ndi kugulitsa zinali matani 4.95 (matani 5.4 miliyoni), poyerekeza ndi matani 4.98 (matani 5.5 miliyoni) mu 2012. Kupanga bentonite yowonjezereka kukulamulidwa ndi Wyoming, kutsatiridwa ndi Utah ndi Montana. Texas. california. Oregon. Nevada ndi Colorado. Pofika mu 2011, kuchira kuchokera ku US ndi world recession (2007-2009) kunaoneka kuti kwatha kwambiri. Komabe, kupanga nyumba ndi ntchito zina zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga za bentonite zikuyamba kuchira. Ku North America (US ndi Canada), sodium bentonite yotupa imayang'anira calcium bentonite yosatupa, yomwe imawerengera 97% ya msika wonse wa bentonite. Kupanga bentonite yosakulitsa kumachitika ku Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California ndi Nevada. Ntchito zazikulu za bentonite yosakulitsa ndi zomangira mchenga, kukonza madzi ndi kusefa.
Padziko lonse lapansi, wopanga wamkulu wa sodium activated bentonite ndi Greece. China, Egypt ndi India. AMCOL (yomwe kale inali American Colloid Co.) ikadali wopanga wamkulu wa sodium bentonite wokhala ndi gawo la msika pafupifupi 40%, pomwe BPM Minerals LLC (kampani ya Halliburton) ili ndi gawo la msika pafupifupi 30% ku US. Opanga ena akuluakulu a sodium bentonite ndi MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite ndi Wyo-Ben. Palibe opanga atsopano a bentonite omwe adayamba kumanga mu 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. idatsegula mgodi watsopano pafupi ndi Thermopolis, Wyoming. Ndalama zomwe zasungidwa zikuyembekezeka kukhala zaka zosachepera 10 mpaka 20. Mitengo ya zinthu zopangira zinthu idakhazikika, pomwe mitengo ya katundu wa magalimoto sinasinthe mu 2013.
Bentonite yobowola mafuta ndi gasi ndiyo inali ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya bentonite yowonjezeredwa mu 2013, yopanga matani pafupifupi 1.15 (matani afupiafupi 1.26 miliyoni). Chiwerengero cha zida zogwirira ntchito chinapitirira kuwonjezeka mu 2013, kutsimikizira kubwerera kwa kubowola mafuta ndi gasi. Makamaka, kubowola kopingasa kopangira shale ndi ntchito yayikulu ya bentonite.
Msika wonyamula zinyalala za ziweto ndi msika wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri wa bentonite yowonjezereka. Ngakhale kuti zinyalala za ziweto zambiri zinafika pa matani 1.24 (matani 1.36 miliyoni) mu 2005, zakhala zikusinthasintha pakati pa matani 1.05 ndi 1.08 (matani 1.15 ndi 1.19 miliyoni) pazaka zambiri, ndi msika wa matani pafupifupi 1.05 (matani 1.15 miliyoni) mu 2013 mt).
Ma pellets achitsulo a bentonite yowonjezeredwa anali msika wachitatu waukulu kwambiri, womwe unakula kufika pa ma kiloton 550 (matani afupi 606,000) mu 2013 pamene kufunikira kwa chitsulo kunawonjezeka popanga magalimoto ndi zida zolemera ku US.
Kuyambira mu 2011, kuchuluka kwa bentonite yowonjezereka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira mumchenga wachitsulo ndi zitsulo zina kumaposa ma carats 500 (matani afupiafupi 550,000). Kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano sikunakhudze kwambiri misika inayi yayikulu ya bentonite yowonjezereka ya granular ndi ufa.
Msika wa bentonite wa ntchito zaukadaulo wa zomangamanga, womwe unagawidwa padera ndi chaka cha 2005, unali ma carats 175 (matani afupi 192,000), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti msika unayamba kuchira kuyambira pa kutsika kwachuma kwa 2008. Msika wa bentonite wothira madzi ndi kutseka unapitiliza kukula ndi makampani omanga pambuyo pa kutsika kwachuma kwa US, kufika ma carats 150 (matani afupi 165,000) mu 2013. Msika wa ma bentonite ena ang'onoang'ono okulirapo a zomatira, chakudya cha ziweto, zodzaza ndi zodzaza, ndi ntchito zina nthawi zambiri sunabwererenso kuyambira kutsika kwachuma kwa 2008.
Gawo laling'ono la msika wa bentonite limadziwika bwino ndi zakumwa ndi vinyo komanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie ndi Elementis Specialties Inc. akutsata msika wa bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis yakulitsa chomera chake chokulirapo cha hectorite ku Newbury Springs, Calif., kwa zaka zambiri, kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu yake yakale ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Elementis ikupitiliza kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi organoclay zotsika mtengo monga Bentone 910, Bentone 920 ndi Bentone 990 zamadzimadzi obowola mafuta.
Kuyambira pamene chuma cha dziko lonse chinatsika mu 2008, ndalama zosinthira ndalama za dola ya ku America zathandiza kukweza kutumiza kwa bentonite kunja. Mu 2013, opanga bentonite m'dziko muno adanena kuti kutumiza kunja kwa bentonite kunali ma carats 950 (matani 1.05 miliyoni afupikitsa) kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pobowola matope, zomangira mchenga ndi misika ina yosiyanasiyana. Bentonite yochepa inatumizidwa kuchokera ku Canada.2013.1 Mexico ndi Greece
Bismuth ndi chinthu cholemera chomwe chimagwirizana ndi antimony. Ndi chinthu chochokera ku lead ndi tungsten, ndipo pang'ono mkuwa ndi tin. Antimony ndi chinthu chopepuka cha mankhwala. Ndi chinthu chochokera ku zitsulo monga lead, siliva ndi golide. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa bismuth ndi antimony ndi chinthu chophatikizana.
Mankhwala a bismuth ndi antimoni ndi zina zomwe sizili zachitsulo ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu izi. Sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati chitsulo kapena alloy.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bismuth ndi gulu la mankhwala, lomwe limaphatikizapo mankhwala monga Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), zodzoladzola za maso zokhala ndi mphamvu ya pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ma catalysts, ndi ntchito zina za mankhwala monga utoto (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Gulu lotsatira lofunika kwambiri logwiritsa ntchito bismuth ndi gulu lowonjezera la metallurgical, lomwe kapangidwe kake kamaletsa kupangika kwa graphite kuchokera ku chitsulo chosungunuka cha carbon supersaturated, kulimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa chitsulo, mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu kwaulere, komanso kulimbikitsa utoto wofanana mu galvanizing. Pa ntchito zonse za gulu lowonjezera ili, bismuth sigwira ntchito ngati chothandizira, koma imagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira chomwe chimaletsa, chimalimbikitsa kapena kupanga machitidwe ena kapena zinthu zina. Chitsulo chimafunikira 0.1% ya bismuth kapena selenium kuti makinawo akhale abwino. Poyerekeza ndi magulu ogwiritsira ntchito awa, gulu la bismuth alloy limakhala ndi bismuth yochepa chabe ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fusible alloys, ma alloys ena otsika melting point, ndi zipolopolo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa antimoni ndi ngati choletsa moto, makamaka pochiza mapulasitiki, zomatira ndi nsalu. Antimoni oxide ili ndi gawo lapadera ngati chozimitsira moto cha gasi m'zida zoletsa moto, m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana zazikulu zokhala ndi halogen zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa moto.
Gulu lina la zinthu zopanda chitsulo limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu utoto ndi galasi (kuphatikizapo zoumba). Antimoni oxide m'magalasi ambiri ndi zoumba amagwira ntchito ngati opacifier, koma antimoni m'magalasi apadera amatha kuwafotokozera. Gulu la antimoni lead ndi alloy limapangidwa makamaka ndi antimoni lead yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire agalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta.
Kubwezeretsanso zinthu kumayambira pa zinthu zosatheka (bismuth mu mankhwala am'mimba ndi zodzoladzola chifukwa zimafalikira kwathunthu) mpaka zovuta zochepa, monga antimony mu zoletsa moto, zowonjezera zitsulo ndi bismuth mu galvanizing, antimony mu galasi Bismuth mu Zowonjezera ndi Zothandizira. Njira yosavuta, yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo yobwezeretsanso bismuth mu fusible alloys ndi ma alloys ena ndi antimony mu batire antimony lead plates.
Kutumiza kwa zitsulo za bismuth ku US sikunasinthe kwenikweni mu 2012 ndi 2013 pa matani 1,699 (matani afupi 1,872) ndi matani 1,708 (matani afupi 1,882). Antimony oxide, yomwe idatumizidwa kwambiri ndi voliyumu, inali ma carats 20.7 (matani afupi 22,800) (onse) mu 2012 ndi ma carats 21.9 (matani 24,100) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono. Miyezi iwiri ya deta ya 2014 ikusonyeza kuti izi zikupitirira. United States Geological Survey (USGS) siifalitsanso kafukufuku wake wa kotala wa bismuth.
Chiwerengero cha chaka cha 2011 (chofalitsidwa posachedwapa) chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa chaka cha bismuth ku United States chinali matani 222 (matani 245) a gulu lowonjezera la zitsulo ndi matani 54 (matani 59) a bismuth alloys. Chotsalacho makamaka ndi cha mankhwala, 6681 (736 st).
Ku United States, kuchuluka kwa ma antimony omwe USGS idagwiritsa ntchito kunali ma carats 21.7 (ma 23,900 short tonnes) mu 2012 ndi ma carats 24 (ma 26,500 short tonnes) mu 2013.
Popanda deta yambiri, zotsatira za 2013 za bismuth sizinasinthe kwenikweni. Pa antimoni, pofufuza deta yochepa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2013 kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 10% kuposa mu 2012. Mu 2014, bismuth ikuwoneka kuti singasinthe ndipo antimoni ichepa pang'ono.
Miyala inayi imapanga 90 peresenti ya borates zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi—sodium borate, calcium tin, ndi potaziyamu; calcium borate, duomolite; ndi calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax ndi chinthu choyera cha kristalo chomwe chimadziwika kuti sodium tetraborate decahydrate, chomwe chimapezeka mwachilengedwe mu mineral tin. Boric acid ndi chinthu chopanda utoto, cholimba cha kristalo chomwe chimagulitsidwa muukadaulo, mankhwala aboma komanso mitundu yapadera yamitundu mu mawonekedwe a granular kapena powder, nthawi zambiri ngati anhydrous boric acid. Ma depositi a Borate amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika za volcano ndi nyengo youma, yokhala ndi ma depositi akuluakulu azachuma ku US Mojave Desert pafupi ndi boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America. Ubwino wa chuma kapena malo osungira nthawi zambiri umayesedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake kofanana ndi boron trioxide (B,0,).
Kupanga kwa mchere ndi mankhwala a boron ku US mu 2013 kunawonjezeka pang'ono kuchokera mu 2012; Zonse zimasungidwa kuti zisaulule zambiri za kampani. Makampani awiri ku Southern California amapanga mchere wa boron, makamaka sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, kampani yothandizidwa ndi kampani ya Rio Tinto Minerals ku UK, imatulutsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi tin-calcium kudzera m'njira zofukula migodi pamalo otseguka pantchito zake ku Boron, California. Miyala iyi imakonzedwa kukhala boric acid kapena sodium borate m'malo oyeretsera mafuta pafupi ndi mgodi ndipo imatumizidwa ndi sitima kapena galimoto kwa makasitomala ku North America kapena kugulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi kudzera ku Port of Los Angeles. Ma borate apadera, monga zinthu zaulimi, zosungira matabwa ndi zoletsa moto, amapangidwa ku Wilmington, CA, ku Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) imapanga borax ndi boric acid kuchokera ku potassium ndi sodium borate brine ku malo ake a Searles Lake pafupi ndi Trôna, California. Pa mafakitale a SVM a Trôna ndi Westend, ma brine awa amayengedwa kukhala anhydrous, decahydrate ndi borax pentahydrate.
Mineral ndi mankhwala a boron amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumpoto chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa United States. Mawonekedwe oyerekeza a ma compositions a boron omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States mu 2013 anali magalasi ndi ziwiya zadothi, 80%; sopo, zotsukira, ndi ma bleach, 4%; ulimi, 4%; enamel ndi ma glaze, 3% ndi ntchito zina, 9%. Boron imagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi ngati chowonjezera kuti ichepetse kukula kwa kutentha; kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu, kukana mankhwala, ndi kulimba; ndikupereka kukana kugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi kutentha. Kuteteza ndi fiberglass ya nsalu ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi za borates.
Boron ndiye michere yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muulimi, makamaka polimbikitsa kupanga mbewu. Ma feteleza a Boron amachokera makamaka ku borax ndi monetite, zomwe zimatha kuperekedwa ndi madzi opopera kapena othirira chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo m'madzi ambiri.
Kutumiza kunja kwa sodium borate ku US kunali 650 kt (716,000 st) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono kuchokera pa 646 kt (712,000 st) mu 2012. Kutumiza kunja kwa boric acid sikunasinthe pa 190 kt (209,000 st). Mtengo wa unit wa kutumiza kunja kwa boric acid unakwera kuchoka pa $816/t ($740/st) mu 2012 kufika pa $910/t ($740/st) mu 2013. Wolandira kwambiri kutumiza kunja kwa boric acid mu 2013 anali South Korea, yomwe inali ndi 20 peresenti. Kutumiza kunja kwa boric acid mu 2013 kunali ma kiloton 53 (matani 59,000), pafupifupi 4% pansi kuposa mu 2012. Pafupifupi 64% ya boric acid yotumizidwa kunja mu 2013 inachokera ku Turkey. Mtengo wa unit wa kutumiza kunja kwa boric acid mu 2013 unali $687/t ($623/st), kuchokera pa $782/1 ($709/st) mu 2012.
Turkey ndi United States zinatsogolera padziko lonse lapansi pakupanga borate mu 2013. Kupatula kupanga ku US, kulemera konse kwa borate padziko lonse lapansi kunayerekezeredwa kukhala matani 4.9 (matani 5.4 miliyoni) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka kwa 11 peresenti poyerekeza ndi 2012.
Argentina ndi dziko lomwe limapanga kwambiri boron ore ku South America. Kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwa kwa kupanga borate ku Argentina, makamaka boric acid, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufunika kwa borates kuchokera ku mafakitale opanga zinthu zadothi ndi magalasi ku Asia ndi North America.