Bayanin Edita: Kowace Shekara. Injiniyan Haƙar Ma'adinai yana da Sharhin Ma'adanai na Masana'antu. Akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda suka ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo suna ƙirƙirar kayan aikin wannan batu, yayin da suke yin nasu aikin. Godiya ga Editocin Sharhin Ma'adanai na Masana'antu na Shekara-shekara, Shugaba kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha na Sashen Ma'adanai da Haɗaka na Masana'antu, da kuma marubutan bayanan kayayyaki na kowane mutum.
Rajesh Raitani memba ne na ƙananan masana'antu na Cytec Industries Inc. kuma shi ne shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha na Sashen Ma'adanai da Haɗaka na Masana'antu.
Taimakon da suka bayar ya samar da damar wannan fitowar Ma'adanai ta Masana'antu ta watan Yuli. A madadin masu karatu na, editocin sun gode musu.
Kamfanoni huɗu – HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys. Old Hickory Clay Co. da Unimin Corp. – An haƙa ƙasa mai haƙar ƙwallo a jihohi huɗu a shekarar 2013. A cewar bayanan farko, samar da ita tan 1 metric ne (tan miliyan 1.1 na gajeren zango) tare da kimanta darajar dala miliyan 47. Samar da ita ya karu da kashi 3 cikin ɗari daga karat 973 (tan miliyan 1.1 na gajeren zango) a shekarar 2012, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 45.1. Tennessee ita ce babbar mai samarwa, wadda ta kai kashi 64% na samar da ita a cikin gida, sai kuma Texas. Mississippi da Kentucky. Kimanin kashi 67% na jimlar samar da yumbu mai haƙar ƙwallo ana yin sa ne ta hanyar iska, kashi 22% kuma yumbu ne mai kauri ko kuma wanda aka niƙa, sannan kashi 11% kuma ruwa ne.
A shekarar 2013, masu samar da yumbu na gida sun sayar da yumbu ga kasuwanni masu zuwa: tayal ɗin bene na yumbu da bango (44%); fitarwa (21%); kayan tsafta (18%); yumbu iri-iri (9%); kafin amfani a shekarar 2012 a yanayin kasuwa na yanzu, abubuwan cikawa, masu faɗaɗawa da masu ɗaurewa da kuma amfani da ba a ƙayyade ba (4%). Sauran kasuwanni suna da ƙasa da kashi 1% na sauran yumbun ƙwallon da aka sayar ko aka yi amfani da su. Tallace-tallace da aka ruwaito don ƙera fiberglass ko yawancin aikace-aikacen cikawa, cikawa da mai ɗaurewa galibi ana haƙo su ne ko kuma masu samar da yumbun ƙwallon sun saya.
A cewar wani bincike na farko da aka gudanar kan masu samar da yumbun ball a cikin gida, matsakaicin farashin yumbun ball na cikin gida ya kasance kusan dala $47/t ($43/t) a shekarar 2013, idan aka kwatanta da dala $46/t ($42/t) a shekarar 2012. Farashin yumbun ball na fitarwa da shigo da kaya ya kasance dala $126/t ($114/st) da $373/t ($338/st) bi da bi a shekarar 2013, idan aka kwatanta da dala $62/t ($56/st) da $314/t ($285/st) a shekarar 2013, bi da bi. Farashin yumbun na yawancin fitar da kaya ya karu a shekarar 2013, kuma jigilar kayayyaki masu ƙarancin tan da babban darajar sun ninka a shekarar 2013 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2012, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin fitar da kaya ya ninka darajarsa. Jigilar kaya masu ƙarancin tan da babban darajarsa guda biyu a shekarar 2013 sun kai ga karuwar darajar shigo da kaya.
A cewar Hukumar Kididdiga ta Amurka, an shigo da tan 4,681 (tan 516) na yumbu mai ƙwallo a shekarar 2013, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala $174,000, idan aka kwatanta da tan 436 (tan 481) wanda darajarsa ta kai dala $137,000 a shekarar 2012. Yawancin yumbu mai ƙwallo an shigo da shi ne daga Burtaniya. Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa fitar da kayayyaki a shekarar 2013 ya kai karat 52.2 (tan 57,500) wanda darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 6.6, idan aka kwatanta da karat 74 (tan 81.600) a shekarar 2012, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 4.58. Manyan wuraren da ake fitar da kayayyaki daga yumbun ball sune Belgium, manyan cibiyoyin sufuri na Turai, Venezuela da Nicaragua. Waɗannan ƙasashe uku suna ɗaukar kashi 58 cikin 100 na fitar da kayayyaki daga yumbun ball na Amurka. Masu samar da kayayyaki na Amurka yawanci suna ba da rahoton fitarwa sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka. Dangane da ƙididdigar cinikin shigo da kaya da Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Mexico ta buga, fitar da yumbun ball mai yawa da aka jigilar daga Amurka zuwa Mexico za a iya rarraba shi a matsayin kaolin.
Hasashen masana'antar yumbu mai ƙwallon ƙafa ƙaruwa ne a tallace-tallace yayin da tattalin arzikin Amurka ke ci gaba da murmurewa daga koma bayan tattalin arziki. A cikin 2013, ayyukan gine-gine na kasuwanci da gine-ginen gidaje sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga sayar da yumbu mai ƙwallon ƙafa saboda amfani da su wajen ƙera tayal ɗin yumbu da kayan tsafta. Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa rukunin gidaje masu zaman kansu 923,000 sun fara a 2013, idan aka kwatanta da farawa 781,000 a 2012, ƙaruwar kashi 18 cikin ɗari. Darajar gine-ginen gidaje da na waɗanda ba na zama ba da aka kammala a 2013 ta karu da kashi 5 cikin ɗari zuwa dala biliyan 898 daga dala biliyan 857 a 2012. Bugu da ƙari, ana warware matsalolin kwace gidaje a sassa da yawa na Amurka, wanda ke rage adadin gidajen da babu kowa a kasuwa. Duk da waɗannan gyare-gyare, fara gidaje har yanzu yana ƙasa da matakan kafin koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Tallace-tallacen yumbun ƙwallo a cikin gida suma suna da tasiri sakamakon shigo da kayayyaki masu amfani da yumbun ƙwallo kamar tayal da kayan tsafta. A shekarar 2013, shigo da tayal ya faɗi daga dala miliyan 62.1 akan murabba'in mita 5.86 (ƙafafun murabba'i miliyan 63.1) a shekarar 2012 zuwa murabba'in mita 5.58 (ƙafafun murabba'i miliyan 60.1) wanda ya kai dala miliyan 64.7. Manyan hanyoyin yin tayal bisa ga Jadawalin Harmonized Tariff lambar Jadawalin 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 A cikin raguwar girma, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italiya da Turkiyya (10% kowannensu); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru da Spain (kowannensu kashi 5%). Kayayyakin tsafta sun karu daga miliyan 25.2 a shekarar 2012 zuwa miliyan 29.7 a shekarar 2013. China ta dauki nauyin miliyan 14.7 (49%) na kayan tsafta da aka shigo da su Amurka a shekarar 2013, kuma Mexico ta dauki miliyan 11.6 (39%). Kayayyakin tayal na yumbu da kayan tsafta. Masu samar da yumbu daga Mexico ba sa mai da hankali sosai ga masu samar da yumbu na gida fiye da na China, domin masu samar da yumbu na Amurka su ne manyan masu samar da yumbu na ball ga masana'antar yumbu ta Mexico. Karuwar ayyukan gini ya nuna cewa karuwar tallace-tallacen yumbu na gida a shekarar 2014 na iya zama kamar na shekarar 2013.*
Kusan dukkan bauxite da ake amfani da shi a Amurka ana shigo da shi ne daga ƙasashen waje. Alabama, Arkansas, da Georgia suna samar da ƙananan adadin bauxite da bauxite yumbu don amfanin da ba na ƙarfe ba.
Jimillar shigo da bauxite mai nauyin ƙarfe (mai kauri busasshe) ya kai tan 9.8 (tan miliyan 10.1 na yau da kullun) a shekarar 2013, raguwar kashi 5% idan aka kwatanta da shigo da shi a shekarar 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) da Brazil (25%) su ne manyan masu samar da kayayyaki ga Amurka a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2013, an shigo da bauxite mai nauyin 131-carat (tan 144,400 na gajerun tan) mai nauyin 144,400, wanda ya karu da kashi 58% a shekara.
Kayayyakin da aka shigo da su daga bauxite mai ƙarancin ƙarfi sun ƙaru idan aka kwatanta da na 2012, wanda hakan ya haifar da sake cika tarin kayayyaki yayin da fitar da kayayyakin da bauxite mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da na 2012. Samar da ƙarfe na cikin gida, wanda shine babban amfani da kayayyakin da bauxite mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, ya faɗi da kusan kashi 2% a 2013, idan aka kwatanta da samar da su na 2012. China (49%) da Guyana (44%) su ne manyan hanyoyin shigo da bauxite mai ƙarancin ƙarfi daga Amurka.
Kayayyakin da bauxite da ba a yi amfani da su wajen shigo da su daga waje sun kai karat 455 (tan 501,500 na gajeren lokaci) a shekarar 2013, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 40% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2012. An danganta karuwar ne da karuwar amfani da bauxite a cikin siminti, masana'antar mai a matsayin abin da ke samar da sinadarai ga fasa bututun ruwa, da kuma masana'antun ƙarfe. Guyana (38%), Ostiraliya (28%) da Brazil (20%) su ne manyan hanyoyin samun makamashi.
A shekarar 2013, Amurka ta fitar da bauxite mai nauyin karat 9 (9,900 st) mai tsaurin kai, wanda ya karu da kashi 40% idan aka kwatanta da fitar da shi a shekarar 2012, inda Kanada (72%) da Mexico (7%) suka fi muhimmanci. A shekarar 2013, Amurka ta fitar da bauxite mai tsaurin kai wanda ba ya tsaurin kai, idan aka kwatanta da kimanin kiloton 13 (tan 14,300) a shekarar 2012. Fitar da bauxite mai tsauri da busasshiyar kasa ta kai kusan tan 4,000 (tan 4,400), raguwar kashi 59% idan aka kwatanta da fitar da shi a shekarar 2012, inda Kanada (82%) ta zama babbar hanyar zuwa.
An kiyasta cewa samar da alumina a cikin gida ya kai tan 4.1 na metric (tan miliyan 4.6) a shekarar 2013, wanda ya ragu da kashi 7% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2012. Raguwar ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin samarwa a matatar mai ta Ormet Corp. mai girman tan 540 (595,000 st) a Burnside, Los Angeles. An rufe kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙarfinta a watan Agusta, sauran kashi ɗaya bisa uku kuma a watan Oktoba. An sayar da matatar ga Almatis GmbH kuma an sake fara aiki a tsakiyar watan Disamba.
Jimillar kayayyakin da aka shigo da su daga alumina a shekarar 2013 sun kai tan 2.05 na metric (tan miliyan 2.26 na yau da kullun), wanda ya karu da kashi 8% idan aka kwatanta da kayayyakin da aka shigo da su daga alumina a shekarar 2012. Ostiraliya (37%), Suriname (35%) da Brazil (12%) su ne manyan hanyoyin samun su. Jimillar kayayyakin da aka fitar daga alumina a shekarar 2013 sun kai tan 2.25 na metric (tan miliyan 2.48 na yau da kullun), wanda ya karu da kashi 27% idan aka kwatanta da kayayyakin da aka fitar daga a shekarar 2012. Daga cikinsu, Kanada (35%), Masar (17%) da Iceland (13%) su ne manyan wuraren da ake zuwa.
An kiyasta jimillar amfani da bauxite a cikin gida (bisa ga tsarin ɗanyen busasshe daidai gwargwado) a shekarar 2013 a 9.8 mt (tan miliyan 10.1 na yau da kullun), wanda ya fi kashi 2% fiye da na shekarar 2012. Daga cikin wannan, an yi amfani da kimanin tan 8.8 na yau da kullun (tan miliyan 9.1 na yau da kullun) don samar da alumina.6% ƙasa da shekarar da ta gabata. Sauran amfani da bauxite sun haɗa da ƙera abubuwan gogewa, siminti, sinadarai da abubuwan hana ruwa shiga, da kuma a masana'antar mai, samar da ƙarfe da kuma tace ruwa.
Jimillar amfani da alumina a cikin gida na masana'antar aluminum a shekarar 2013 shine tan 3.89 na metric (tan miliyan 4.29 na yau da kullun), raguwar kashi 6% daga shekarar 2012. Alumina da wasu masana'antu ke amfani da ita a Amurka ta kai kimanin kiloton 490 (tan 540,000 na yau da kullun) a shekarar 2013, raguwar kashi 16% daga adadin shekarar 2012. Sauran amfani da alumina sun haɗa da abrasives, siminti, yumbu da sinadarai.
Farashin bauxite da aka shigo da shi da kuma wanda aka fitar ya bambanta dangane da tushe, inda aka nufa da kuma matsayinsa. Farashin bauxite da aka shigo da shi daga manyan tushe a shekarar 2013 ya kai dala $813/t ($737/st) daga Brazil (sama da kashi 5%) da kuma dala $480/t ($435/st) daga China (sama da kashi) da kuma dala $441 It ($400/st) daga Guyana (sama da kashi).
Farashin bauxite mara ƙarfi da aka shigo da shi daga manyan tushe ya kama daga $56/t ($51/st) a Ostiraliya (ƙasa da 20%) zuwa $65/t ($59/st) a Girka (ƙara 12%) a shekarar 2013. Matsakaicin farashin bauxite busasshe da aka shigo da shi daga waje a shekarar 2013 ya kai $30/t ($27/st), ya fi 7% girma fiye da na shekarar 2012. Matsakaicin farashin alumina da aka shigo da shi daga waje a shekarar 2013 ya kai $396/t ($359/st), ƙasa da 3% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2012 ta 2012. Matsakaicin farashin alumina da aka fitar daga Amurka ya faɗi da kashi 11% zuwa $400 a shekarar 2013 idan aka kwatanta da farashin 2012 ta /t ($363/st).
Farashin aluminum ya ci gaba a shekarar 2013 har zuwa kwata na farko na shekarar 2014. An ambaci ƙarancin farashin aluminum da tsadar wutar lantarki a matsayin dalilan rufe wani babban injin narkar da aluminum na cikin gida a shekarar 2013 da kuma sanarwar rufe wani babban injin narkar da aluminum a kwata na farko na shekarar 2014. Sabon Makamashi A ƙarshen shekarar 2013 da farkon shekarar 2014, masu manyan injinan narkar da aluminum guda uku da masu samar da wutar lantarki sun cimma yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, masu wasu injinan narkar da aluminum guda biyu suna ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar wutar lantarki don rage farashin wutar lantarki.
Duk da cewa farashin aluminum ya daidaita a kwata na farko na 2014, buƙatar alumina za ta dogara ne akan sabbin yarjejeniyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da wasu masu narkar da mai. Duk da cewa farashin iskar gas na Amurka ya ci gaba da hauhawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, ana sa ran ƙarancin farashi zai ci gaba da samar da fa'idodi ga masu tace alumina na cikin gida a cikin 2014.
Ana sa ran shigo da bauxite mai ƙarfin gaske daga ƙasashen waje zai dogara ne akan samar da ƙarfe, amma maye gurbin ƙarfe da aluminum da masu kera motoci don inganta ingancin mai zai iya rage buƙatar ƙarfe da samfuran da ba su da ƙarfin gaske don yin ƙarfe. Ana sa ran yawan amfani da bauxite mai ƙarfin gaske zai ƙaru a shekarar 2014 yayin da masana'antar mai ke ƙara amfani da shi don gogewa, siminti da kuma fashewar hydraulic.*
A shekarar 2013, masana'antar bentonite ba ta canza ba tun daga shekarar 2012. Jimillar samarwa da tallace-tallace a Amurka sun kai tan 4.95 na metric (tan miliyan 5.4), idan aka kwatanta da tan 4.98 na metric (tan miliyan 5.5) a shekarar 2012. Wyoming ce ta mamaye samar da bentonite da aka faɗaɗa, sai kuma Utah da Montana.Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada da Colorado. A shekarar 2011, farfadowa daga koma bayan tattalin arziki na Amurka da na duniya (2007-2009) ya bayyana ya zama cikakke. Duk da haka, samar da gidaje da amfani da ginin bentonite da suka shafi hakan sun fara murmurewa. A Arewacin Amurka (Amurka da Kanada), sinadarin sodium bentonite da ya kumbura ya mamaye bentonite da ba ya kumbura, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 97% na kasuwar bentonite gaba ɗaya. Samar da bentonite da ba a faɗaɗa ba yana faruwa a Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California da Nevada. Babban amfani da bentonite da ba ya faɗaɗawa ba shine maƙallan yashi na foundry, maganin ruwa da tacewa.
A duk duniya, babban mai samar da sinadarin sodium activated bentonite shine Girka. China, Masar da Indiya. AMCOL (wanda a da shine American Colloid Co.) ya kasance babban mai samar da sinadarin sodium bentonite tare da kusan kashi 40% na kasuwa, yayin da BPM Minerals LLC (wani reshe na Halliburton) yana da kusan kashi 30% na kasuwar Amurka. Sauran manyan masu samar da sinadarin sodium bentonite sune MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite da Wyo-Ben. Babu wani sabon mai samar da sinadarin bentonite da ya fara gini a shekarar 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. ya bude sabon ma'adinan ma'adinai kusa da Thermopolis, Wyoming. Ana sa ran ajiyar da aka yi a cikin asusun zai ɗauki akalla shekaru 10 zuwa 20. Farashin kayan masarufi ya kasance mai daidaito, yayin da ƙimar kayan manyan motoci ba ta canza ba a shekarar 2013.
Bentonite mai haƙa rami don haƙa mai da iskar gas shine mafi girman amfani da bentonite da aka faɗaɗa a shekarar 2013, wanda ya samar da kimanin tan 1.15 na metric (tan miliyan 1.26). Adadin rijiyoyin mai masu aiki ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a shekarar 2013, wanda ya tabbatar da dawowar haƙa mai da iskar gas. Musamman ma, haƙa rami a kwance don samar da shale babban amfani ne na bentonite.
Kasuwar sharar dabbobin gida da aka yi wa ado da ita ita ce kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma ga bentonite mai faɗi da granular. Duk da cewa tarin sharar dabbobin gida ya kai tan metric 1.24 (tan metric miliyan 1.36) a shekarar 2005, ya canza tsakanin tan metric 1.05 da 1.08 (tan metric miliyan 1.15 da 1.19) tsawon shekaru, tare da kasuwar kusan tan metric 1.05 (tan metric miliyan 1.15) a cikin mt 2013.
Kwalayen ƙarfe na bentonite da aka faɗaɗa su ne kasuwa ta uku mafi girma, inda suka kai kiloton 550 (tan 606,000) a shekarar 2013 yayin da buƙatar ƙarfe ta ƙaru don samar da motoci da kayan aiki masu nauyi a Amurka.
Tun daga shekarar 2011, matsakaicin adadin bentonite da aka faɗaɗa da ake amfani da shi a matsayin abin ɗaurewa a cikin yashi na ƙarfe da sauran ƙarfe ya wuce karat 500 (tan 550,000). Ƙirƙirar sabbin kayayyaki bai yi tasiri sosai ga waɗannan manyan kasuwannin bentonite guda huɗu da aka faɗaɗa ba.
Kasuwar bentonite don aikace-aikacen injiniyan jama'a, wacce aka ware daban da ta 2005, ta kasance karat 175 (tan 192,000 na gajere), wanda ke nuna cewa kasuwa ta fara murmurewa daga koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008. Kasuwar bentonite mai hana ruwa da rufewa ta ci gaba da bunƙasa tare da masana'antar gine-gine bayan koma bayan tattalin arzikin Amurka, inda ta kai karat 150 (tan 165,000 na gajere) a 2013. Kasuwar wasu ƙananan bentonites da aka faɗaɗa don manne, abincin dabbobi, abubuwan cikawa da abubuwan cikawa, da sauran aikace-aikace gabaɗaya ba ta murmure daga koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008 ba.
Wani ƙaramin ɓangare na kasuwar bentonite ya ƙware a fannin abubuwan sha da bayyana ruwan inabi da kayayyakin organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie da Elementis Specialties Inc. suna bin kasuwar bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis ya faɗaɗa masana'antar hectorite da ke Newbury Springs, Calif., tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana ninka ƙarfin da yake da shi a baya kuma yana sa ya fi amfani da makamashi. Elementis ya ci gaba da haɓaka samfuran organoclay masu rahusa kamar Bentone 910, Bentone 920 da Bentone 990 don ruwan haƙa mai.
Tun bayan koma bayan tattalin arziki a duniya a shekarar 2008, canjin dala na Amurka ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwar fitar da bentonite. A shekarar 2013, masu samar da bentonite na cikin gida sun ba da rahoton fitar da karat 950 (tan miliyan 1.05) na bentonite don haƙa laka, manne da yashi na ma'adinai da sauran kasuwanni daban-daban. An shigo da ƙaramin adadin bentonite daga Kanada.2013.1 Mexico da Girka
Bismuth wani sinadari ne mai nauyi wanda ke da alaƙa da antimony ta hanyar sinadarai. Yana da sinadarin gubar da tungsten da aka cire, kuma a wani ɓangaren jan ƙarfe da tin. Antimony sinadari ne mai sauƙi. Yana da sinadarin gubar da aka cire daga ƙarfe kamar gubar, azurfa da zinariya. Babban amfani da bismuth da antimony shine a matsayin mahaɗi.
Sinadaran bismuth da antimony da sauran abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba suna da alaƙa da yawancin amfani da waɗannan sinadarai. Ba a cika amfani da su azaman ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ba.
Mafi girman rukunin da ake amfani da shi a ƙarshe don bismuth shine ƙungiyar sinadarai, wanda ya haɗa da magunguna kamar Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), kayan kwalliyar ido masu tasirin pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), abubuwan kara kuzari, da sauran amfani da sinadarai kamar fenti (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Rukunin da ya fi muhimmanci a amfani da bismuth shine rukunin ƙarin ƙarfe, wanda abun da ke ciki ya hana lu'ulu'u na graphite daga ƙarfe mai narkewa na carbon, yana haɓaka aikin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe da aluminum kyauta, kuma yana haɓaka rufin da aka haɗa a cikin galvanizing. Ga duk aikace-aikacen wannan rukunin ƙari, bismuth ba ya aiki a matsayin wakili mai haɗawa, amma yana aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka wanda ke hana, haɓakawa ko samar da wasu halayen ko halaye. Karfe yana buƙatar kashi 0.1% na bismuth ko selenium don ingantaccen injin. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan rukunin amfani na ƙarshe, rukunin bismuth alloy yana da ƙaramin adadin bismuth kawai kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙarfe mai narkewa, sauran ƙarfe mai ƙarancin narkewa, da harsasai.
Mafi girman amfani da antimony shine maganin hana harshen wuta, galibi a cikin maganin robobi, manne da yadi. Antimony oxide yana da matsayi na musamman a matsayin mai kashe iskar gas mai sauƙin amfani a cikin masu hana harshen wuta, a cikin manyan kayan halogen da ake amfani da su azaman masu hana harshen wuta.
Wani nau'in kayayyakin da ba na ƙarfe ba galibi ana amfani da su a cikin launuka da gilashi (gami da yumbu). Antimony oxide a yawancin gilashi da yumbu yana aiki azaman opacifier, amma antimony a cikin gilashin musamman na iya fayyace su. Rukunin antimony da alloy ya ƙunshi galibin gubar antimony da ake amfani da ita a cikin batirin mota mai amfani da mai.
Amfani da sake amfani da shi ya kama daga kusan ba zai yiwu ba (bismuth a cikin magungunan ciki da kayan kwalliya saboda an wargaza shi gaba ɗaya) zuwa ƙarancin wahala, kamar antimony a cikin masu hana harshen wuta, ƙarin ƙarfe da bismuth a cikin galvanizing, antimony a cikin gilashi Bismuth a cikin Additives da Catalysts. Hanya mafi sauƙi, mafi sauƙi kuma mafi arha don sake amfani da bismuth a cikin ƙarfe masu narkewa da sauran ƙarfe da antimony a cikin faranti na gubar antimony na batir.
Yawan shigo da ƙarfe bismuth daga Amurka bai canza ba a shekarar 2012 da 2013 a tan 1,699 (tan 1,872) da tan 1,708 (tan 1,882). Antimony oxide, wanda aka fi shigo da shi ta hanyar yawansa, shine karat 20.7 (tan 22,800) (jimilla) a shekarar 2012 da karat 21.9 (tan 24,100) a shekarar 2013, ƙaramin ƙaruwa. Bayanan watanni biyu na 2014 sun nuna cewa wannan tsari yana ci gaba. Binciken Yanayin Ƙasa na Amurka (USGS) ba ya sake buga binciken amfani da bismuth na kwata-kwata.
Jimlar amfani da bismuth na shekara ta 2011 (wanda aka buga kwanan nan) a ƙarshen shekara a Amurka shine tan 222 (tan 245) don rukunin ƙarin ƙarfe da tan 54 (tan 59) don gami da bismuth. Ma'aunin ya fi dacewa da sinadarai, 6681 (st 736).
Yawan amfani da sinadarin antimony da USGS ta yi a Amurka ya kai karat 21.7 (tan 23,900) a shekarar 2012 da karat 24 (tan 26,500) a shekarar 2013.
Idan babu yawancin bayanai, sakamakon bismuth na 2013 bai canza sosai ba. Don antimony, bincika bayanai masu iyaka, yawan amfani da bismuth a 2013 ya kamata ya kai kusan kashi 10% fiye da na 2012. A 2014, da alama bismuth ba zai canza ba kuma antimony zai ragu kaɗan.
Ma'adanai guda huɗu suna ɗauke da kashi 90 cikin 100 na borates da masana'antu ke amfani da su a duk duniya—sodium borate, calcium tin, da potassium; calcium borate, duomolite; da calcium sodium borate, sodalite. Borax wani abu ne mai launin crystalline fari wanda aka fi sani da sodium tetraborate decahydrate, wanda ke faruwa a zahiri a cikin kwano na ma'adinai. Boric acid wani abu ne mai ƙarfi mara launi, mai kama da kristal wanda ake sayarwa a cikin fasaha, takardar likita ta jiha da kuma inganci na musamman a cikin nau'in granular ko foda, galibi a matsayin anhydrous boric acid. Borate yana da alaƙa da ayyukan aman wuta da kuma yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa, tare da mafi girman ma'adinan da ke da amfani a fannin tattalin arziki a cikin Hamadar Mojave ta Amurka kusa da boron. CA, Alpine Belt na Kudancin Asiya, Andean Belt na Kudancin Amurka. Yawancin lokaci ana auna ingancin albarkatu ko ajiyar da ya dace da abun da ke cikin boron trioxide (B,0,) daidai yake.
Samar da ma'adanai da sinadarai na boron a Amurka a shekarar 2013 ya ɗan ƙaru kaɗan daga shekarar 2012; Ana adana jimillar don guje wa bayyana bayanan mallakar kamfani. Kamfanoni biyu a Kudancin California suna samar da ma'adanai na boron, galibi sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, wani reshe mallakar Rio Tinto Minerals pic da ke Burtaniya, yana fitar da core rock da tin-calcium ta hanyar haƙar ma'adinai a wuraren da yake aiki a Boron, California. Ana sarrafa waɗannan ma'adanai zuwa samfuran boric acid ko sodium borate a matatun mai kusa da ma'adinan kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin ƙasa ko babbar mota zuwa abokan ciniki a Arewacin Amurka ko kuma ana sayar da su a ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Los Angeles. Ana samar da borates na musamman, kamar kayayyakin noma, masu kiyaye itace da masu hana harshen wuta, a Wilmington, CA, a Borax.plant. Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) yana samar da borax da boric acid daga potassium da sodium borate brines a cibiyar Searles Lake kusa da Trôna, California. A cikin tsire-tsire na Trôna da Westend na SVM, ana tace waɗannan brines zuwa anhydrous, decahydrate da borax pentahydrate.
Ana amfani da ma'adanai da sinadarai na Boron a arewa maso tsakiya da gabashin Amurka. An kiyasta tsarin rarrabawa na mahaɗan boron da aka cinye a Amurka a cikin 2013 sune gilashi da yumbu, 80%; sabulu, sabulun wanki, da bleach, 4%; noma, 4%; enamels da glazes, 3% da sauran amfani, 9%. Ana amfani da Boron a cikin gilashi azaman ƙari don rage faɗaɗa zafi; inganta ƙarfi, juriyar sinadarai, da dorewa; da kuma samar da juriya ga girgiza, zafin jiki mai yawa, da girgizar zafi. Rufi da fiberglass na yadi sune mafi girman amfani guda ɗaya na borates a duniya.
Boron shine sinadarin gina jiki da aka fi amfani da shi a fannin noma, musamman don haɓaka samar da iri. Takin Boron galibi ana samunsa ne daga borax da monetite, waɗanda za a iya isar da su ta hanyar feshi ko ruwan ban ruwa saboda yawan narkewar ruwa.
Fitar da sinadarin sodium borate na Amurka ya kai kt 650 (t 716,000) a shekarar 2013, ƙaramin ƙaruwa daga kt 646 (t 712,000) a shekarar 2012. Fitar da sinadarin boric acid bai canza ba a kt 190 (t 209,000). Darajar adadin fitar da sinadarin boric acid ya karu daga $816/t ($740/t) a shekarar 2012 zuwa $910/t ($740/t) a shekarar 2013. Babban wanda ya karɓi fitar da sinadarin boric acid a shekarar 2013 shine Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ya kai kashi 20 cikin ɗari. Fitar da sinadarin boric acid a shekarar 2013 ya kai kiloton 53 (t 59,000), kusan kashi 4 cikin ɗari ƙasa da na shekarar 2012. Kimanin kashi 64% na sinadarin boric acid da aka shigo da shi daga Turkiyya a shekarar 2013 ya fito ne daga Turkiyya. Darajar adadin da aka shigo da sinadarin boric acid a shekarar 2013 ya kai $687/t ($623/st), daga $782/1 ($709/st) a shekarar 2012.
Turkiyya da Amurka sun jagoranci duniya wajen samar da borate a shekarar 2013. Banda samar da borate a Amurka, an kiyasta cewa jimillar nauyin borate a duniya ya kai tan 4.9 (tan miliyan 5.4) a shekarar 2013, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 11 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2012.
Argentina babbar mai samar da boron a Kudancin Amurka ce. Karuwar samar da borate a Argentina kwanan nan, musamman boric acid, ya faru ne saboda karuwar bukatar borates daga masana'antun yumbu da gilashi a Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.