Tsebiso ea Mohlophisi: Selemo le Selemo.Mining Engineering features Industrial Minerals Review.Ho na le batho ba' maloa ba tsetelitseng nako e ngata ba ntshetsa pele thepa bakeng sa taba ena, ha ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi oa bona.Ke leboha Bahlophisi ba Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Liminerale tsa Indasteri, Molula-setulo le Motlatsi oa Molula-setulo oa Komiti ea Tekheniki ea Lekala la Liminerale le Likakaretso tsa Indasteri, le bangoli ba litaba tsa motho ka mong.
Rajesh Raitani ke setho sa SME sa Cytec Industries Inc. 'me ke molula-setulo oa Komiti ea Tekheniki bakeng sa Lekala la Liminerale le Likopano tsa Indasteri.
Thuso ea bona e entse hore ho khonehe tokollo ena ea July Industrial Minerals.Lebitsong la babali ba ka, bahlophisi baa ba leboha.
Lik'hamphani tse 'nè - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. le Unimin Corp. - E entsoeng ka letsopa la bolo linaheng tse' nè ka 2013. Ho ea ka lintlha tsa pele, tlhahiso ke 1 metric tonne (1.1 milione e khutšoanyane ea lithane) ka chelete e hakanyetsoang ea $ 47 milione 2012, boleng ba liranta tse limilione tse 45.1.Tennessee ke mohlahisi ea ka sehloohong, ea ikarabellang bakeng sa 64% ea tlhahiso ea malapeng, e lateloa ke Texas.Mississippi le Kentucky.About 67% ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea letsopa ea bolo ke moea o phallang, 22% ke letsopa le mahoashe kapa le pshatlehileng,' me 11% ke metsi a slurry.
Ka 2013, bahlahisi ba letsopa la bolo ea malapeng ba ile ba rekisa letsopa limmarakeng tse latelang: lithaele tsa ceramic le marako (44%); thomelontle (21%); thepa ea bohloeki (18%); lirafshoa tse fapaneng (9%); ka tšebeliso ea ho qetela ka 2012 Mode le 'maraka oa hona joale, li-fillers, extenders le li-binders le litšebeliso tse sa hlalosoang (4% ka 'ngoe) .Mebaraka e meng e etsa chelete e ka tlaase ho 1% ea letsopa le setseng le rekisoang kapa le sebelisitsoeng.Thekiso e tlalehiloeng bakeng sa ho etsoa ha fiberglass kapa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho tlatsa, ho tlatsa le ho kopanya ho ka etsahala hore e be haholo-holo kaolin letsopa le rafshoang ke bahlahisi.
Ho ea ka phuputso ea pele ea bahlahisi ba letsopa la bolo ea malapeng, theko e tloaelehileng ea letsopa la bolo ea malapeng e ne e le hoo e ka bang US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) ka 2013, ha e bapisoa le US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) ka 2012. Theko ea yuniti ea ho romela le ho kenya bolo ea letsopa e ne e le $ 126 / t ($ 1337 ka tlhompho / st) le $ 1337 / st) 2013, ha e bapisoa le $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) le $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) ka 2013) ka 2012, ka ho latellana.Theko ea boholo ba thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling e ile ea eketseha ka 2013, 'me ho romelloa ha thepa ea theko e tlaase, ea boleng bo phahameng e imenne habeli ka 2013 ho ea ka karolelano ea thepa ea 2013. thomello ea lithane tse tlase, tsa boleng bo holimo ka 2013 e bakile keketseho ea boleng ba kantle ho naha.
Ho latela US Census Bureau, lithane tse 4,681 (lithane tse 516) tsa letsopa la bolo li ile tsa rekoa ka 2013, tsa boleng ba $ 174,000, ha li bapisoa le lithane tse 436 (lithane tse 481) tsa boleng ba $ 137,000 ka 2012.Bongata ba letsopa la bolo bo ne bo romelloa ho tsoa United Kingdom. The US Census Bureau tlaleha hore diyantle ka 2013 ne 52.2 carats (57,500 khutšoanyane lithane tse) bohlokoa $6.6 milione, bapisoa le 74 carats (81.600 lithane tse) ka 2012, Ea bohlokoa ho $4.58 milione. The desstinations ka sehloohong bakeng sa diyantle bolo letsopa ba theoha.The European transmission Nigua, Belgium, Belgium Liphesente tse 58 tsa lihlahisoa tsa letsopa tsa bolo ea Amerika.Bahlahisi ba US ba tlaleha ka makhetlo a mabeli ho isa ho a mararo tse romelloang kantle ho naha ho feta US Census Bureau.Ho ea ka lipalo-palo tsa khoebo tsa kantle ho naha tse phatlalalitsoeng ke Lekala la Moruo la Mexico, thomello ea letsopa ea bolo ea boima ba lithane tse ngata e romelloang ho tloha United States ho ea Mexico e ka hlalosoa e le kaolin.
Pono ea indasteri ea letsopa ke keketseho ea thekiso ha moruo oa US o ntse o tsoela pele ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha ho putlama ha moruo.Ka 2013, mesebetsi ea kaho ea khoebo le kaho ea bolulo e ne e le bohlokoa bakeng sa thekiso ea letsopa ea bolo ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea bona ha ho etsoa lithaele tsa ceramic le thepa ea bohloeki. The US Census Bureau tlaleha 923,000 yuniti ea poraefete e qala ka 2018, ha e bapisoa le 20721, Keketseho ea liphesente tse 18. Theko ea meaho ea bolulo le eo e seng ea bolulo e phethiloeng ka 2013 e eketsehile ka liphesente tse 5 ho isa ho $898 bilione ho tloha ho $857 bilione ka 2012. Ho feta moo, litaba tsa topollo li ntse li rarolloa likarolong tse ngata tsa United States, ho fokotsa palo ea matlo a se nang batho 'marakeng.
Thekiso ea lehae ea letsopa la bolo e boetse e angoa ke thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ea lihlahisoa tsa letsopa tse kang lithaele le lisebelisoa tsa bohloeki. Kemiso ea khoutu 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ka taelo e theohang ea molumo, Chaena (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy le Turkey (10% ka 'ngoe); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru le Spain (5% mong le e mong).Thepa ea thepa ea bohloeki e eketsehile ho tloha ho limilione tse 25.2 ka 2012 ho ea ho limilione tse 29.7 ka 2013.China e ne e le limilione tse 14.7 (49%) tsa thepa ea sanitaryware ea US ka 2013, le Mexico 11.6 milione (39%). tlhokomelo ho bahlahisi ba letsopa la bolo ea malapeng ho feta ba tsoang Chaena, kaha bahlahisi ba US ke bona ba ka sehloohong ba fanang ka letsopa la letsopa ho indasteri ea ceramic ea Mexico. Keketseho ea mosebetsi oa kaho e fana ka maikutlo a hore kholo ea thekiso ea letsopa ea bolo ea malapeng ka 2014 e ka 'na ea tšoana le ea 2013.
Hoo e ka bang bauxite eohle e jeoang United States e romelloa linaheng tse ling.Alabama, Arkansas, le Georgia li hlahisa palo e nyenyane ea letsopa la bauxite le bauxite bakeng sa tšebeliso e sa sebeliseng tšepe.
Metallurgical grade bauxite (coarse dry) thepa e tsoang kantle e ile ea fihla lithane tse 9.8 tsa metric (lithane tse limilione tse 10.1) ka 2013, phokotso ea 5% ho tloha ho 2012. Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) le Brazil (25%) e ne e le barekisi ba kaholimo ho US ka 2013, ka 2013, ka 2013. (144,400 lithane tse khutšoane) bauxite ea refractory grade calcined e ile ea romelloa kantle ho naha, keketseho ea 58% selemo le selemo.
Theko ea thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa refractory grade calcined bauxite e eketsehile ha e bapisoa le 2012, e lebisang ho tlatsetsong ea lihlahisoa ha thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling e theohile ho bapisoa le 2012. Tlhahiso ea tšepe ea malapeng, e leng tšebeliso e ka sehloohong ea lihlahisoa tsa refractory tse thehiloeng ho bauxite, e ile ea theoha ka hoo e ka bang 2% ka 202019 le tlhahiso ea 2013 2013. (44%) ke mehloli ea mantlha ea ho tsoa kantle ho naha ea US refractory-grade calcined bauxite.
Theko ea bauxite e sa refractory grade calcined totaled 455 carats (501,500 short tons) in 2013, e leng keketseho ea 40% ho feta 2012 imports. Khōlo e ne e bakoa ke ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea bauxite ka samente, indasteri ea oli e le proppant bakeng sa hydraulic le fracturing Australia (3 Guyana fracturing) le Brazil (38%) le fracturing ea Australia. (20%) e ne e le mehloli e meholo.
Ka 2013, United States e ile ea romela kantle ho naha ea 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, keketseho ea 40% ho feta thepa e romelloang kantle ka 2012, Canada (72%) le Mexico (7%) e le tsona libaka tse ka sehloohong tse eang ho tsona. (14,300 lithane tse khutšoane) ka 2012. Thekiso ea bauxite e ommeng e mahoashe e ile ea etsa kakaretso ea lithane tse ka bang 4,000 (lithane tse 4,400 tse khutšoane), phokotseho ea 59% ho tloha ho li-export tsa 2012, Canada (82%) e leng eona sebaka se ka sehloohong.
Tlhahiso ea aluminium ea malapeng e hakanngoa ho lithane tse 4.1 (lithane tse khutšoanyane tsa limilione tse 4.6) ka 2013, ho theohile ka 7% ho tloha 2012. Ho fokotseha ho ne ho bakoa ke ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso ea Ormet Corp. e ile ea rekisetsoa Almatis GmbH 'me ea qala bohareng ba December.
Kakaretso ea thepa ea aluminium ka 2013 e ne e le lithane tse 2.05 (lithane tse limilione tse 2.26), keketseho ea 8% ho feta thepa ea 2012 ea alumina. diyantle.Har'a tsona, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) le Iceland (13%) ke tsona tse ka sehloohong.
Kakaretso ea tšebeliso ea bauxite ea malapeng (ka mokhoa o ts'oanang o omileng) ka 2013 e ne e hakanngoa ho 9.8 mt (lithane tse tloaelehileng tse limilione tse 10.1), 2% e phahameng ho feta ka 2012. Ho sena, hoo e ka bang 8.8 metric tons (9.1 milione ea lithane tse tloaelehileng) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa alumina.6% e tlase ho feta ea selemo se fetileng. refractories, hammoho le indastering ea oli, tlhahiso ea tšepe le ho hloekisa metsi.
Kakaretso ea aluminium lapeng tshebediso ya indasteri ea aluminium ka 2013 e ne e le 3.89 metric tons (4.29 lithane tse limilione tse tloaelehileng), ho fokotseha ha 6% ho tloha 2012.Alumina e jeoang ke liindasteri tse ling tsa US e ne e le hoo e ka bang 490 kilotons (540,000 lithane tse tloaelehileng) ka 2013, ho fokotseha ha 2013 ho tloha ho 2012, ho fokotseha ha 16% ea 2012. li-abrasives, samente, lirafshoa le lik'hemik'hale.
Litheko tsa li-bauxite tse tsoang kantle ho naha le tse romelloang kantle li fapana ho ea ka mohloli, moo ho eang teng le kereiting.Litheko tsa yuniti bakeng sa bauxite e tsoang kantle ho naha ho tsoa mehloling e meholo ka 2013 e ne e le $813/t ($737/st) ho tsoa Brazil (ho fihla ho 5%) le $480/t ($435/st) ho tsoa Chaena ($40/st) ho tloha China (401/1 hanyenyane) hanyenyane).
Litheko tsa "non-refractory grade calcined bauxite" tse tsoang mehloling e meholo li tloha ho $56/t ($51/st) Australia (tlase ka 20%) ho ea ho $65/t ($59/st) Greece (ho fihlela ka 12%) ka 2013 .Karolelano ea theko ea bauxite e omileng e tsoang kantle ho naha ka 2013), e fetang $ 7/2013 ho feta $ 3% 2012. Theko e tloaelehileng ea aluminium e tsoang linaheng tse ling ka 2013 e ne e le $ 396 / t ($ 359 / st), 3% e ka tlaase ho 2012 2012. Ka karolelano theko ea alumina e rometsoeng ho tloha US e ile ea theoha ka 11% ho $ 400 ka 2013 ha e bapisoa le theko ea 2012 / t ($ 363 / st).
Litheko tsa aluminium li ile tsa tsoela pele ka selemo sa 2013 ho fihlela kotara ea pele ea 2014. Litheko tse tlaase tsa aluminium le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa motlakase li boleloa e le mabaka a ho koaloa ha mochine o le mong oa lehae oa aluminium oa mantlha ka 2013 le phatlalatso ea ho koaloa ha mochini o mong oa motheo oa aluminium kotareng ea pele ea 2014. li-smelters tsa aluminium le bafani ba motlakase ba fihletse litumellano tsa phepelo ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, beng ba lisebelisoa tse ling tse peli tsa ho qhibilihisa ba leka ho buisana ka litumellano tsa motlakase ho theola litheko tsa motlakase.
Le hoja litheko tsa aluminium li tsitsitse kotareng ea pele ea 2014, tlhokahalo ea aluminium e tla itšetleha ka litumellano tse ncha tsa phepelo ea motlakase le ba bang ba smelters.Le hoja theko ea khase ea tlhaho ea US e ntse e tsoela pele ho nyoloha selemong se fetileng, litheko tse batlang li le tlaase li lebeletsoe hore li tsoele pele ho fana ka melemo ea litšenyehelo ho bahloekisi ba alumina ba malapeng ka 2014.
Ho lebeletsoe hore thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling ea refractory-grade calcined bauxite e itšetlehile ka tlhahiso ea tšepe, empa ho nkeloa sebaka ha tšepe ka aluminium ke li-automaker ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mafura ho ka fokotsa tlhokahalo ea lihlahisoa tsa tšepe le lihlahisoa tsa refractory bakeng sa ho etsa steelmaking.
Ka 2013, indasteri ea bentonite e ile ea lula e sa fetohe ho tloha 2012. Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea US le thekiso e ne e le lithane tse 4.95 tsa metric (lithane tse limilione tse 5.4), ha li bapisoa le lithane tse 4.98 (lithane tse limilione tse 5.5) ho 2012. Tlhahiso ea bentonite e atolositsoeng e laoloa ke Wyoming le Montalinia.Oregon. Colorado.Ka 2011, ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha US le ho putlama ha lefatše (2007-2009) ho ile ha bonahala ho phethahetse haholo-holo.Leha ho le joalo, tlhahiso ea matlo le lisebelisoa tse amanang le kaho ea bentonite li qetella li qala ho hlaphoheloa.Naheng ea Amerika Leboea (US le Canada), bentonite e ruruhileng ea sodium e laola k'halsiamo e sa ruruhang, e ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bentonite e fetang 97%. Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California le Nevada.Tsebeliso e ka sehloohong ea bentonite e sa atoloheng ke li-binders tsa lehlabathe la foundry, phekolo ea metsi le ho hloekisa.
Lefatšeng ka bophara, moetsi ea ka sehloohong oa sodium activated bentonite ke Greece.China, Egypt le India.AMCOL (eo pele e neng e le American Colloid Co.) e ntse e le moetsi ea ka sehloohong oa sodium bentonite ea nang le karolo ea 40% ea 'maraka, ha BPM Minerals LLC (e leng setsi sa Halliburton) se na le karolo ea 30% ea 'maraka oa US. bahlahisi ba qalile ho haha ​​ka 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. e ile ea bula merafo e ncha haufi le Thermopolis, Wyoming. Lichelete tsa polokelo ea deposit li lebeletsoe hore li tšoarelle bonyane lilemo tse 10 ho isa ho tse 20. Litšenyehelo tsa thepa e tala li ile tsa lula li tsitsitse, ha litekanyetso tsa thepa ea literaka li ne li sa fetohe ka 2013.
Bentonite-grade-grade bentonite bakeng sa ho cheka oli le khase le ho hlaphoheloa e ne e le tšebeliso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea bentonite e atolositsoeng ka 2013, e hlahisang hoo e ka bang lithane tse 1.15 tsa metric (lithane tse limilione tse 1.26).
'Maraka o monyang litšila tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ke 'maraka oa bobeli o moholo ka ho fetesisa oa bentonite.Le hoja bongata ba lithōle tsa lapeng bo fihlile ho 1.24 metric tons (1.36 million metric tons) ka 2005, bo fetohile pakeng tsa 1.05 le 1.08 metric tons (1.15 le 1.19 million market over the 1.19 metres) 1.05 metric tons (1.15 million metric tons) ka 2013 mt).
Li-pellets tsa tšepe bakeng sa bentonite e atolositsoeng e ne e le 'maraka oa boraro o moholo ka ho fetisisa, o hōla ho 550 kilotons (606.000 lithane tse khutšoanyane) ka 2013 ha tlhokahalo ea tšepe e eketseha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea likoloi tsa US le thepa e boima.
Ho tloha ka 2011, palo e tloaelehileng ea bentonite e atolositsoeng e sebelisoang e le setlamo sa lehlabathe la Foundry bakeng sa tšepe le lisebelisoa tse ling tse fetang 500 carats (550,000 lithane tse khutšoanyane) .Ho qaptjoa ha lihlahisoa tse ncha ha hoa ama haholo limmaraka tsena tse 'nè tse kholo tsa granular le phofshoana e atolositsoeng ea bentonite.
'Maraka oa bentonite bakeng sa likopo tsa boenjiniere ba sechaba, o arotsoe ka thoko ho 2005, e ne e le 175 carats (lithane tse 192,000 tse khutšoane), e leng se bontšang hore' maraka o ile oa qala ho fola ho tloha ho putlama ha 2008. Theko ea ho thibela metsi le ho tiisa 'maraka oa bentonite o ile oa tsoela pele ho hola le indasteri ea kaho kamora ho putlama ha US, ho fihla ho 10010 carats. 'Maraka bakeng sa li-bentonite tse ling tse nyane tse atolositsoeng bakeng sa likhomaretsi, phepelo ea liphoofolo, li-filler le li-filler, le lits'ebetso tse ling ka kakaretso ha li so hlaphoheloe ho putlama ha moruo ka 2008.
Karolo e nyenyane ea 'maraka oa bentonite e khethehile ka ho hlakisa seno le veine le lihlahisoa tsa organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie le Elementis Specialties Inc. li ntse li phehella maraka a bentonite nanocomposite. ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa organoclay tse theko e tlaase tse kang Bentone 910, Bentone 920 le Bentone 990 bakeng sa maro a ho cheka a thehiloeng ka oli.
Ho tloha ho putlama ha lefatše ka 2008, sekhahla sa phapanyetsano ea lidolara tsa Amerika se thusitse ho ruruha li-exports tsa bentonite.Ka 2013, bahlahisi ba lehae ba bentonite ba tlalehile ho romelloa kantle ho li-carats tse 950 (lithane tse khutšoane tse limilione tse 1.05) tsa bentonite bakeng sa ho cheka seretse, mebaraka ea lehlabathe le tse ling tse fapaneng.
Bismuth ke ntho e boima ka ho fetesisa e amanang le antimone ka lik'hemik'hale.Ke sehlahisoa sa loto le tungsten, 'me ho isa tekanyong e nyane koporo le thini.Antimony ke ntho e bobebe ea lik'hemik'hale.Ke sehlahisoa sa ho ntšoa ha litšepe tse kang loto, silevera le khauta.Tsebeliso e kholo ea bismuth le antimone ke motsoako.
Metsoako ea Bismuth le antimony le tšebeliso e amanang le eona e seng ea tšepe e ikarabella bakeng sa tšebeliso e ngata ea likarolo tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale.Ha e sebelisoe hangata joalo ka tšepe kapa motsoako.
Sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa tšebeliso ea bismuth ke sehlopha sa lik'hemik'hale, se kenyelletsang meriana e kang Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), litlolo tsa mahlo tse nang le phello ea pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), li-catalyst, le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kang lipente (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Sehlopha se latelang sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa ho qetela bakeng sa bismuth ke sehlopha sa tlatsetso sa metallurgic, seo sebopeho sa sona se thibelang crystallization ea graphite ho tloha carbon supersaturated e qhibilihisitsoeng tšepe e qhibilihisitsoeng, e khothalletsa machining ea mahala ea tšepe, koporo le aluminium, 'me e khothalletsa ho roala junifomo ka galvanizing. e phahamisa kapa e hlahisa maikutlo kapa thepa e itseng.Tsepe e hloka feela 0.1% ea bismuth kapa selenium bakeng sa machinability e ntle.Ha ho bapisoa le lihlopha tsena tsa tšebeliso ea ho qetela, sehlopha sa bismuth alloy se nka karolo e nyane feela ea bismuth mme se sebelisoa ka li-alloys tse fusible, li-alloys tse ling tse tlase tse qhibilihang, le lithunya.
Tšebeliso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-antimony e le e thibelang lelakabe, haholo-holo kalafo ea li-plastiki, li-adhesives le textiles.Antimony oxide e na le karolo e khethehileng e le setsi sa khase sa mahala sa radical quencher ka li-flame retardants, ka thepa e sa tšoaneng ea halogenated e sebelisoang e le li-radical retardants.
Sehlopha se seng sa lihlahisoa tse seng tsa tšepe li sebelisoa haholo-holo ka li-pigments le likhalase (ho akarelletsa le li-ceramics) .Antimony oxide ka likhalase tse ngata le li-ceramics e sebetsa e le opacifier, empa antimony ka likhalase tse khethehileng e ka ba hlakisa.Sehlopha sa antimony lead le alloy se na le lead haholo-holo ea antimony e sebelisoang likoloing tsa likoloi tse tsamaeang ka peterole.
Recyclability e fapana ho tloha hoo e batlang e le ntho e ke keng ea khoneha (bismuth ka har'a meriana ea mpa le litlolo hobane e qhalane ka ho feletseng) ho ea ho bothata bo fokotsehileng, joalo ka antimony in flame retardants, metallurgical additives le bismuth in galvanizing, antimony in glass Bismuth in Additives and Catalysts. Mokhoa o bonolo, o bonolo ebile o theko e tlase oa ho sebelisa bismuth ka lialloi tse ling le lialloi tse ling le antimone ka har'a lipoleiti tsa lead tsa antimony.
US e tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa tšepe bismuth o ile a lula haholo e sa fetoha ka 2012 le 2013 ka 1,699 lithane (1,872 lithane tse khutšoanyane) le 1,708 lithane (1,882 lithane tse khutšoanyane) .Antimony oxide, ho fetisisa imported ka bophahamo ba modumo, e ne e le 20.7 carats (22,800tal. (lithane tse 24,100) ka 2013, keketseho e fokolang.Likhoeli tse peli tsa 2014 data e fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa ona o ntse o tsoela pele.The United States Geological Survey (USGS) ha e sa phatlalatsa phuputso ea eona ea kotara ea ho sebelisoa ha bismuth.
Kakaretso ea 2011 (e sa tsoa hatisoa) ea selemo le selemo bakeng sa tšebeliso ea bismuth United States e ne e le lithane tse 222 (lithane tse 245) bakeng sa sehlopha sa metsoako ea metallurgical le lithane tse 54 (lithane tse 59) bakeng sa li-alloys tsa bismuth. Tekanyo ke haholo-holo ea lik'hemik'hale, 6681 (736 st).
Tšebeliso e bonahalang ea antimony ea USGS United States e ne e le 21.7 carats (23,900 lithane tse khutšoanyane) ka 2012 le 24 carats (26,500 lithane tse khutšoanyane) ka 2013.
Ha ho se na lintlha tse ngata, liphetho tsa 2013 bakeng sa bismuth li ne li fetohile hanyenyane. Bakeng sa antimony, ho hlahloba lintlha tse fokolang, tšebeliso ea 2013 e lokela ho ba hoo e ka bang 10% e phahameng ho feta ka 2012. Ka 2014, ho bonahala eka bismuth e ka lula e sa fetohe 'me antimony e fokotseha hanyenyane.
Liminerale tse ’nè li etsa karolo ea 90 lekholong ea borate e sebelisoang ke indasteri lefatšeng ka bophara—borate ea sodium, calcium tin le potassium; calcium borate, duomolite; le calcium sodium borate, sodalite.Borax is a white crystalline substances known as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, which happens naturally in the mineral tin.Boric acid is a colorless, crystalline solid sold in technical, state prescription and special quality grade in granular or powder form, most often as anhydrous boric acid.Borate deposits are associated with the volcanic largest deposits the US Lehoatata haufi le boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andes Belt of South America.Boleng ba mohlodi kapa pokello hangata bo lekanngwa ho ya ka boron trioxide ya yona (B,0,) e lekanang le diteng.
2013 tlhahiso ea US ea liminerale le metsoako ea boron e eketsehile hanyenyane ho tloha ka 2012; kakaretso ea bolokoa ho qoba ho phatlalatsoa ha data ea mong'a khampani libaka tsa ho hloekisa haufi le morafo 'me li romelloa ka terene kapa ka literaka ho bareki ba Amerika Leboea kapa tse rekisoang linaheng tse ling ka Port of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, tse kang temo, lehong le bolokang lelakabe lihlahisoa, li hlahisoa Wilmington, CA, ka Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) e hlahisa borax le boric acid ho tloha setsing sa Tlhōrō le sodium ea boric ho tloha setsing sa Tlhōrès sa Tlárles, potassium. California.Ho limela tsa SVM's Trôna le Westend, metsi ana a hloekisoa hore e be anhydrous, decahydrate le borax pentahydrate.
Liminerale le lik'hemik'hale tsa Boron li sebelisoa haholo karolong e ka leboea ea bohareng le bochabela ho United States.Mekhahlelo e hakantsoeng ea kabo ea metsoako ea boron e jeoang United States ka 2013 e ne e le likhalase le lirafshoa, 80%; lisepa, lihlapa, le li-bleach, 4%; temo, 4%; li-enamel le li-glazes, 3% le lisebelisoa tse ling, 9%.Boron e sebelisoa ka khalase e le tlatsetso ea ho fokotsa ho atolosoa ha mocheso; ntlafatsa matla, khanyetso ea lik'hemik'hale, le ho tšoarella; le ho fana ka ho hanyetsa ho thothomela, mocheso o phahameng, le mocheso oa mocheso.Insulation le textile fiberglass ke tšebeliso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea borate lefatšeng ka bophara.
Boron ke micronutrient e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa temong, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho khothalletsa tlhahiso ea peo. Manyolo a Boron a tsoa haholo-holo ho borax le monetite, e ka fanoang ka ho fafatsa kapa ho nosetsa ka metsi ka lebaka la ho qhibiliha ha metsi a mangata.
US sodium borate e romelloang kantle e ne e le 650 kt (716,000 st) ka 2013, keketseho e nyane ho tloha ho 646 kt (712,000 st) ka 2012. Thepa ea boric acid e ile ea lula e sa fetohe ho 190 kt (209,000 st). Theko ea yuniti e eketsehile ho tloha ho $ 81 ea thepa e romelloang kantle ho $8161 ea boric acid. 2012 ho $ 910 / t ($ 740 / st) ka 2013. Moamoheli ea ka sehloohong oa li-export tsa boric acid ka 2013 e ne e le Korea Boroa, e ikarabellang bakeng sa karolo ea 20. Lihlahisoa tsa boric acid ka 2013 li ne li le 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), hoo e ka bang 4% e tlase ho feta 201% ea 201 201% ea 201. e tsoa Turkey.Boleng ba yuniti ea thepa ea boric acid ka 2013 e ne e le $687/t ($623/st), ho tloha ho $782/1 ($709/st) ka 2012.
Turkey le United States li ile tsa etella pele lefats'e ka tlhahiso ea borate ka 2013. Ntle le tlhahiso ea US, boima ba lefatše lohle bo hakanyetsoa ho 4.9 metric tons (5.4 million metric tons) ka 2013, keketseho ea 11 lekholong ho tloha 2012.
Argentina ke mohlahisi ea ka sehloohong oa boron ore Amerika Boroa.Keketseho ea morao-rao ea tlhahiso ea borate Argentina, haholo-holo boric acid, e bakoa haholo ke ho eketseha ha tlhokahalo ea li-borates tse tsoang liindasteri tsa ceramic le khalase Asia le Amerika Leboea.