Qoraalka Tifaftiraha: Sannadle. Injineernimada Macdanta waxay ka kooban tahay Dib-u-eegista Macdanta Warshadaha. Waxaa jira dhowr qof oo waqti badan ku bixiyay horumarinta agabka arrintan, iyagoo sidoo kale qabanaya shaqadooda. Mahadsanid Tifaftirayaasha Dib-u-eegista Sannadlaha ah ee Macdanta Warshadaha, Guddoomiyaha iyo Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Guddiga Farsamada ee Qaybta Macdanta Warshadaha iyo Isu-geynta, iyo qorayaasha astaamaha badeecadaha shaqsiyeed.
Rajesh Raitani waa xubin ka tirsan shirkadaha yaryar iyo kuwa dhexe ee Cytec Industries Inc. wuxuuna guddoomiye u yahay Guddiga Farsamada ee Waaxda Macdanta Warshadaha iyo Isugeynta.
Caawimadooda ayaa suurtogalisay cadadkii Macdanta Warshadaha ee bishii Luulyo. Anigoo ku hadlaya magaca akhristayaashayda, tifaftirayaasha ayaa u mahadceliyay.
Afar shirkadood - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys. Old Hickory Clay Co. iyo Unimin Corp. - Dhoobada kubbadda laga qoday afar gobol sannadkii 2013. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta hordhaca ah, wax soo saarku waa 1 metrik tan (1.1 milyan oo tan oo gaaban) iyadoo lagu qiyaasay qiimaha $47 milyan. Wax soo saarku wuxuu kordhay 3 boqolkiiba laga bilaabo 973 karat (1.1 milyan oo tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2012, oo lagu qiimeeyay $45.1 milyan. Tennessee waa soo saaraha ugu horreeya, oo ka dhigan 64% wax soo saarka gudaha, waxaana ku xiga Texas. Mississippi iyo Kentucky. Qiyaastii 67% wax soo saarka dhoobada kubbadda waa sabbeynta hawada, 22% waa dhoobo qallafsan ama la jajabiyey, iyo 11% waa biyo-shiidid.
Sannadkii 2013, soosaarayaasha dhoobada kubbadda gudaha waxay dhoobada ka iibiyeen suuqyada soo socda: sagxadaha dhoobada iyo darbiga dhoobada ah (44%); dhoofinta (21%); alaabta nadaafadda (18%); dhoobada kala duwan (9%); isticmaalka ugu dambeeya ee 2012 Habka iyo suuqa hadda jira, buuxinta, fidiyeyaasha iyo xidhmooyinka iyo isticmaalka aan la cayimin (4% midkiiba). Suuqyada kale waxay ka yar yihiin 1% dhoobada kubbadda ee hartay ee la iibiyay ama la isticmaalay. Iibka laga soo sheegay soo saarista fiberglass ama inta badan codsiyada buuxinta, buuxinta iyo xidhmooyinka waxay u badan tahay inay ugu horreyn yihiin dhoobada kaolin ee laga qodo ama ay iibsadaan soosaarayaasha dhoobada kubbadda.
Sida laga soo xigtay sahan hordhac ah oo lagu sameeyay soosaarayaasha dhoobada kubbadda gudaha, celceliska qiimaha dhoobada kubbadda gudaha wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii US$47/t ($43/t) sannadkii 2013, marka la barbar dhigo US$46/t ($42/t) sannadkii 2012. Qiimaha halbeegga ee dhoobada kubbadda dibadda laga dhoofiyo iyo tan dibadda laga keeno waxay ahaayeen $126/t ($114/st) iyo $373/t ($338/st) siday u kala horreeyaan sannadkii 2013, marka la barbar dhigo $62/t ($56/st) iyo $314/t ($285/st) sannadkii 2013, siday u kala horreeyaan. Qiimaha halbeegga ee inta badan dhoofinta badan ayaa kordhay sannadkii 2013, dhoofinta dhoofinta qiimaha hooseeya iyo tan sarena waxay labanlaabantay sannadkii 2013 marka la barbar dhigo 2012, taasoo keentay in celceliska dhoofinta uu labanlaabmo qiimaha. Laba shixnadood oo qiimo jaban oo tan sare leh sannadkii 2013 ayaa ka dhigay kororka qiimaha soo dejinta.
Sida laga soo xigtay Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka, 4,681 tan (516 tan) oo dhoobo kubbadda ah ayaa la soo dhoofiyay sannadkii 2013, taasoo qiimaheedu ahaa $174,000, marka la barbar dhigo 436 tan (481 tan) oo qiimihiisu yahay $137,000 sannadkii 2012. Inta badan dhoobada kubbadda waxaa laga soo dhoofiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa sheegay in dhoofinta sanadkii 2013 ay ahayd 52.2 karat (57,500 tan oo gaaban) oo qiimaheedu yahay $6.6 milyan, marka la barbar dhigo 74 karat (81.600 tan) sanadkii 2012, oo qiimaheedu yahay $4.58 milyan. Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dhoofiyo dhoobada kubbadda waa Belgium, xarumaha waaweyn ee Yurub ee wax lagu kala iibsado, Venezuela iyo Nicaragua. Saddexdan waddan waxay qabtaan 58 boqolkiiba dhoofinta dhoobada kubbadda Mareykanka. Soo saarayaasha Mareykanka waxay caadi ahaan soo sheegaan dhoofinta laba ilaa saddex jeer ka badan tan Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada ganacsiga soo dejinta ee ay daabacday Wasaaradda Dhaqaalaha Mexico, dhoofinta dhoobada kubbadda ee tan badan ee laga soo raray Mareykanka una dhoofiyay Mexico waxaa loo kala saari karaa kaolin.
Saadaasha warshadaha dhoobada kubbadda ayaa ah koror ku yimid iibka iyadoo dhaqaalaha Mareykanka uu sii wado inuu ka soo kabto hoos u dhaca dhaqaale. Sannadkii 2013, howlaha dhismaha ganacsiga iyo dhismaha guryaha ayaa muhiim u ahaa iibinta dhoobada kubbadda sababtoo ah isticmaalkooda soo saarista foornada dhoobada iyo qalabka nadaafadda. Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa sheegay in 923,000 oo unug oo guryo gaar loo leeyahay ay bilaabeen 2013, marka la barbar dhigo 781,000 oo bilow ah 2012, taasoo ah koror 18 boqolkiiba ah. Qiimaha dhismayaasha guryaha iyo kuwa aan degenayn ee la dhammeeyay 2013 ayaa kordhay 5 boqolkiiba ilaa $898 bilyan laga bilaabo $857 bilyan sannadkii 2012. Intaa waxaa dheer, arrimaha la wareegidda guryaha ayaa laga xallinayaa qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Mareykanka, taasoo yaraynaysa tirada guryaha bannaan ee suuqa yaal. Iyadoo ay jiraan horumarintan, bilowga guryaha ayaa weli ka hooseeya heerarka ka hor hoos u dhaca dhaqaale.
Iibka dhoobada kubbadda gudaha ayaa sidoo kale saameeya soo dejinta alaabada ku salaysan dhoobada kubbadda sida foornada iyo qalabka nadaafadda. Sannadkii 2013, soo dejinta foornada ayaa hoos uga dhacday $62.1 milyan 5.86 mitir oo laba jibbaaran (63.1 milyan oo cag laba jibbaaran) sannadkii 2012 ilaa 5.58 mitir oo laba jibbaaran (60.1 milyan cag laba jibbaaran) oo qiimaheedu yahay $64.7 milyan. Ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee foornada sida ku xusan lambarka jadwalka ee Canshuurta La Isku Habeeyey 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Marka la eego hoos u dhaca mugga, Shiinaha (22%); Mexico (21%); Talyaaniga iyo Turkiga (10% midkiiba); Brazil (7%); Kolombiya, Peru iyo Spain (5% midkiiba). Soo dejinta alaabta nadaafadda ayaa ka korodhay 25.2 milyan sannadkii 2012 ilaa 29.7 milyan sannadkii 2013. Shiinaha waxay ka koobnayd 14.7 milyan (49%) alaabta nadaafadda ee Mareykanka laga soo dejiyo sannadkii 2013, iyo Mexico 11.6 milyan (39%). Soo dejinta foornada dhoobada iyo alaabta nadaafadda Soo saarayaasha dhoobada kubbadda ee ka yimaada Mexico waxay fiiro gaar ah u yeeshaan soo saarayaasha dhoobada kubbadda ee gudaha marka loo eego kuwa ka imanaya Shiinaha, maadaama soo saarayaasha Mareykanka ay yihiin alaab-qeybiyeyaasha ugu muhiimsan ee dhoobada kubbadda ee warshadaha dhoobada ee Mexico. Kordhinta dhaqdhaqaaqa dhismaha waxay soo jeedinaysaa in kobaca iibka dhoobada kubbadda ee gudaha sannadka 2014 uu la mid noqon karo sannadkii 2013.*
Ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan bauxite-ka laga isticmaalo Mareykanka waa la soo dhoofiyaa. Alabama, Arkansas, iyo Georgia waxay soo saaraan dhoobo yar oo bauxite ah iyo bauxite ah oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka aan biraha ahayn.
Soo dejinta bauxite-ka heerka birta (qallalan ee qallalan) waxay wadar ahaan ahayd 9.8 tan oo metrik ah (10.1 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah) sannadkii 2013, taasoo ah hoos u dhac 5% ah marka loo eego soo dejinta 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) iyo Brazil (25%) ayaa ahaa alaab-qeybiyeyaasha ugu sarreeya ee Mareykanka sannadkii 2013. Sannadkii 2013, bauxite-ka calcined-ka ee heerka adkeysiga leh ee 131-karat (144,400 oo tan oo gaaban) ayaa la soo dhoofiyay, taasoo ah koror dhan 58% sannadkiiba.
Soo dejinta bauxite-ka calcined ee heerka adkeysiga leh ayaa korodhay marka la barbar dhigo 2012, taasoo keentay in dib loo buuxiyo kaydka maadaama dhoofinta alaabada adkeysiga leh ee ku salaysan bauxite ay hoos u dhacday marka la barbar dhigo 2012. Wax soo saarka birta gudaha, kaas oo ah isticmaalka ugu weyn ee alaabada adkeysiga leh ee ku salaysan bauxite, ayaa hoos u dhacay qiyaastii 2% sannadkii 2013, marka la barbar dhigo wax soo saarka 2012. Shiinaha (49%) iyo Guyana (44%) ayaa ah ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee soo dejinta bauxite-ka calcined ee heerka adkeysiga leh ee Mareykanka.
Soo dejinta bauxite-ka aan lahayn heerka iska caabbinta ee heerka qaboojinta ah wuxuu ahaa 455 karat (501,500 tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2013, taasoo ah koror 40% ah marka loo eego soo dejinta 2012. Kobaca waxaa loo aaneeyay isticmaalka bauxite ee sii kordhaya ee sibidhka, warshadaha saliidda oo ah qalab wax lagu jaro oo loogu talagalay jabka haydarooliga, iyo soosaarayaasha birta. Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) iyo Brazil (20%) ayaa ahaa ilaha ugu muhiimsan.
Sannadkii 2013, Mareykanka wuxuu dhoofiyay bauxite-ka 9-karat (9,900 st) ee aan lahayn dareere, taasoo ah koror 40% ah marka loo eego dhoofinta 2012, iyadoo Kanada (72%) iyo Mexico (7%) ay yihiin meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dalxiis tago. Sannadkii 2013, Mareykanka wuxuu dhoofiyay bauxite-ka aan lahayn dareere, marka la barbar dhigo qiyaastii 13 kiiloton (14,300 tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2012. Dhoofinta bauxite-ka qalalan ee qallafsan waxay gaartay ku dhawaad ​​4,000 oo tan (4,400 oo tan oo gaaban), taasoo ah hoos u dhac 59% ah marka loo eego dhoofinta 2012, iyadoo Kanada (82%) ay tahay meesha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dalxiis tago.
Wax soo saarka alumina-da gudaha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 4.1 metrik ton (4.6 milyan oo tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2013, taasoo hoos u dhacday 7% marka loo eego sannadkii 2012. Hoos u dhaca ayaa waxaa sabab u ahaa wax soo saar hooseeya oo ka dhacay warshadda Ormet Corp. ee 540 t/y (595,000 st) ee Burnside, Los Angeles. Saddex meelood laba meel awooddeeda ayaa la xiray bishii Agoosto halka saddex meelood meel kalena ay soo hartay bishii Oktoobar. Warshadda waxaa laga iibiyay Almatis GmbH waxaana dib loo bilaabay bartamihii Diseembar.
Wadarta guud ee alaabada alumina laga soo dhoofiyay sanadkii 2013 waxay ahayd 2.05 metrik ton (2.26 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah), taasoo ah koror 8% ah marka loo eego alaabada alumina laga soo dejiyay sanadkii 2012. Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) iyo Brazil (12%) ayaa ahaa ilaha ugu muhiimsan. Wadarta dhoofinta alumina sanadkii 2013 waxay ahayd 2.25 metrik ton (2.48 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah), taasoo ah koror 27% ah marka loo eego dhoofinta sanadkii 2012. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Kanada (35%), Masar (17%) iyo Iceland (13%).
Wadarta isticmaalka bauxite-ka gudaha (iyadoo loo eegayo qaab qalalan oo cayriin ah) sannadkii 2013 waxaa lagu qiyaasay 9.8 mt (10.1 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah), taasoo 2% ka sarreysa tii sannadkii 2012. Tan, qiyaastii 8.8 metrik ton (9.1 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro alumina.6% ka hooseeya sannadkii hore. Isticmaalka kale ee bauxite waxaa ka mid ah soo saarista abrasives, sibidhka, kiimikooyinka iyo refractories, iyo sidoo kale warshadaha saliidda, wax soo saarka birta iyo daaweynta biyaha.
Wadarta guud ee isticmaalka alumina-da gudaha ee warshadaha aluminiumka sannadkii 2013 waxay ahayd 3.89 metrik ton (4.29 milyan oo tan oo caadi ah), taasoo hoos u dhacday 6% laga soo bilaabo 2012. Alumina-da ay isticmaaleen warshadaha kale ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd qiyaastii 490 kiloton (540,000 oo tan oo caadi ah) sannadkii 2013, taasoo ah hoos u dhac 16% ah marka loo eego qaddarkii 2012. Isticmaalka kale ee alumina waxaa ka mid ah xoqidda, sibidhka, dhoobada iyo kiimikooyinka.
Qiimaha bauxite-ka la soo dejiyo iyo kuwa la dhoofiyo way ku kala duwan yihiin meesha laga keenay, meesha loo socday iyo heerka ay gaarsiisan tahay. Qiimaha halbeegga ah ee bauxite-ka la soo dejiyo ee heerka aan la soo dejin karin ee laga keenay ilo waaweyn sannadkii 2013 wuxuu ahaa $813/t ($737/st) oo ka yimid Brazil (kor u kacay 5%) iyo $480/t ($435/st) oo ka yimid Shiinaha (hoos u dhac yar) iyo $441 It ($400/st) oo ka yimid Guyana (hoos u dhac yar).
Qiimaha bauxite-ka aan lahayn heerka iska caabbinta ee laga keeno ilo waaweyn wuxuu u dhexeeyay $56/t ($51/st) Australia (hoos u dhac 20%) ilaa $65/t ($59/st) Giriigga (kor u kacay 12%) sannadkii 2013. Celceliska qiimaha bauxite-ka qalalan ee la soo dhoofiyay sannadkii 2013 wuxuu ahaa $30/t ($27/st), 7% ayuu ka sarreeyay sannadkii 2012. Celceliska qiimaha alumina-ka la soo dhoofiyay sannadkii 2013 wuxuu ahaa $396/t ($359/st), 3% ayuu ka hooseeyay sannadkii 2012 2012. Celceliska qiimaha alumina-ka laga dhoofiyo Mareykanka ayaa hoos u dhacay 11% ilaa $400 sannadkii 2013 marka la barbar dhigo qiimaha 2012 /t ($363/st).
Qiimaha aluminiumku wuxuu sii socday 2013 ilaa rubuci hore ee 2014. Qiimaha aluminiumka oo hooseeya iyo kharashka korontada oo sarreeya ayaa lagu tilmaamay sababaha loo xiray hal aluminiumka aluminiumka ee gudaha sannadkii 2013 iyo ku dhawaaqista xidhitaanka aluminiumka aluminiumka ee aasaasiga ah rubuci hore ee 2014. Tamarta Cusub Dhammaadkii 2013 iyo bilowgii 2014, milkiilayaasha saddex aluminiumka aluminiumka ee aasaasiga ah iyo alaab-qeybiyeyaasha korontada waxay gaareen heshiisyo koronto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, milkiilayaasha laba kale oo macdanta dhalaalisa ayaa isku dayaya inay ka wada xaajoodaan heshiisyada korontada si loo yareeyo qiimaha korontada.
Inkasta oo qiimaha aluminiumku uu xasilloonaa rubuci hore ee 2014, baahida aluminiumku waxay ku xirnaan doontaa heshiisyada cusub ee korontada ee lala galo qaar ka mid ah kuwa wax dhalaaliya. In kasta oo qiimaha gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Mareykanka uu sii waday inuu kor u kaco sannadkii la soo dhaafay, haddana qiimaha hooseeya ayaa la filayaa inuu sii wado inuu bixiyo faa'iidooyin kharash ah oo loogu talagalay sifeeyayaasha aluminiumka gudaha ee 2014.
Soo dejinta bauxite-ka calcined-ka heerka-ceeriga ah ayaa la filayaa inay ku xirnaato wax soo saarka birta, laakiin beddelka birta aluminium ee ay sameeyaan shirkadaha baabuurta sameeya si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka shidaalka ayaa yarayn kara baahida loo qabo birta iyo alaabada caabbinta ee sameynta birta. Isticmaalka bauxite-ka calcined-ka heerka-ceeriga ah ayaa la filayaa inuu kordho sanadka 2014 maadaama warshadaha batroolku ay si dheeraad ah ugu isticmaalaan xoqidda, sibidhka iyo jabka haydarooliga.*
Sannadkii 2013, warshadaha bentonite waxba iskama beddelin laga soo bilaabo 2012. Wadarta wax soo saarka iyo iibka Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa 4.95 metrik ton (5.4 milyan oo metrik ton), marka la barbar dhigo 4.98 metrik ton (5.5 milyan oo metrik ton) sannadkii 2012. Wax soo saarka bentonite ee la ballaariyay waxaa xukuma Wyoming, waxaana ku xiga Utah iyo Montana.Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada iyo Colorado. Sannadkii 2011, soo kabashada dhaqaale xumada Mareykanka iyo adduunka (2007-2009) waxay u muuqatay inay gebi ahaanba dhammaystiran tahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax soo saarka guryaha iyo isticmaalka dhismaha bentonite ee la xiriira ayaa ugu dambeyntii bilaabaya inay soo kabtaan. Waqooyiga Ameerika (Mareykanka iyo Kanada), sodium bentonite oo bararsan ayaa xukuma calcium bentonite oo aan bararsanayn, taasoo ka dhigan in ka badan 97% suuqa guud ee bentonite. Wax soo saarka bentonite ee aan ballaarnayn wuxuu ka dhacaa Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California iyo Nevada. Isticmaalka ugu weyn ee bentonite ee aan ballaarinayn waa xidhmooyinka ciidda macdan qodista, daaweynta biyaha iyo shaandhaynta.
Adduunka oo dhan, soo-saaraha ugu weyn ee sodium activated bentonite waa Greece. China, Egypt iyo India. AMCOL (oo hore u ahayd American Colloid Co.) ayaa weli ah soo-saaraha sodium bentonite ee ugu horreeya oo leh qiyaastii 40% saamiyada suuqa, halka BPM Minerals LLC (oo ah shirkad hoos timaada Halliburton) ay leedahay qiyaastii 30% saamiyada suuqa Mareykanka. Soo-saareyaasha kale ee waaweyn ee sodium bentonite waa MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite iyo Wyo-Ben. Ma jiraan wax soo-saarayaal cusub oo bentonite ah oo bilaabay dhismaha 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. waxay ka furtay macdan cusub meel u dhow Thermopolis, Wyoming. Kaydka dhigaalka ayaa la filayaa inuu socdo ugu yaraan 10 ilaa 20 sano. Kharashyada alaabta ceeriin ah ayaa xasilloonaa, halka heerarka rarka xamuulka xamuulka aan isbeddelin 2013.
Bentonite-ka heerka qodista ee qodista saliidda iyo gaaska iyo soo kabashada ayaa ahaa isticmaalka ugu weyn ee bentonite-ka la ballaariyay sannadkii 2013, isagoo soo saaray qiyaastii 1.15 metrik tan (1.26 milyan oo tan oo gaaban). Tirada qalabka firfircoon ayaa sii kordhaysay sannadkii 2013, taasoo xaqiijinaysa soo noqoshada qodista saliidda iyo gaaska. Gaar ahaan, qodista toosan ee wax soo saarka shale waa codsi weyn oo bentonite ah.
Suuqa nuugista qashinka xayawaanka ee la jarjaray ayaa ah suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee bentonite-ka ballaaran ee granular-ka ah. In kasta oo tirada badan ee qashinka xayawaanka ay gaareen 1.24 metrik ton (1.36 milyan oo metrik ton) sannadkii 2005, haddana wuxuu isbeddelay inta u dhaxaysa 1.05 iyo 1.08 metrik ton (1.15 iyo 1.19 milyan oo metrik ton) sannadihii la soo dhaafay, iyadoo suuq uu ahaa qiyaastii 1.05 metrik ton (1.15 milyan oo metrik ton) sannadkii 2013 mt.
Kiniiniyada birta ee loo isticmaalo bentonite-ka la ballaariyay ayaa ahaa suuqa saddexaad ee ugu weyn, iyagoo gaaray 550 kiiloton (606,000 tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2013-kii iyadoo baahida birta ay korodhay wax soo saarka baabuurta iyo qalabka culus ee Mareykanka.
Tan iyo 2011, celceliska xaddiga bentonite ee la ballaariyay ee loo isticmaalo sidii xidhmo ciid macdan ah oo loogu talagalay birta iyo biraha kale ayaa ka badan 500 karat (550,000 tan oo gaaban). Ikhtiraacida alaabada cusub si weyn uma saameynin afartan suuq ee waaweyn ee bentonite ee la ballaariyay iyo kuwa budada ah.
Suuqa bentonite ee codsiyada injineernimada madaniga ah, oo si gooni ah loogu kala saaray 2005, wuxuu ahaa 175 karat (192,000 tan oo gaaban), taasoo muujinaysa in suuqu uu bilaabay inuu ka soo kabto hoos u dhacii 2008. Suuqa bentonite ee biyaha celiya iyo shaabadeeya ayaa sii waday inuu koro iyadoo warshadaha dhismaha ay ka dib hoos u dhacii Mareykanka, isagoo gaaray 150 karat (165,000 tan oo gaaban) sanadkii 2013. Suuqa bentonites yar yar oo la ballaariyay oo loogu talagalay dhejisyada, quudinta xayawaanka, buuxinta iyo buuxinta, iyo codsiyada kale guud ahaan kama soo kaban hoos u dhacii 2008.
Qayb yar oo ka mid ah suuqa bentonite ayaa ku takhasustay cabitaanka iyo caddeynta khamriga iyo alaabada organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie iyo Elementis Specialties Inc. ayaa raadinaya suuqa bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis waxay ballaarisay warshadeeda hectorite ee ballaaran ee Newbury Springs, Calif., muddo sannado ah, iyadoo labanlaabtay awooddeedii hore waxayna ka dhigaysaa mid tamar badan ku shaqeysa. Elementis waxay sii waddaa inay horumariso alaabada organoclay ee qiimaha jaban sida Bentone 910, Bentone 920 iyo Bentone 990 ee dareeraha qodista saliidda ku salaysan.
Tan iyo markii uu hoos u dhacay dhaqaalaha adduunka sanadkii 2008, sarrifka doollarka Mareykanka ayaa gacan ka geystay kororka dhoofinta bentonite. Sannadkii 2013, soosaarayaasha bentonite ee gudaha ayaa soo sheegay in dhoofinta 950 karat (1.05 milyan oo tan oo gaaban) oo bentonite ah loo sameeyay qodista dhoobada, qalabka lagu xidho ciidda macdan qodista iyo suuqyo kale oo kala duwan. Qadar yar oo bentonite ah ayaa laga soo dhoofiyay Kanada.2013.1 Mexico iyo Giriigga
Bismuth waa curiye culus oo kiimiko ahaan la xiriira antimony. Waa wax soo saar ka soo baxa rasaasta iyo tungsten, iyo ilaa xad yar oo naxaas iyo tin ah. Antimony waa curiye kiimiko oo khafiif ah. Waa wax soo saar ka soo baxa birta sida rasaasta, lacagta iyo dahabka. Isticmaalka ugu weyn ee bismuth iyo antimony waa isku-darka.
Isku-dhafka Bismuth iyo antimony iyo isticmaalka aan biraha ahayn ee la xiriira ayaa ka mas'uul ah inta badan isticmaalka walxahan kiimikada ah. Si dhif ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii bir ama daawaha.
Kooxda ugu badan ee isticmaalka ugu dambeeya ee bismuth waa kooxda kiimikada, oo ay ku jiraan daawooyinka sida Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), qurxinta indhaha oo leh saameyn luul leh (bismuth oxychloride), katalyst-yada, iyo isticmaalka kale ee kiimikada sida rinjiyada (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Kooxda ugu muhiimsan ee isticmaalka ugu dambeeya ee bismuth waa kooxda lagu daro biraha, kuwaas oo ka kooban yihiin ka hortagga crystallization of graphite ka soo jeeda birta dhalaalaysa ee kaarboonka, waxay kor u qaadaan farsamaynta bilaashka ah ee birta, naxaasta iyo aluminiumka, waxayna kor u qaadaan dahaarka isku midka ah ee galvanizing. Dhammaan codsiyada kooxdan lagu daro, bismuth uma shaqeyso sidii wakiil isku dhafan, laakiin waxay u dhaqantaa sidii kiciye ka hortaga, kor u qaada ama soo saara falcelinno ama sifooyin gaar ah. Birtu waxay u baahan tahay oo keliya 0.1% bismuth ama selenium si loo helo mashiin wanaagsan. Marka la barbardhigo kooxahan isticmaalka dhammaadka, kooxda bismuth ee isku dhafan waxay ka kooban tahay oo keliya xaddi yar oo bismuth ah waxaana loo isticmaalaa bismuth-ka la shiiday, bismuth-ka kale ee dhibicda dhalaalaysa ee hooseeya, iyo rasaasta.
Isticmaalka ugu badan ee antimony waa sida wax ka celiya ololka, inta badan daaweynta balaastikada, dhejisyada iyo dharka. Antimony oxide waxay leedahay door gaar ah sida dab-demiska xagjirka ah ee aan lahayn marxaladda gaaska ee dab-demiska, walxaha kala duwan ee halogenated ee loo isticmaalo dab-demiska.
Nooc kale oo ka mid ah alaabada aan biraha ahayn ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa midabyada iyo galaaska (oo ay ku jiraan dhoobada). Antimony oxide ee inta badan muraayadaha iyo dhoobada waxay u shaqeysaa sidii opacifier, laakiin antimony ee muraayadaha gaarka ah ayaa caddayn kara. Kooxda antimony lead iyo alloy waxay inta badan ka kooban yihiin lead antimony ah oo loo isticmaalo baytariyada baabuurta ee ku shaqeeya gaaska.
Dib-u-warshadayntu waxay u dhaxaysaa wax aan macquul ahayn (bismuth ee daawooyinka caloosha iyo qurxinta sababtoo ah gebi ahaanba way kala firirsan tahay) ilaa dhib yar, sida antimony ee ku jira daawooyinka dabka ka ilaaliya, waxyaabaha lagu daro birta iyo bismuth ee galvanizing, antimony ee galaaska Bismuth ee ku jira waxyaabaha lagu daro iyo kuwa lagu daro. Habka ugu fudud, ugu fudud uguna jaban ee dib loogu warshadeeyo bismuth ee ku jira walxaha la shiiday iyo walxaha kale ee birta iyo antimony ee ku jira taarikada rasaasta ee baytariga.
Soo dejinta birta bismuth ee Mareykanka ayaa inta badan aan isbeddelin sanadihii 2012 iyo 2013 iyadoo miisaankeedu ahaa 1,699 tan (1,872 tan oo gaaban) iyo 1,708 tan (1,882 tan oo gaaban). Antimony oxide, oo ah tan ugu badan ee mugga la soo dejiyo, wuxuu ahaa 20.7 karat (22,800 tan oo gaaban) (wadarta) sanadkii 2012 iyo 21.9 karat (24,100 tan) sanadkii 2013, taasoo ah koror yar. Laba bilood oo xog ah oo la helay 2014 ayaa soo jeedinaysa in qaabkani uu sii socdo. Sahaminta Juqraafiga ee Mareykanka (USGS) mar dambe ma daabacdo sahankeeda isticmaalka bismuth ee rubuclaha ah.
Wadarta guud ee isticmaalka dhammaadka sanadlaha ah ee isticmaalka bismuth ee Mareykanka ee 2011 (ugu dambeysay ee la daabacay) waxay ahayd 222 tan (245 tan) kooxda lagu daro birta iyo 54 tan (59 tan) ee bismuth alloys. Hadhaaga waxaa inta badan loogu talagalay kiimikooyinka, 6681 (736 st).
Isticmaalka cad ee USGS ee antimony ee Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa 21.7 karat (23,900 tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2012 iyo 24 karat (26,500 tan oo gaaban) sannadkii 2013.
Maqnaanshaha xogta badankeeda, natiijooyinka 2013 ee bismuth wax yar ayaa iska beddelay. Antimony, baaritaanka xogta xaddidan, isticmaalka 2013 waa inuu ahaadaa qiyaastii 10% ka sarreeya kan 2012. Sannadkii 2014, bismuth waxay u muuqataa inay is beddeli doonto oo antimony-gu uu si yar hoos ugu dhici doono.
Afar macdan ayaa ka ah 90 boqolkiiba borates-ka ay isticmaalaan warshadaha adduunka oo dhan - sodium borate, calcium tin, iyo potassium; calcium borate, duomolite; iyo calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax waa walax cad oo crystalline ah oo kiimiko ahaan loo yaqaan sodium tetraborate decahydrate, kaas oo si dabiici ah uga dhaca qasacadda macdanta. Boric acid waa mid aan midab lahayn, oo adag oo crystalline ah oo lagu iibiyo darajooyin farsamo, heer gobol iyo tayo gaar ah oo qaab granular ama budo ah, inta badan sida boric acid anhydrous. Kaydka borate-ka waxaa lala xiriiriyaa dhaqdhaqaaqa foolkaanaha iyo cimilada qalalan, iyadoo kaydka dhaqaale ahaan ugu weyn uu ku jiro Saxaraha Mojave ee Mareykanka oo u dhow boron. CA, Alpine Belt ee Koonfurta Aasiya, Andean Belt ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Tayada kheyraadka ama kaydka waxaa badanaa lagu cabbiraa marka la eego waxa u dhigma boron trioxide (B,0,).
Wax soo saarka macdanta boron iyo isku-dhafka Mareykanka ee 2013 ayaa si yar u kordhay laga bilaabo 2012; Wadarta guud waa la hayaa si looga fogaado shaacinta xogta shirkadda-gaarka ah. Laba shirkadood oo ku yaal Koonfurta California waxay soo saaraan macdanta boron, gaar ahaan sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, oo ah shirkad si buuxda u leh Rio Tinto Minerals pic, ayaa soo saarta dhagaxa dhexe iyo tin-calcium iyada oo loo marayo hababka qodista godka furan ee hawlgalladeeda Boron, California. Macdantan waxaa lagu farsameeyaa aashitada boric ama sodium borate alaabada sifeynta ee u dhow macdanta waxaana loo raraa tareen ama gaari xamuul ah macaamiisha Waqooyiga Ameerika ama waxaa si caalami ah loogu iibiyaa Dekedda Los Angeles. Borates-ka gaarka ah, sida wax soo saarka beeraha, ilaalinta alwaaxa iyo kuwa ka hortaga dabka, waxaa lagu soo saaraa Wilmington, CA, Borax.plant. Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) waxay soo saartaa borax iyo boric acid laga bilaabo potassium iyo sodium borate brines xarunteeda Searles Lake ee u dhow Trôna, California. Warshadaha Trôna iyo Westend ee SVM, brines-kan waxaa lagu sifeeyaa anhydrous, decahydrate iyo borax pentahydrate.
Macdanta iyo kiimikooyinka Boron waxaa inta badan laga isticmaalaa waqooyiga dhexe iyo bariga Mareykanka. Qaababka qaybinta ee lagu qiyaasay isku-dhafka boron ee lagu isticmaalay Mareykanka sannadkii 2013 waxay ahaayeen galaas iyo dhoobo, 80%; saabuunta, saabuunta, iyo cadayga, 4%; beeraha, 4%; dhaldhalaalka iyo glazes, 3% iyo isticmaal kale, 9%. Boron waxaa loo isticmaalaa galaaska sidii lagu daro si loo yareeyo ballaarinta kulaylka; loo hagaajiyo xoogga, iska caabbinta kiimikada, iyo adkeysiga; iyo bixinta iska caabbinta gariirka, heerkulka sare, iyo shoogga kulaylka. Dahaarka iyo fiberglass-ka dharka ayaa ah isticmaalka ugu weyn ee borates-ka adduunka oo dhan.
Boron waa nafaqeeyaha ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo beeraha, gaar ahaan kor u qaadista wax soo saarka abuurka. Bacriminta Boron waxaa inta badan laga helaa borax iyo monetite, kuwaas oo lagu keeni karo biyo buufin ama waraabka sababtoo ah biyaha oo badan ayaa milmi kara.
Dhoofinta sodium borate ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd 650 kt (716,000 st) sannadkii 2013, taasoo ka yar kororkii laga soo qaaday 646 kt (712,000 st) sannadkii 2012. Dhoofinta Boric acid-ka isma beddelin 190 kt (209,000 st). Qiimaha halbeegga ee dhoofinta boric acid-ka ayaa ka kordhay $816/t ($740/st) sannadkii 2012 ilaa $910/t ($740/st) sannadkii 2013. Qofka ugu weyn ee helay dhoofinta boric acid-ka sannadkii 2013 wuxuu ahaa Kuuriyada Koonfureed, taasoo ka dhigan 20 boqolkiiba. Soo dejinta Boric acid-ka sannadkii 2013 waxay ahayd 53 kiiloton (59,000 tan), qiyaastii 4% ka hooseeya tii 2012. Qiyaastii 64% ee boric acid-ka la soo dhoofiyay sannadkii 2013 waxay ka timid Turkiga. Qiimaha halbeegga ee soo dejinta boric acid-ka sannadkii 2013 wuxuu ahaa $687/t ($623/st), kor u kaca $782/1 ($709/st) sanadkii 2012.
Turkiga iyo Mareykanka ayaa hormuud ka ahaa wax soo saarka borate sanadkii 2013. Marka laga reebo wax soo saarka Mareykanka, wadarta guud ee miisaanka borate-ka adduunka waxaa lagu qiyaasay 4.9 metrik ton (5.4 milyan oo metrik ton) sanadkii 2013, taasoo ah koror 11 boqolkiiba ah laga soo bilaabo 2012.
Argentina waa soo-saare weyn oo macdanta boron ah oo ku taal Koonfurta Ameerika. Kororka dhawaanahan ku yimid wax soo saarka borate-ka ee Argentina, gaar ahaan boric acid, ayaa inta badan sabab u ah baahida sii kordheysa ee borates-ka ee ka imanaya warshadaha dhoobada iyo galaaska ee Aasiya iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika.