Icyitonderwa cy'umwanditsi: Buri mwaka. Ubuhanga mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro butanga Isuzuma ry'Amabuye y'agaciro mu nganda. Hari abantu benshi bafashe umwanya munini bategura inyandiko z'iki kibazo, banakora akazi kabo bwite. Turashimira abanditsi b'Isuzuma ry'Amabuye y'agaciro mu nganda, Perezida akaba na Visi Perezida wa Komite Tekiniki y'Ishami rishinzwe Amabuye y'agaciro mu nganda n'amatsinda, ndetse n'abanditsi b'ibicuruzwa ku giti cyabo.
Rajesh Raitani ni umunyamuryango w’ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse bya Cytec Industries Inc. akaba ayobora Komite Tekiniki y’Ishami ry’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro n’Amabuye y’Agaciro mu Nganda.
Ubufasha bwabo bwatumye ikinyamakuru cy’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro cyo muri Nyakanga gisohoka. Mu izina ry’abasomyi banjye, abanditsi barabashimira.
Ibigo bine – HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. na Unimin Corp. – Bacukuye ibumba ry’imipira mu ntara enye mu 2013. Dukurikije imibare y’ibanze, umusaruro ni toni 1 (toni 1.1 z’amadorari magufi) ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 47 z’amadolari. Umusaruro wiyongereyeho 3% uvuye kuri karati 973 (toni 1.1 z’amadorari magufi) mu 2012, ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 45.1 z’amadolari.Tennessee ni yo ikora cyane, ingana na 64% by’umusaruro wo mu gihugu, ikurikirwa na Texas, Mississippi na Kentucky. Hafi 67% by’umusaruro wose w’ibumba ry’imipira ni ukuremba mu kirere, 22% ni ibumba rikomeye cyangwa ryasenyutse, naho 11% ni amazi.
Mu 2013, abahinzi b'ibumba ry'imbere mu gihugu bagurishije ibumba ku masoko akurikira: amatafari yo hasi n'inkuta (44%); ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga (21%); ibikoresho by'isuku (18%); ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ibumba (9%); mu ikoreshwa rya nyuma muri 2012 Uburyo n'isoko ririho ubu, ibikoresho byuzuza, ibyongerera n'ibyo gufunga hamwe n'ikoreshwa ritazwi (4% buri rimwe). Andi masoko afite munsi ya 1% by'ibumba ry'ibumba risigaye ryagurishijwe cyangwa ryakoreshejwe. Ibiciro byatangajwe ku ikorwa rya fiberglass cyangwa ikoreshwa ry'ibyo gufunga, ibyo gufunga n'ibyo gufunga bishobora kuba ahanini ibumba rya kaolin ricukurwa cyangwa rigurwa n'abakora ibumba ry'ibumba.
Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze bwakozwe ku batunganya ibumba ry’imipira yo mu gihugu, igiciro mpuzandengo cy’ibumba ry’imipira yo mu gihugu cyari hafi $47/t ($43/t) mu 2013, ugereranyije na $46/t ($42/t) mu 2012. Ibiciro by’ibumba ry’imipira yoherezwa mu mahanga n’iyo gutumiza mu mahanga byari $126/t ($114/st) na $373/t ($338/st) mu 2013, ugereranyije na $62/t ($56/st) na $314/t ($285/st) mu 2013) mu 2012, uko bikurikirana. Igiciro cy’ibumba ry’ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherejwe mu mahanga cyariyongereye mu 2013, kandi ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya toni nke kandi bifite agaciro gakomeye byikubye kabiri mu 2013 ugereranije na 2012, bituma impuzandengo y’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga yikuba kabiri. Ibicuruzwa bibiri bya toni nke kandi bifite agaciro gakomeye mu 2013 byatumye agaciro k’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga kazamuka.
Nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe ibarura rusange cya Amerika kibitangaza, toni 4.681 (toni 516) z’ibumba ry’umupira w’amaguru zatumijwe mu 2013, zifite agaciro ka $174.000, ugereranyije na toni 436 (toni 481) zifite agaciro ka $137.000 mu 2012. Igice kinini cy’ibumba ry’umupira w’amaguru cyatumijwe mu Bwongereza. Ikigo gishinzwe ibarura rusange rya Amerika cyatangaje ko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga mu 2013 byari karati 52.2 (toni 57.500 ngufi) bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 6.6 z'amadolari, ugereranije na karati 74 (toni 81.600) mu 2012, bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 4.58 z'amadolari. Ahantu hakuru ho kohereza ibumba ry'umupira w'amaguru ni ukumanuka, Ububiligi, ibigo bikomeye byo mu Burayi bitwara ibicuruzwa, Venezuwela na Nikaragwa. Ibi bihugu bitatu bikuramo 58 ku ijana by'ibumba ry'umupira w'amaguru ryo muri Amerika. Abakora muri Amerika bakunze gutangaza ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ugereranyije n'ikigo gishinzwe ibarura rusange cya Amerika. Dukurikije imibare y'ubucuruzi bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga yashyizwe ahagaragara na Minisiteri y'Ubukungu ya Megizike, kohereza mu mahanga ibumba ry'umupira w'amaguru rifite toni nyinshi ryoherezwa riva muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rijya muri Megizike rishobora gushyirwa mu cyiciro cya kaolin.
Icyerekezo cy’inganda zikora ibumba ry’umupira ni ukwiyongera kw’ibicuruzwa mu gihe ubukungu bwa Amerika bukomeje kuzamuka nyuma y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu. Mu 2013, ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi bw’ubucuruzi n’ubwubatsi bw’amazu byari ingenzi cyane ku igurishwa ry’ibumba ry’umupira w’amaguru bitewe n’uko bikoreshwa mu gukora amatafari ya ceramic n’ibikoresho by’isuku. Ikigo gishinzwe ibarura rusange rya Amerika cyatangaje ko amazu 923.000 y’abikorera yatangiye mu 2013, ugereranyije n’inyubako 781.000 yatangiye mu 2012, 18% by’izamuka. Agaciro k’inyubako zo guturamo n’izitari iz’abaturage zubatswe mu 2013 kiyongereyeho 5% kagera kuri miliyari 898 z’amadolari y’Amerika uvuye kuri miliyari 857 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2012. Byongeye kandi, ibibazo byo guhomba amazu birimo gukemurwa mu bice byinshi bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bigabanya umubare w’amazu adafite abantu ku isoko. Nubwo hari iterambere, amazu atangira gutangizwa aracyari munsi y’urwego rwa mbere y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu.
Igurishwa ry’ibumba ry’imbere mu gihugu naryo rigira ingaruka ku bicuruzwa by’ibumba ry’ibumba nk’amatafari n’ibikoresho by’isuku bitumizwa mu mahanga. Mu 2013, amatafari atumizwa mu mahanga yagabanutse kuva kuri miliyoni 62.1 z’amadolari kuri metero kare 5.86 (metero kare miliyoni 63.1) mu 2012 agera kuri metero kare 5.58 (metero kare miliyoni 60.1) bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 64.7 z’amadolari. Amasoko y’ingenzi y’amatafari nk’uko bigaragara ku rutonde rw’ibiciro bya Harmonized Tariff Schedule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50. Mu buryo bumanuka, Ubushinwa (22%); Megizike (21%); Ubutaliyani na Turukiya (10% buri kimwe); Brezili (7%); Kolombiya, Peru na Esipanye (5% kuri buri kimwe). Ibicuruzwa by’isuku byinjijwe mu mahanga byavuye kuri miliyoni 25.2 mu 2012 bigera kuri miliyoni 29.7 mu 2013. Ubushinwa bwari bufite miliyoni 14.7 (49%) by’ibikoresho by’isuku byatumizwaga muri Amerika mu 2013, naho Megizike ikagira miliyoni 11.6 (39%). Ibicuruzwa by’ibumba n’ibikoresho by’isuku byinjizwa mu mahanga Abakora ibumba ry’imipira baturutse muri Megizike ntibita cyane ku bakora ibumba ry’imipira baturutse mu gihugu kurusha abaturutse mu Bushinwa, kuko abakora muri Amerika ari bo batanga ibumba ry’imipira ku nganda z’ibumba za Megizike. Ubwiyongere bw’ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi bwerekana ko ukwiyongera kw’ibicuruzwa by’ibumba ry’imipira mu gihugu mu 2014 bishobora kuba bingana no mu 2013.*
Bauxite hafi ya zose zikoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zitumizwa mu mahanga. Alabama, Arkansas, na Jeworujiya zikora ibumba rito rya bauxite na bauxite rikoreshwa mu buryo budakoresha ibyuma.
Ibicuruzwa byinjijwe mu mahanga bya bauxite yo mu rwego rwa metallurgike (cyangwa yumye cyane) byageze kuri toni 9.8 (toni miliyoni 10.1 zisanzwe) mu 2013, bikaba byaragabanutseho 5% ugereranije n’ibyatumijwe mu 2012. Jamaica (48%). Gineya (26%) na Brezili (25%) nibyo byatanze ibicuruzwa byinshi muri Amerika mu 2013. Mu 2013, bauxite ya karati 131 (toni 144.400 z’amagufi) yatumijwe mu mahanga, bikaba byari byiyongereyeho 58% ugereranyije n’umwaka.
Ibicuruzwa bya bauxite ifite calcium calcium byariyongereye ugereranije no mu 2012, bituma hongerwa ububiko bw’ibikoresho kuko ibicuruzwa bya bauxite byoherezwaga mu mahanga byagabanutse ugereranije no mu 2012. Umusaruro w’ibyuma byo mu rugo, ari na wo ukoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bya bauxite, wagabanutseho hafi 2% mu 2013, ugereranije n’ibyakozwe mu 2012. Ubushinwa (49%) na Guyana (44%) ni byo bikomoka cyane mu gutumiza bauxite ifite calcium calcium muri Amerika.
Gutumiza bauxite ifite calcium calcium mu mahanga byageze kuri karati 455 (toni 501.500 z'amapine magufi) mu 2013, bikaba byari byiyongereyeho 40% ugereranyije n'ibyatumizwaga mu mahanga mu 2012. Uku kwiyongera kwatewe no kwiyongera kw'ikoreshwa rya bauxite muri sima, inganda za peteroli nk'igikoresho cyo gucukura hydraulic, n'inganda zikora ibyuma. Guyana (38%), Ositaraliya (28%) na Brezili (20%) nibyo byaturutse cyane.
Mu 2013, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zohereje hanze bauxite ya karati 9 (9.900 st) ifite calcium calcium, yiyongereyeho 40% ugereranyije n’iyoherezwa mu mahanga mu 2012, aho Kanada (72%) na Megizike (7%) ari byo bihugu by’ingenzi biyiturwamo. Mu 2013, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zohereje hanze bauxite ya karisiyo ...
Umusaruro wa alumina wo mu gihugu wagereranyijwe kuri toni 4.1 (toni 4.6 z'ubugufi) mu 2013, wagabanutseho 7% ugereranije n'umwaka wa 2012. Uku kugabanuka kwatewe n'umusaruro muke mu ruganda rwa Ormet Corp. rwa 540 t/y (595.000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles. Bibiri bya gatatu by'ubushobozi bwarwo bwafunzwe muri Kanama naho kimwe cya gatatu gisigaye mu Ukwakira. Uruganda rwagurishijwe Almatis GmbH rutangira kongera gukora hagati mu Ukuboza.
Igiteranyo cy’amabuye y’agaciro ya alumina mu 2013 cyari toni 2.05 (toni miliyoni 2.26 zisanzwe), cyiyongereyeho 8% ugereranyije n’ibyatumizwaga mu 2012. Ositaraliya (37%), Suriname (35%) na Brezili (12%) nibyo byaturutse cyane. Igiteranyo cy’amabuye y’agaciro ya alumina mu 2013 cyari toni 2.25 (toni miliyoni 2.48 zisanzwe), cyiyongereyeho 27% ugereranyije n’ibyoherezwaga mu 2012. Muri byo, Kanada (35%), Misiri (17%) na Isilande (13%) nibyo bikorerwamo cyane.
Igiteranyo cy’ikoreshwa rya bauxite mu ngo (ku gipimo cy’ingano y’ifu y’umukungugu) mu 2013 cyagereranyijwe kuri toni 9.8 (toni miliyoni 10.1 zisanzwe), 2% hejuru ugereranyije n’uko byari bimeze mu 2012. Muri byo, toni zigera kuri 8.8 (toni miliyoni 9.1 zisanzwe) zakoreshejwe mu gukora alumina. 6% biri hasi ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize. Izindi koreshwa rya bauxite zirimo gukora ibintu bitera ubushyuhe, sima, imiti n’ibinyabutabire, ndetse no mu nganda za peteroli, mu gukora ibyuma no gutunganya amazi.
Igiteranyo cy’ikoreshwa rya alumina mu nganda za aluminiyumu mu 2013 cyari toni 3.89 (toni miliyoni 4.29 zisanzwe), igabanuka rya 6% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2012. Alumina yakoreshejwe n’izindi nganda muri Amerika yari kilotoni zigera kuri 490 (toni 540.000 zisanzwe) mu 2013, igabanuka rya 16% ugereranyije n’ikoreshwa ryo mu 2012. Izindi ngaruka zakoreshejwe muri alumina zirimo ibintu byo mu bwoko bwa abrasive, sima, ceramics n’imiti.
Ibiciro bya bauxite itumizwa mu mahanga n'iyoherezwa mu mahanga biratandukanye bitewe n'aho ituruka, aho ijya n'urwego. Ibiciro bya bauxite ya calcium yavuye mu mahanga mu 2013 byari $813/t ($737/st) iturutse muri Brezili (yazamutseho 5%) na $480/t ($435/st) iturutse mu Bushinwa (yagabanutseho gato) na $441 It ($400/st) iturutse muri Guyana (yagabanutseho gato).
Ibiciro bya bauxite idahinduka ikoreshwa mu gutwika calcium yatumijwe mu masoko akomeye byari hagati ya $56/t ($51/st) muri Ositaraliya (byagabanutseho 20%) bigera kuri $65/t ($59/st) mu Bugereki (byazamutseho 12%) muri 2013. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya bauxite yumye itumizwa mu mahanga mu 2013 cyari $30/t ($27/st), 7% hejuru ugereranyije n'uko byari bimeze mu 2012. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya alumina itumizwa mu mahanga mu 2013 cyari $396/t ($359/st), 3% munsi ugereranyije n'uko byari bimeze mu 2012 2012. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya alumina yoherejwe muri Amerika cyagabanutseho 11% kigera kuri $400 muri 2013 ugereranije n'ibiciro byo mu 2012 /t ($363/st).
Ibiciro bya aluminiyumu byakomeje mu 2013 kugeza mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2014. Ibiciro biri hasi bya aluminiyumu n'ibiciro biri hejuru by'amashanyarazi ni byo byavuzwe ko ari byo byatumye imashini imwe itunganya aluminiyumu yo mu gihugu ihagarara mu 2013 ndetse n'itangazo ryo gufunga indi mashini itunganya aluminiyumu mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2014. Ingufu nshya Mu mpera za 2013 no mu ntangiriro za 2014, ba nyiri imashini eshatu zitunganya aluminiyumu n'abatanga amashanyarazi bagiranye amasezerano yo gutanga amashanyarazi. Ariko, ba nyiri izindi mashini ebyiri zitunganya aluminiyumu barimo kugerageza kumvikana ku masezerano y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo bagabanuke ibiciro by'amashanyarazi.
Nubwo ibiciro bya aluminiyumu byahagaze neza mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2014, icyifuzo cya aluminiyumu kizaterwa n'amasezerano mashya yo gutanga amashanyarazi n'abashongesha bamwe. Nubwo ibiciro bya gaze karemano muri Amerika byakomeje kuzamuka mu mwaka ushize, ibiciro biri hasi cyane byitezwe ko bizakomeza gutanga inyungu ku mashini zitunganya aluminiyumu zo mu gihugu mu 2014.
Biteganijwe ko gutumiza bauxite ifite calcium calcium mu mahanga bizaterwa n’umusaruro w’icyuma, ariko abakora imodoka basimbuza icyuma na aluminiyumu kugira ngo bongere imikorere myiza ya lisansi bishobora kugabanya ikenerwa ry’ibyuma n’ibicuruzwa bifite calcium calcium mu gukora ibyuma. Biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa rya bauxite ifite calcium calcium calcium calcium calcium calcium carbonate riziyongera mu 2014 mu gihe inganda zirimo kuyikoresha mu gukora ibintu bikozwe mu buryo bwa abrasive, sima no gucikamo uduce duto tw’amazi.*
Mu 2013, inganda za bentonite ntizahindutse kuva mu 2012. Umusaruro n'ibicuruzwa byose muri Amerika byari toni 4.95 (toni miliyoni 5.4), ugereranije na toni 4.98 (toni miliyoni 5.5) mu 2012. Umusaruro wa bentonite yagutse wiganjemo Wyoming, hagakurikiraho Utah na Montana. Texas. california. Oregon. Nevada na Colorado. Mu 2011, gukira nyuma y'ihungabana ry'ubukungu rya Amerika n'isi (2007-2009) byasaga nkaho byari byarangiye. Ariko, umusaruro w'amazu n'imikoreshereze y'ubwubatsi ya bentonite biratangiye kugaruka. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru (Amerika na Kanada), bentonite ya sodium yabyimbye yiganjemo bentonite ya kalisiyumu idabyimbye, ingana na 97% by'isoko rusange rya bentonite. Umusaruro wa bentonite idakwirakwira ubera muri Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, Kaliforuniya na Nevada. Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi ya bentonite idakwirakwira ni imitako y'umucanga, gutunganya amazi no kuyungurura.
Ku isi yose, ikigo cy’ingenzi cya bentonite ikora sodium ni Ubugereki. Ubushinwa, Misiri n’Ubuhinde. AMCOL (yahoze ari American Colloid Co.) iracyari ikigo cya mbere cya bentonite ikora sodium ifite umugabane wa 40% ku isoko, mu gihe BPM Minerals LLC (ishami rya Halliburton) ifite umugabane wa 30% ku isoko rya Amerika. Abandi bahanga bakomeye ba bentonite ikora sodium ni MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite na Wyo-Ben. Nta bahanga bashya ba bentonite batangiye kubaka mu 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. yafunguye ikirombe gishya hafi ya Thermopolis, Wyoming. Biteganijwe ko amafaranga abitswe azamara nibura imyaka 10 kugeza kuri 20. Ibiciro by’ibikoresho fatizo byakomeje kugabanuka, mu gihe igipimo cy’imitwaro y’amakamyo kitahindutse mu 2013.
Bentonite yo mu rwego rwo gucukura no gucukura peteroli na gaze ni yo yakoreshejwe cyane muri 2013, ikora toni zigera kuri 1.15 (toni ndende miliyoni 1.26). Umubare w'ibikoresho bikora wakomeje kwiyongera muri 2013, byemeza ko gucukura peteroli na gaze byagarutse. By'umwihariko, gucukura mu buryo butambitse kugira ngo hakorwe shale ni ikoreshwa rikomeye rya bentonite.
Isoko ry’imyanda y’amatungo rigizwe n’ibice bibiri ni isoko rya kabiri rinini rya bentonite yagutse. Nubwo umubare w’inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa bentonite wageze kuri toni 1.24 (toni miliyoni 1.36) mu 2005, warahindutse hagati ya toni 1.05 na toni 1.08 (toni miliyoni 1.15 na toni 1.19) mu myaka yashize, aho isoko rya toni zigera kuri 1.05 (toni miliyoni 1.15) mu 2013.
Uduce tw’icyuma twa bentonite twagutse twari ku isoko rya gatatu rinini, tugera kuri kilotoni 550 (toni 606.000 z’amagufi) mu 2013 ubwo icyifuzo cy’ibyuma cyazamukaga mu gukora imodoka n’ibikoresho biremereye muri Amerika.
Kuva mu 2011, ikigereranyo cy’ingano ya bentonite yagutse ikoreshwa nk'icyuma gifunga mu mucanga w’icyuma gikozwe mu byuma n’ibindi byuma kirenga karati 500 (toni 550.000 z’amagufi). Guhanga ibicuruzwa bishya ntacyo byagizeho ingaruka zikomeye kuri aya masoko ane manini ya bentonite yagutse ifite granular na ifu.
Isoko rya bentonite mu bikorwa by’ubwubatsi, ryashyizwe mu byiciro bitandukanye n’irya 2005, ryari karati 175 (toni 192.000 z’amagufi), bigaragaza ko isoko ryatangiye kuzamuka nyuma y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryo mu 2008. Isoko rya bentonite ririnda amazi no gufunga ryakomeje gukura mu nganda z’ubwubatsi nyuma y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu rya Amerika, rigera kuri karati 150 (toni 165.000 z’amagufi) mu 2013. Isoko ry’izindi bentonite nto zaguwe zo gukoresha kole, ibiryo by’amatungo, ibyo gushyiramo n’ibyo gushyiramo, n’ibindi bikorwa muri rusange ntiryagarutse nyuma y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryo mu 2008.
Igice gito cy'isoko rya bentonite cyihariye mu gutunganya ibinyobwa na divayi hamwe n'ibikomoka kuri organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie na Elementis Specialties Inc. barimo gukurikirana isoko rya bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis yongereye uruganda rwayo rwa hectorite rwagutse i Newbury Springs, muri Calif., mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, yikuba kabiri ubushobozi bwayo bwa mbere kandi ituma ikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Elementis ikomeje guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bya organoclay bihendutse nka Bentone 910, Bentone 920 na Bentone 990 byo gucukura amazi akoresha peteroli.
Kuva ku ihungabana ry’ubukungu ku isi mu 2008, igipimo cy’ivunjisha ry’idolari rya Amerika cyafashije kongera ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bya bentonite. Mu 2013, abakora bentonite bo mu gihugu bavuze ko bohereje karati 950 (toni 1.05 z’amadorari magufi) za bentonite zo gucukura ibyondo, imitako y’umucanga n’andi masoko atandukanye. Hari agace gato ka bentonite katumizwaga muri Kanada. 2013.1 Megizike n’Ubugereki.
Bismuth ni ikintu kiremereye gifitanye isano na antimoni mu buryo bwa shimi. Ni ikintu gikomoka ku icukurwa rya lisansi na tungsten, kandi ku rugero ruto umuringa na tini. Antimoni ni ikintu cyoroheje cya shimi. Ni ikintu gikomoka ku icukurwa ry'ibyuma nka lisansi, ifeza na zahabu. Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi rya bismuth na antimoni ni nk'ikintu kivanze.
Ibinyabutabire bya Bismuth na antimoni hamwe n'ibindi bikoreshwa bitari ibyuma bifitanye isano nabyo ni byo bikoreshwa cyane muri ibi bintu by'ubutabire. Bidakunze gukoreshwa nk'icyuma cyangwa icyuma.
Itsinda rinini rikoreshwa mu gusiga bismuth ni itsinda ry’ibinyabutabire, ririmo imiti nka Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), amavuta yo kwisiga mu maso afite ingaruka nziza (bismuth oxychloride), ibinyabutabire, n’ibindi binyabutabire bikoreshwa nk’irangi (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Itsinda rikurikira ry’ingenzi rikoreshwa nyuma ya bismuth ni itsinda ry’inyongeramusaruro rikoresha ibyuma, aho imiterere yaryo ibuza kristali ya grafiti iva mu cyuma gishongeshejwe cya karuboni, igateza imbere ikorwa ry’ibyuma, umuringa na aluminiyumu, kandi igateza imbere irangi ringana mu gushonga. Ku ikoreshwa ryose ry’iri tsinda ry’inyongeramusaruro, bismuth ntabwo ikora nk’ikintu gitera imbaraga, ahubwo ikora nk’ikintu gitera imbaraga gituma, gitera imbaraga cyangwa kigakora imiterere runaka. Icyuma gikenera gusa 0.1% bya bismuth cyangwa selenium kugira ngo imikorere myiza ikoreshwe. Ugereranije n’aya matsinda y’inyongeramusaruro, itsinda ry’inyongeramusaruro rya bismuth rigizwe n’ingano nto ya bismuth kandi ikoreshwa mu nganda zikora ibintu bishya, izindi nganda zikora ibintu bike, n’amasasu.
Ikoreshwa rya antimoni cyane ni nk'ikintu kidakoresha umuriro, cyane cyane mu gutunganya pulasitiki, kole n'imyenda. Oxyde antimoni ifite uruhare runini nk'ikintu kizimya umwuka mu buryo bwa gaze mu bintu bidakoresha umuriro, mu bikoresho bitandukanye bikomeye bya halogenated bikoreshwa nk'ibintu bidakoresha umuriro.
Irindi tsinda ry'ibicuruzwa bitari iby'icyuma rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu irangi n'ibirahuri (harimo na ceramic). Oxyde ya antimoni mu birahuri byinshi na ceramic ikora nk'ikintu gitanga opacifiers, ariko antimoni mu birahuri byihariye irashobora kubisobanura neza. Itsinda rya antimoni na alloy rigizwe ahanini na antimoni ikoreshwa mu bateri z'imodoka zikoresha lisansi.
Gusubiramo ibintu bishya biva ku kudashoboka (bismuth mu miti yo mu gifu no mu mavuta yo kwisiga kuko ikwirakwira burundu) kugeza ku kugabanuka kw'ingorane, nko kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu bigabanya umuriro, ibinyabutabire by'ibyuma na bismuth mu gukaranga, kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu kirahuri Bismuth mu byongeramo n'ibikatalisiti. Uburyo bworoshye, bworoshye kandi buhendutse bwo kongera gukoresha bismuth mu byuma bivanze n'ibindi binyabutabire hamwe na antimony mu byuma bikoresha batiri.
Muri Amerika, icyuma cya bismuth cyatumijwe mu mahanga cyagumyeho mu buryo bugaragara mu 2012 na 2013, cyageraga kuri toni 1.699 (toni 1.872 z'ubugufi) na toni 1.708 (toni 1.882 z'ubugufi). Antimony oxyde, yatumijwe cyane ukurikije ingano, yari karati 20.7 (toni 22.800 z'ubugufi) (zose hamwe) mu 2012 na karati 21.9 (toni 24.100) mu 2013, iyi ikaba ari izamuka rito. Amezi abiri y'imibare yo mu 2014 agaragaza ko iyi miterere ikomeje. Isuzumabumenyi ry'ubutaka rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USGS) ntirikigaragaza ubushakashatsi bwa buri gihembwe ku ikoreshwa rya bismuth.
Igiteranyo cy’umwaka cyakoreshejwe mu 2011 (cyasohotse vuba aha) mu ikoreshwa rya bismuth muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyari toni 222 (toni 245) ku itsinda ry’inyongeramusaruro z’ibyuma na toni 54 (toni 59) ku byuma bivanze na bismuth. Igiteranyo kiri ahanini ku binyabutabire, 6681 (736 st).
Ikoreshwa rya antimoni rya USGS muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryari karati 21.7 (toni 23.900 z'amagufi) mu 2012 na karati 24 (toni 26.500 z'amagufi) mu 2013.
Mu gihe nta makuru menshi yari ahari, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa bismuth mu 2013 ntibyahindutse cyane. Ku bijyanye na antimoni, hasuzumwe amakuru make, ikoreshwa ryabyo mu 2013 ryagombye kuba riri hejuru ya 10% ugereranyije n’iryo mu 2012. Mu 2014, bismuth isa nkaho idashobora guhinduka kandi antimoni ikagabanuka gato.
Amabuye ane y’agaciro agize 90 ku ijana bya borate zikoreshwa n’inganda ku isi yose—sodium borate, calcium tin, na potasiyumu; calcium borate, duomolite; na calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax ni ikintu cy’umweru cya crystalline kizwi nka sodium tetraborate decahydrate, kibaho mu buryo busanzwe muri mineral tin. Aside ya boric ni ikintu kitagira ibara, gikozwe muri crystalline kigurishwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki, bwa leta kandi gifite ubuziranenge bwihariye mu buryo bwa granular cyangwa ifu, akenshi nk’aside boric anhydrous. Amabuye ya boric afitanye isano n’ibikorwa by’ibirunga n’ikirere cy’ubutayu, aho ingano nini cyane y’ubukungu iboneka mu butayu bwa Mojave bwa Amerika hafi ya boron.CA, Alpine Belt muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo, Andean Belt muri Amerika y’Epfo. Ubwiza bw’umutungo cyangwa ububiko bukunze gupimwa hakurikijwe ingano ya boron trioxide (B,0,) ingana.
2013 Umusaruro w'amabuye y'agaciro ya boron n'ibintu biyikomokaho muri Amerika wiyongereyeho gato ugereranije n'umwaka wa 2012; Ibipimo byose birabikwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko amakuru y’isosiyete atangwa n’ibigo atangazwa. Ibigo bibiri byo mu majyepfo ya Kaliforuniya bikora amabuye y’agaciro ya boron, cyane cyane sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, ishami ryigenga rya Rio Tinto Minerals ryo mu Bwongereza, rikura amabuye y’ibanze na tin-calcium binyuze mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu bikorwa byaryo i Boron, muri Kaliforuniya. Aya mabuye atunganywa mu buryo bwa aside boric cyangwa sodium borate mu nganda zitunganya amabuye hafi y’ikirombe, maze yoherezwa na gari ya moshi cyangwa ikamyo ku bakiriya bo muri Amerika ya Ruguru cyangwa ikagurishwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga binyuze ku cyambu cya Los Angeles. Borate zidasanzwe, nk'ibikomoka ku buhinzi, ibirinda ibiti n'ibidakoresha umuriro, bikorerwa i Wilmington, muri CA, muri Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ikora aside borax na boric muri potasiyumu na sodium borate brine mu kigo cyayo cya Searles Lake hafi ya Trôna, muri Kaliforuniya. Mu nganda za SVM za Trôna na Westend, aya mabuye atunganywa akavamo anhydrous, decahydrate na borax pentahydrate.
Amabuye y'agaciro n'imiti ya boroni bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu majyaruguru yo hagati no mu burasirazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire bya boroni bikoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2013 yari ikirahure n'ibumba, 80%; amasabune, isabune, na bleach, 4%; ubuhinzi, 4%; enamel na glaze, 3% n'ibindi bikoreshwa, 9%. Boroni ikoreshwa mu kirahure nk'inyongeramusaruro kugira ngo igabanye kwaguka k'ubushyuhe; yongere imbaraga, irwanya imiti, kandi irambe; kandi igatanga ubudahangarwa ku guhindagura, ubushyuhe bwinshi, n'ihungabana ry'ubushyuhe. Ingufu zo gushyushya no gushyushya imyenda ni byo bikoreshwa cyane ku isi hose muri boriti.
Boron ni intungamubiri ntoya zikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi, cyane cyane mu guteza imbere umusaruro w'imbuto. Ifumbire mvaruganda ya boron ikomoka ahanini kuri borax na monetite, ishobora gutangwa hakoreshejwe amazi asukwa cyangwa akoreshwa mu kuhira bitewe nuko ishonga cyane mu mazi.
Muri 2013, ibicuruzwa bya sodium borate byoherejwe muri Amerika byari kt 650 (716.000 st) , byiyongereyeho gato uvuye kuri kt 646 (712.000 st) muri 2012. Ibicuruzwa bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga ntibyahindutse kuri kt 190 (209.000 st). Agaciro k'ibicuruzwa bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga kiyongereye kuva kuri $ 816/t ($ 740/st) muri 2012 kagera kuri $ 910/t ($ 740/st) muri 2013. Koreya y'Epfo yakiriye cyane ibicuruzwa bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga, ingana na 20%. Ibicuruzwa bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga muri 2013 byari kilotoni 53 (toni 59.000), hafi 4% munsi y'ibyo mu 2012. Hafi 64% bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga muri 2013 byaturutse muri Turukiya. Agaciro k'ibicuruzwa bya aside boric byoherejwe mu mahanga muri 2013 kari $ 687/t ($ 623/st), kavuye kuri $782/1 ($709/st) mu 2012.
Turukiya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni byo byayoboye isi mu gukora borate mu 2013. Uretse umusaruro wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uburemere bwose bwa borate ku isi bwagereranyijwe kuri toni 4.9 (toni miliyoni 5.4) mu 2013, ubwiyongere bwa 11% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2012.
Muri Argentine niho hambere mu musaruro w’amabuye y’agaciro ya boron muri Amerika y’Epfo. Ubwiyongere buherutse bw’umusaruro wa borate muri Argentine, cyane cyane aside boric, ahanini buterwa no kwiyongera k’ubukene bwa borate buturuka mu nganda zikora ibumba n’ibirahuri muri Aziya na Amerika y’Amajyaruguru.