Tuhipoka a te Etita: Ia tau. Kei roto i te Mining Engineering te Arotakenga o ngā Kohuke Ahumahi. He tokomaha ngā tāngata kua whakapau kaha ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi mō tēnei putanga, me te mahi anō hoki i ā rātou ake mahi. Ngā mihi ki ngā Etita o te Arotakenga ā-Tau o ngā Kohuke Ahumahi, te Heamana me te Heamana Tuarua o te Komiti Hangarau o te Wehenga Kohuke Ahumahi me ngā Whakaemi, me ngā kaituhi o ngā kōtaha taonga takitahi.
He mema a Rajesh Raitani nō Cytec Industries Inc., he mema hoki ia nō te Komiti Hangarau mō te Wehenga Kohuke me ngā Rauemi Ahumahi.
Nā tā rātou āwhina i taea ai te putanga o te Industrial Minerals o Hōngongoi. E mihi ana ngā ētita ki a rātou, mō aku kaipānui.
E whā ngā kamupene – HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys. Old Hickory Clay Co. me Unimin Corp. – I keri i te uku pōro i roto i ngā kawanatanga e whā i te tau 2013. E ai ki ngā raraunga tuatahi, ko te hanga he 1 tana mita (1.1 miriona tana poto) me te uara e kiia ana he $47 miriona. I piki ake te hanga mā te 3 ōrau mai i te 973 karati (1.1 miriona tana poto) i te tau 2012, he $45.1 miriona te uara. Ko Tennessee te kaihanga matua, e 64% o te hanga ā-rohe, ā, whai muri ko Texas. Mississippi me Kentucky. Tata ki te 67% o te hanga uku pōro katoa he mea rere hau, 22% he uku matotoru, he uku kuru rānei, ā, 11% he paru wai.
I te tau 2013, i hokona e ngā kaihanga uku pōro ā-rohe te uku ki ngā mākete e whai ake nei: ngā pereki papa me ngā pereki uku (44%); ngā kaweake (21%); ngā taputapu horoi (18%); ngā uku rerekē (9%); mā te whakamahinga whakamutunga i te tau 2012. Te mākete aratau me te mākete o nāianei, ngā whakakī, ngā whakaroa me ngā here me ngā whakamahinga kāore i tohua (4% ia). Ko ētahi atu mākete he iti iho i te 1% o te toenga o te uku pōro kua hokona, kua whakamahia rānei. Ko ngā hoko i pūrongohia mō te hanga muka karāhe, te nuinga rānei o ngā tono whakakī, whakakī me te here, tera pea ko te uku kaolin te nuinga i keria, i hokona rānei e ngā kaihanga uku pōro.
E ai ki tētahi rangahau tuatahi mō ngā kaihanga uku pōro ā-rohe, ko te utu toharite mō te uku pōro ā-rohe he tata ki te US$47/t ($43/t) i te tau 2013, ki te whakaritea ki te US$46/t ($42/t) i te tau 2012. Ko ngā utu takitahi mō te uku pōro kaweake me te uku pōro kawemai he $126/t ($114/t) me te $373/t ($338/t) i te tau 2013, ki te whakaritea ki te $62/t ($56/t) me te $314/t ($285/t) i te tau 2013 (i te tau 2012). I piki ake te utu takitahi mō te nuinga o ngā kaweake papatipu i te tau 2013, ā, i piki rua ngā tuku o ngā kaweake iti-tana, uara nui i te tau 2013 ki te whakaritea ki te tau 2012, ā, i piki rua te uara toharite o ngā kaweake. E rua ngā tuku iti-tana, uara nui i te tau 2013 i piki ake ai te uara kawemai.
E ai ki te Tari Tatauranga o Amerika, e 4,681 tana (516 tana) o te uku pōro i kawemai i te tau 2013, ko te uara he $174,000, ki te whakaritea ki te 436 tana (481 tana) ko te uara he $137,000 i te tau 2012. Ko te nuinga o te uku pōro i kawemai mai i te United Kingdom. I rīpoata te Tari Tatauranga o Amerika ko ngā kaweake i te tau 2013 he 52.2 karati (57,500 tana poto) te uara $6.6 miriona, ki te whakaritea ki te 74 karati (81.600 tana) i te tau 2012, he $4.58 miriona te uara. Ko ngā wāhi matua mō te uku pōro kaweake ko Belgium, ngā pokapū whakawhiti kaipuke nui o Ūropi, Venezuela me Nicaragua. E 58 ōrau o ngā kaweake uku pōro o Amerika e hopu ana i ēnei whenua e toru. Ko ngā kaihanga o Amerika e rīpoata ana i te rua ki te toru ngā wā he nui ake ngā kaweake i te Tari Tatauranga o Amerika. E ai ki ngā tatauranga hokohoko kawemai i whakaputaina e te Manatū Ōhanga o Mehiko, ko ngā kaweake uku pōro he nui te tana e tukuna ana mai i te Hononga o Amerika ki Mehiko ka taea te whakarōpū hei kaolin.
Ko te tirohanga mō te umanga uku pōro he pikinga ake o ngā hoko i te mea kei te ora tonu te ōhanga o Amerika i te hinganga ohaoha. I te tau 2013, he mea nui ngā mahi hanga arumoni me ngā mahi hanga whare noho ki ngā hoko uku pōro nā te mea i whakamahia ai i roto i te hanga taera uku me ngā taputapu horoi. I kōrero te Tari Tatauranga o Amerika e 923,000 ngā tīmatanga whare tūmataiti i te tau 2013, i whakaritea ki te 781,000 ngā tīmatanga i te tau 2012, he pikinga 18 ōrau. Ko te uara o ngā whare noho me ngā whare kore-noho i oti i te tau 2013 i piki ake i te 5 ōrau ki te $898 piriona mai i te $857 piriona i te tau 2012. Hei tāpiri, kei te whakatauhia ngā take raupatu i roto i ngā wāhanga maha o te United States, e whakaiti ana i te maha o ngā whare takoto kau i runga i te mākete. Ahakoa ēnei whakapainga, kei raro tonu ngā tīmatanga whare i ngā taumata i mua i te hinganga ohaoha.
Ka pāngia hoki ngā hoko ā-whare o te uku pōro e ngā kawemai o ngā hua uku pōro pērā i ngā taera me ngā taputapu horoi. I te tau 2013, i heke te kawemai o ngā taera mai i te $62.1 miriona mō te 5.86 mita pūrua (63.1 miriona putu pūrua) i te tau 2012 ki te 5.58 mita pūrua (60.1 miriona putu pūrua) te uara $64.7 miriona. Ko ngā pūtake matua o ngā taera e ai ki te waehere Harmonized Tariff Schedule 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50. I te raupapa heke o te rahinga, Haina (22%); Mehiko (21%); Itari me Turkey (10% ia); Brazil (7%); Ko Koromupia, Peru me Pāniora (5% ia). I piki ake ngā kawemai o ngā taputapu horoi mai i te 25.2 miriona i te tau 2012 ki te 29.7 miriona i te tau 2013. Ko Haina te 14.7 miriona (49%) o ngā kawemai taputapu horoi o Amerika i te tau 2013, ā, ko Mehiko 11.6 miriona (39%). Ko ngā kawemai o ngā taera uku me ngā taputapu horoi. Kāore i te aro nui ngā kaihanga uku pōro o Mehiko ki ngā kaihanga uku pōro o roto i Haina, nā te mea ko ngā kaihanga o Amerika ngā kaiwhakarato uku pōro matua ki te umanga uku o Mehiko. Ko te pikinga ake o ngā mahi hanga e kī ana ko te tipu o ngā hoko uku pōro o roto i te tau 2014 ka rite pea ki te tau 2013.*
Ko te nuinga o te bauxite e pau ana i te Hononga o Amerika he mea kawemai. Ka whakaputahia e Alabama, Arkansas, me Georgia he iti noa te bauxite me te uku bauxite mō ngā whakamahinga ehara i te mea whakarewa.
Ko te tapeke o ngā kawemai o te bauxite karaehe whakarewa (maroke matotoru) he 9.8 tāne metara (10.1 miriona tāne paerewa) i te tau 2013, he hekenga 5% mai i ngā kawemai o te tau 2012. Ko Hāmeika (48%), ko Kini (26%) me Parahi (25%) ngā kaiwhakarato matua ki te US i te tau 2013. I te tau 2013, i kawemaihia te bauxite karaehe whakapūkara 131-karati (144,400 tāne poto), he pikinga 58% i ia tau.
I piki ake ngā kawemai o te bauxite whakarewa kounga ā-whakamātautau i whakaritea ki te tau 2012, ā, i piki ake ngā taonga i te mea kua heke te kaweake o ngā hua whakarewa e ahu mai ana i te bauxite i whakaritea ki te tau 2012. Ko te hanga maitai ā-rohe, koinei te whakamahinga matua o ngā hua whakarewa e ahu mai ana i te bauxite, i heke iho mā te 2% i te tau 2013, i whakaritea ki te hanga o te tau 2012. Ko Haina (49%) me Guyana (44%) ngā puna matua o ngā kawemai bauxite whakarewa kounga ā-whakamātautau o Amerika.
Ko te tapeke o ngā kawemai o te bauxite kua whakapūkarahia kore-ātete he 455 karati (501,500 tāne poto) i te tau 2013, he pikinga 40% mai i ngā kawemai o te tau 2012. Nā te pikinga o te whakamahinga o te bauxite i roto i te sima, te umanga hinu hei rauemi mō te pakaru waipēhi, me ngā kaihanga maitai i hua ai te tipu. Ko Guyana (38%), Ahitereiria (28%) me Brazil (20%) ngā pūtake matua.
I te tau 2013, i kaweake te Hononga o Amerika i te bauxite whakarewa 9-karati (9,900 st) kounga ātete, he pikinga 40% mai i ngā kaweake o te tau 2012, ko Kanata (72%) me Mehiko (7%) ngā haerenga matua. I te tau 2013, he iti noa te nui o te bauxite whakarewa kore-ātete i kaweake e te Hononga o Amerika, ki te whakaritea ki te tata ki te 13 kirotana (14,300 tana poto) i te tau 2012. Ko te tapeke o ngā kaweake bauxite maroke matotoru tata ki te 4,000 tana (4,400 tana poto), he hekenga 59% mai i ngā kaweake o te tau 2012, ko Kanata (82%) te haerenga matua.
I te tau 2013, i whakatau tatahia te hanga alumina ā-rohe ki te 4.1 tāne mita (4.6 miriona tāne poto), he hekenga iho tēnei mā te 7% mai i te tau 2012. Nā te iti o te hanga i te whare hanga hinu 540 tāne/tau (595,000 st) o Ormet Corp. (540 tāne/tau) i Burnside, Los Angeles i heke ai. E rua hautoru o tōna kaha i kati i te marama o Ākuhata, ā, ko te hautoru e toe ana i te marama o Oketopa. I hokona te whare hanga hinu ki a Almatis GmbH, ā, i tīmata anō i waenganui o Hakihea.
Ko te tapeke o ngā kawemai alumina i te tau 2013 he 2.05 tāne mita (2.26 miriona tāne paerewa), he pikinga 8% mai i ngā kawemai alumina o te tau 2012. Ko Ahitereiria (37%), ko Suriname (35%) me Brazil (12%) ngā pūtake matua. Ko te tapeke o ngā kaweake alumina i te tau 2013 he 2.25 tāne mita (2.48 miriona tāne paerewa), he pikinga 27% mai i ngā kaweake o te tau 2012. I roto i ēnei, ko Kanata (35%), ko Ihipa (17%) me Iceland (13%) ngā wāhi e haere atu ana.
Ko te tapeke o te whakamahinga o te bauxite ā-rohe (i runga i te taurite maroke mata) i te tau 2013 i whakatauhia he 9.8 mt (10.1 miriona tana paerewa), he 2% teitei ake i te tau 2012. O tēnei, tata ki te 8.8 tana mita (9.1 miriona tana paerewa) i whakamahia hei whakaputa alumina. He 6% te iti iho i te tau o mua. Ko ētahi atu whakamahinga o te bauxite ko te hanga i ngā mea whakakoi, te sima, ngā matū me ngā mea whakakā, tae atu ki te umanga hinu, te hanga maitai me te maimoatanga wai.
Ko te tapeke o te alumina i whakamahia e te umanga konumohe i te tau 2013 he 3.89 tāne metara (4.29 miriona tāne paerewa), he hekenga 6% mai i te tau 2012. Ko te alumina i whakamahia e ētahi atu umanga i te US he tata ki te 490 kirotana (540,000 tāne paerewa) i te tau 2013, he hekenga 16% mai i te nui o te tau 2012. Ko ētahi atu whakamahinga o te alumina ko ngā mea whakakoi, te sima, te uku me ngā matū.
He rerekē ngā utu mō te bauxite kawemai me te kaweake i runga i te pūtake, te ūnga me te kounga. Ko ngā utu mō ia wae mō te bauxite whakarewa kounga ātete kawemai mai i ngā pūtake nui i te tau 2013 he $813/t ($737/st) mai i Brazil (piki ake 5%) me te $480/t ($435/st) mai i Haina (heke paku) me te $441 It ($400/st) mai i Guyana (heke paku).
Ko ngā utu mō te bauxite whakarewa kore-ātete i kawemaihia mai i ngā puna nui i ahu mai i te $56/t ($51/st) i Ahitereiria (heke iho i te 20%) ki te $65/t ($59/st) i Kariki (piki ake i te 12%) i te tau 2013. Ko te utu toharite mō te bauxite maroke taratara kawemai i te tau 2013 he $30/t ($27/st), he 7% teitei ake i te tau 2012. Ko te utu toharite mō te alumina kawemai i te tau 2013 he $396/t ($359/st), he 3% iti iho i te tau 2012-2012. Ko te utu toharite mō te alumina i kaweakehia mai i te US i heke iho i te 11% ki te $400 i te tau 2013 ki te whakarite ki ngā utu o te tau 2012/t ($363/st).
I haere tonu ngā utu konumohe i te tau 2013 tae noa ki te hauwhā tuatahi o te tau 2014. Ko ngā utu konumohe iti me ngā utu hiko teitei e kiia ana ko ngā take i kati ai tētahi whare whakarewa konumohe tuatahi o te whare i te tau 2013 me te panuitanga o te kati o tētahi atu whare whakarewa konumohe tuatahi i te hauwhā tuatahi o te tau 2014. Pūngao Hou I te mutunga o te tau 2013 me te tīmatanga o te tau 2014, i tae ngā rangatira o ngā whare whakarewa konumohe tuatahi e toru me ngā kaiwhakarato hiko ki ngā whakaaetanga tuku hiko. Heoi, kei te ngana ngā rangatira o ētahi atu whare whakarewa e rua ki te whiriwhiri i ngā whakaaetanga hiko hei whakaheke i ngā utu hiko.
Ahakoa kua tau te utu o te konumohe i te hauwhā tuatahi o te tau 2014, ka whakawhirinaki te tono mō te alumina ki ngā whakaaetanga tuku hiko hou me ētahi kamupene whakarewa. Ahakoa kei te piki haere tonu ngā utu hau māori o Amerika i te tau kua hipa, e matapaetia ana ka haere tonu ngā utu iti ki te whakarato painga utu ki ngā kamupene whakarewa alumina o te whare i te tau 2014.
E matapaetia ana ka whakawhirinaki ngā kawemai o te bauxite kua whakapūkarahia ki te kounga ātete ki te hanga maitai, engari mā te whakakapinga o te maitai ki te konumohe e ngā kaihanga waka hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wahie ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō te maitai me ngā hua ātete ki te hanga maitai. E matapaetia ana ka piki ake te kai o te bauxite kua whakapūkarahia ki te kounga ātete kore-ātete i te tau 2014 i te mea ka whakamahia anōtia e te umanga hinu mō ngā mea whakakoi, te sima me te pakaru waipēhi.*
I te tau 2013, kāore i rerekē te ahumahi bentonite mai i te tau 2012. Ko te tapeke o te hanga me te hoko i te US he 4.95 tāne mita (5.4 miriona tāne mita), ki te whakarite ki te 4.98 tāne mita (5.5 miriona tāne mita) i te tau 2012. Ko Wyoming te nuinga o te hanga o te bentonite whakawhanui, ā, ko Utah me Montana te mea e whai ake nei. Texas, California, Oregon, Nevada me Colorado te mea nui. I te tau 2011, kua tino oti te whakaoranga mai i te US me te hinganga o te ao (2007-2009). Heoi, kei te tīmata te whakaoranga o te hanga whare me ngā whakamahinga hanga bentonite e pā ana. I Amerika Te Raki (US me Canada), ko te bentonite konutai pupuhi te mea nui o te bentonite konupūmā kore-pupuhi, e 97% te nui o te mākete bentonite whānui. Ko te hanga bentonite kore-whakawhanui ka puta i Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California me Nevada. Ko ngā whakamahinga matua o te bentonite kore-whakawhanui ko ngā here onepu whakarewa, te maimoatanga wai me te tātari.
I te ao katoa, ko Kariki te kaihanga matua o te bentonite whakahohe konutai. Haina, Ihipa me Īnia. Ko AMCOL (i mua ko American Colloid Co.) tonu te kaihanga bentonite konutai matua me te 40% o te hea mākete, ko BPM Minerals LLC (he apiti ki Halliburton) kei a ia te 30% o te hea mākete o US. Ko ētahi atu kaihanga bentonite konutai nui ko MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite me Wyo-Ben. Kāore he kaihanga bentonite hou i tīmata te hanga i te tau 2013. I whakatuwherahia e Wyo-Ben Inc. tētahi maina hou tata ki Thermopolis, Wyoming. E matapaetia ana ka roa ngā rahui o te putunga mō te 10 ki te 20 tau pea. I noho pumau tonu ngā utu rauemi mata, engari kāore i rerekē ngā reiti uta taraka i te tau 2013.
Ko te bentonite kounga keri mō te keri me te whakaora hinu me te hau te whakamahinga nui rawa atu o te bentonite whakawhanui i te tau 2013, tata ki te 1.15 tana mita (1.26 miriona tana poto). I piki haere tonu te maha o ngā taputapu hohe i te tau 2013, e whakaū ana i te hokinga mai o te keri hinu me te hau. Ina koa, ko te keri whakapae mō te hanga kirikiri he whakamahinga nui o te bentonite.
Ko te mākete mimiti paru mōkai kua whakakīia te tuarua o ngā mākete nui rawa atu mō te bentonite kua whakawhanuitia. Ahakoa i eke te ope paru mōkai ki te 1.24 tāne mita (1.36 miriona tāne mita) i te tau 2005, kua rerekē haere i waenga i te 1.05 me te 1.08 tāne mita (1.15 me te 1.19 miriona tāne mita) i roto i ngā tau, me te mākete tata ki te 1.05 tāne mita (1.15 miriona tāne mita) i te tau 2013.
Ko ngā pire rino mō te bentonite whakawhanui te tuatoru o ngā mākete nui rawa atu, i tipu ki te 550 kirotona (606,000 tana poto) i te tau 2013 i te mea kua piki ake te tono mō te maitai mō te hanga motuka me ngā taputapu taumaha o te US.
Mai i te tau 2011, ko te nui toharite o te bentonite whakawhanui e whakamahia ana hei here i roto i te onepu whakarewa mō te maitai me ētahi atu konganuku neke atu i te 500 karati (550,000 tana poto). Kāore te hanganga o ngā hua hou i tino pā ki ēnei mākete bentonite whakawhanui nui e whā, he kirikiri me te paura.
Ko te mākete mō te bentonite mō ngā tono hangarau ā-iwi, i wehea motuhaketia mai i te tau 2005, he 175 karati (192,000 tana poto), e tohu ana kua tīmata te mākete ki te ora ake i te hinganga o te tau 2008. I haere tonu te tipu o te mākete bentonite ārai wai me te hiri me te umanga hanga i muri i te hinganga o te US, tae atu ki te 150 karati (165,000 tana poto) i te tau 2013. Ko te mākete mō ētahi atu bentonite iti kua whakawhānuihia mō ngā piripiri, te kai kararehe, ngā whakakī me ngā whakakī, me ētahi atu tono kāore i te nuinga o te wā i ora ake i te hinganga o te tau 2008.
He wāhanga iti o te mākete bentonite e tohunga ana ki ngā hua whakamārama inu me te waina me te organoclay. Kei te whai a AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie me Elementis Specialties Inc. i te mākete bentonite nanocomposite. I whakawhānui ake a Elementis i tana tipu hectorite kua whakawhānuihia ki Newbury Springs, Calif., i roto i te wā maha-tau, i ruarua ai tōna kaha o mua, ā, i nui ake ai te penapena pūngao. Kei te whakawhanake tonu a Elementis i ngā hua organoclay utu iti pēnei i a Bentone 910, Bentone 920 me Bentone 990 mō ngā wai keri hinu.
Mai i te wā o te hinganga o te ao i te tau 2008, kua āwhina te utu whakawhiti o te tāra US ki te whakanui ake i ngā kaweake bentonite. I te tau 2013, i pūrongo ngā kaihanga bentonite ā-rohe i ngā kaweake o te 950 karati (1.05 miriona tana poto) o te bentonite mō te keri paru, ngā here onepu whakarewa me ētahi atu mākete rerekē. He iti noa te bentonite i kawemai mai i Kanata. 2013.1 Mehiko me Kariki
He huānga taumaha ake te bismuth e hono ana ki te antimony. He hua taha tēnei o te tangohanga o te mata me te tungsten, ā, he iti iho te parahi me te tine. He huānga matū mama ake te antimony. He hua taha tēnei o te tangohanga o ngā konganuku pēnei i te mata, te hiriwa me te koura. Ko te whakamahinga matua o te bismuth me te antimony he matū.
Ko te nuinga o te whakamahinga o ēnei huānga matū ko ngā matū bismuth me te antimony me ngā whakamahinga kore-whakarewa. Kāore i te tino whakamahia hei whakarewa, hei koranu rānei.
Ko te rōpū whakamahinga mutunga nui rawa atu mō te bismuth ko te rōpū matū, kei roto ko ngā rongoā pēnei i te Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), ngā whakapaipai kanohi me te pānga pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ngā whakakorikori, me ētahi atu whakamahinga matū pēnei i ngā peita (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Ko te rōpū whakamahinga whakamutunga nui e whai ake nei mō te bismuth ko te rōpū tāpiri whakarewa, ko tōna hanganga ka ārai i te tioata o te graphite mai i te maitai rewa waro kua tino makona, ka whakatairanga i te miihini kore utu o te maitai, te parahi me te konumohe, ā, ka whakatairanga i te paninga ōrite i roto i te whakapūmau. Mō ngā tono katoa o tēnei rōpū tāpiri, kāore te bismuth e mahi hei kaihoko whakarewa, engari he mahi hei whakakorikori e ārai ana, e whakatairanga ana, e whakaputa ana rānei i ētahi tauhohenga, i ētahi āhuatanga rānei. E 0.1% noa iho te bismuth, te selenium rānei e hiahiatia ana e te maitai kia pai ai te miihini. Ki te whakatauritea ki ēnei rōpū whakamahinga mutunga, he iti noa iho te bismuth e whakamahia ana e te rōpū whakarewa bismuth, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakarewa ka taea te whakarewa, i ētahi atu whakarewa iti te ira whakarewa, me ngā matā.
Ko te whakamahinga nui rawa atu o te antimony he ārai mura, ko te nuinga i roto i te maimoatanga o ngā kirihou, ngā piripiri me ngā kakahu. He mahi motuhake tā te waikura antimony hei tinei i ngā rauropi kore utu hau-wāhanga i roto i ngā ārai mura, i roto i ngā rauemi halogenated nui e whakamahia ana hei ārai mura.
Ko tētahi atu momo hua kore-whakarewa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tae me te karāhe (tae atu ki ngā uku). Ko te waikura antimony i roto i te nuinga o ngā karāhe me ngā uku he mea hei whakamārama, engari ka taea e te antimony i roto i ngā karāhe motuhake te whakamārama i a rātou. Ko te rōpū mata antimony me te koranu he mea hanga tuatahi ki te mata antimony e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pākahiko motuka e whakamahia ana te penehīni.
Ko te hangaruatanga he mea tata kore e taea (te bismuth i roto i ngā rongoā puku me ngā mea whakapaipai nā te mea kua marara katoa) ki te uaua iti iho, pērā i te antimony i roto i ngā mea ārai mura, ngā tāpiringa whakarewa me te bismuth i roto i te whakapūmau, te antimony i roto i te karāhe. Ko te Bismuth i roto i ngā Tāpiringa me ngā Whakakorikori. Ko te huarahi māmā, māmā me te iti rawa te utu ki te hangarua i te bismuth i roto i ngā koranu whakarewa me ētahi atu koranu me te antimony i roto i ngā pereti mata antimony pākahiko.
Kāore i rerekē te kawemai o te konganuku bismuth i te US i te tau 2012 me te tau 2013, arā, 1,699 tāne (1,872 tāne poto) me te 1,708 tāne (1,882 tāne poto). Ko te waikura antimony, te mea tino kawemaihia e te rahinga, he 20.7 karati (22,800 tāne poto) (katoa) i te tau 2012, ā, 21.9 karati (24,100 tāne) i te tau 2013, he pikinga iti tēnei. E rua marama o ngā raraunga o te tau 2014 e kī ana kei te haere tonu tēnei tauira. Kāore te United States Geological Survey (USGS) e whakaputa ana i tana rangahau mō te kai bismuth ia hauwhā.
Ko te tapeke whakamahinga mutunga ā-tau o te tau 2011 (whakaputaina hou) mō te kai bismuth i te United States he 222 tana (245 tana) mō te rōpū tāpiri whakarewa me te 54 tana (59 tana) mō ngā koranu bismuth. Ko te toenga he mea nui mō ngā matū, 6681 (736 st).
Ko te nui o te antimony i whakamahia e te USGS i te United States he 21.7 carats (23,900 short tons) i te tau 2012, ā, 24 carats (26,500 short tons) i te tau 2013.
I te korenga o te nuinga o ngā raraunga, kāore i tino rerekē ngā hua o te tau 2013 mō te bismuth. Mō te antimony, i te tirotiro i ngā raraunga iti, ko te whakamahinga i te tau 2013 me tata ki te 10% teitei ake i te tau 2012. I te tau 2014, te āhua nei ka noho tonu te bismuth, ā, ka paku heke te antimony.
E whā ngā kohuke e 90 ōrau o ngā borate e whakamahia ana e te ahumahi puta noa i te ao—te konutai borate, te tine konupūmā, me te pāhare pākawa; te konupūmā borate, te duomolite; me te konupūmā konutai borate, te sodalite. Ko te Borax he matū tioata mā e mōhiotia ana ko te sodium tetraborate decahydrate, e puta noa ana i roto i te kohuke tine. Ko te waikawa Boric he totoka tioata kore tae, e hokona ana i roto i ngā tohu hangarau, whakahaunga a te kawanatanga me ngā tohu kounga motuhake i roto i te ahua kirikiri, paura rānei, i te nuinga o te wā he waikawa boric anhydrous. Ko ngā putunga borate e pā ana ki ngā mahi puia me ngā āhuarangi maroke, me ngā putunga nui rawa atu e whai hua ana i te taha ōhanga i te Koraha Mojave o Amerika e tata ana ki te boron.CA, Te Whitiki Alpine o Āhia ki te Tonga, Te Whitiki Andean o Amerika ki te Tonga. Ko te kounga o tētahi rauemi, o tētahi rahui rānei ka inehia i runga i te ihirangi rite o te boron trioxide (B,O,).
I piki ake te hanga o ngā kohuke me ngā matū boron i te US i te tau 2013 mai i te tau 2012; Ka puritia ngā tapeke katoa hei karo i te whakaaturanga o ngā raraunga a te kamupene. E rua ngā kamupene i te Tonga o California e whakaputa ana i ngā kohuke boron, ko te nuinga ko te konutai borate. Ko Rio Tinto Borax, he apiti katoa nō Rio Tinto Minerals pic kei te UK, e tango ana i te toka matua me te tine-concium mā roto i ngā tikanga keri poka tuwhera i āna mahi i Boron, California. Ka tukatukahia ēnei kohuke hei hua waikawa boric, konutai borate rānei i ngā whare whakapai e tata ana ki te maina, ā, ka tukuna mā te tereina, te taraka rānei ki ngā kiritaki i Amerika Te Raki, ka hokona rānei ki te ao mā te Port of Los Angeles. Ko ngā borate motuhake, pērā i ngā hua ahuwhenua, tiaki rakau me te aukati mura, ka hangaia i Wilmington, CA, i Borax. Ka whakaputa a Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) i te borax me te waikawa boric mai i ngā wai tote pāhare pākawa me te konutai borate i tana whare Searles Lake e tata ana ki Trôna, California. I ngā tipu Trôna me Westend a SVM, ka whakapaingia ēnei wai tote hei wai kore, hei wai kore me te borax pentahydrate.
Ko ngā kohuke me ngā matū boron e whakamahia ana i te raki-waenganui me te rawhiti o te Hononga o Amerika. Ko ngā tauira tohatoha mō ngā matū boron i whakamahia i te Hononga o Amerika i te tau 2013 ko te karāhe me te uku, 80%; ngā hopi, ngā hopi horoi, me ngā whakama, 4%; te ahuwhenua, 4%; ngā enamel me ngā glazes, 3% me ētahi atu whakamahinga, 9%. Ka whakamahia te boron i roto i te karāhe hei tāpiri hei whakaiti i te whānui o te wera; hei whakapai ake i te kaha, te ātete matū, me te roa; me te whakarato i te ātete ki te wiri, te pāmahana teitei, me te ru wera. Ko te whakamarumaru me te muka kakano te whakamahinga kotahi nui rawa atu o ngā borates puta noa i te ao.
Ko te boron te matūkai iti e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua, ko te nuinga hei whakatairanga i te whakaputa purapura. Ko ngā maniua boron he mea ahu mai i te borax me te monetite, ka taea te tuku mā te rehu, mā te wai whakamakuku rānei nā te mea he wairewa nui ki te wai.
Ko te kaweake o te konutai borate o Amerika he 650 kt (716,000 st) i te tau 2013, he pikinga iti iho i te 646 kt (712,000 st) i te tau 2012. Kāore i rerekē te kaweake o te waikawa boric ki te 190 kt (209,000 st). I piki ake te uara o ngā kaweake waikawa boric mai i te $816/t ($740/st) i te tau 2012 ki te $910/t ($740/st) i te tau 2013. Ko Korea ki te Tonga te whenua i whiwhi nui i ngā kaweake waikawa boric i te tau 2013, e 20 ōrau te nui. Ko ngā kawemai waikawa boric i te tau 2013 he 53 kirotana (59,000 tonnes), he iti iho i te tau 2012. Tata ki te 64% o ngā waikawa boric kawemai i te tau 2013 i ahu mai i Turkey. Ko te uara o ngā kawemai waikawa boric i te tau 2013 he $687/t ($623/st), he pikinga ake i te $782/1 ($709/st) i te tau 2012.
Ko Turkey me te Hononga o Amerika ngā kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te hanga borate i te tau 2013. Haunga te hanga o Amerika, ko te taumaha borate katoa o te ao i whakatauhia he 4.9 tone mita (5.4 miriona tone mita) i te tau 2013, he pikinga 11 ōrau mai i te tau 2012.
Ko Argentina tētahi o ngā kaihanga nui o te boron ore i Amerika ki te Tonga. Ko te pikinga ake o te hanga borate i Argentina, inā koa ko te waikawa boric, i ahu mai i te pikinga o te tono mō ngā borate mai i ngā ahumahi uku me te karāhe i Āhia me Amerika ki te Raki.