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Ukuhlaziywa komkhondo wamasampula oketshezi kunohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza kusayensi yempilo nokuqapha kwemvelo. Kulo msebenzi, sithuthukise i-photometer ehlangene futhi engabizi esekelwe kuma-metal waveguide capillaries (MCCs) ukuze kunqunywe ukumuncwa kwe-ultrasensitive. Indlela yokubona ingakhuliswa kakhulu, futhi ibe yinde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, ngoba ukukhanya okuhlakazwe yizindonga ezisemaceleni zensimbi ezibushelelezi kungaqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engeli yesigameko. Ukugxila okuphansi njengokungu-5.12 nM kungafinyelelwa kusetshenziswa ama-reagents avamile e-chromogenic ngenxa yokukhulisa ukukhanya okungahlangene kwemigqa nokushintsha kwesampula okusheshayo nokutholwa kweglucose.
I-Photometry isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni umkhondo wamasampula oketshezi ngenxa yobuningi bama-reagents e-chromogenic atholakalayo kanye namadivayisi we-semiconductor optoelectronic1,2,3,4,5. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-cuvette-based absorbance determination, i-liquid waveguide (LWC) capillaries reflect (TIR) ​​ngokugcina ukukhanya kwe-probe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary1,2,3,4,5. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, indlela ye-optical iseduze kuphela nobude bomzimba be-LWC3.6, futhi ukwandisa ubude be-LWC ngaphezu kwe-1.0 m izobhekana nokunciphisa ukukhanya okunamandla kanye nengozi enkulu yama-bubbles, njll.3, 7. Ngokuphathelene neseli elihlongozwayo le-multi-reflection yokuthuthukiswa kwendlela ye-optical, umkhawulo wokuthola uthuthukiswa kuphela yi-factor8 ye-8.95.
Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-LWC, okuyi-Teflon AF capillaries (enenkomba ye-refractive engu-~1.3 kuphela, ephansi kunaleyo yamanzi) nama-silica capillaries ahlanganiswe ne-Teflon AF noma amafilimu ensimbi1,3,4. Ukuze kuzuzwe i-TIR ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezinto ze-dielectric, izinto ezinenkomba ephansi ye-refractive kanye nama-angles high incidence angles ziyadingeka3,6,10. Ngokuphathelene nama-capillary e-Teflon AF, i-Teflon AF iphefumula ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esinezimbotshana3,11 futhi ingakwazi ukumunca izinto ezincane kumasampula amanzi. Kumacapillari equartz ambozwe ngaphandle nge-Teflon AF noma insimbi, inkomba ye-refractive ye-quartz (1.45) iphakeme kunamasampula amaningi oketshezi (isb. 1.33 wamanzi)3,6,12,13. Kuma-capillaries ahlanganiswe nefilimu yensimbi ngaphakathi, izakhiwo zokuthutha ziye zafundwa14,15,16,17,18, kodwa inqubo yokumboza iyinkimbinkimbi, ubuso befilimu yensimbi inesakhiwo esinzima nesinezimbotshana4,19.
Ukwengeza, ama-LWC okuhweba (AF Teflon Coated Capillaries kanye ne-AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, World Precision Instruments, Inc.) anokunye ukungalungi, okufana nalokhu: kwamaphutha. . Umthamo omkhulu ofile we-TIR3, 10, (2) T-isixhumi (ukuxhuma ama-capillary, amafayibha, namashubhu okungena/okuphumayo) ungabamba amabhamuza omoya10.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukunqunywa kwamazinga eglucose kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlonzweni kwesifo sikashukela, i-cirrhosis yesibindi nesifo sengqondo20. nezindlela eziningi zokuhlonza njenge-photometry (okuhlanganisa i-spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 kanye ne-colorimetry ephepheni 26, 27, 28), i-galvanometry 29, 30, 31, i-fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, i-optical plasmon plasmon 6 I-37, i-Fabry-Perot cavity 38, i-electrochemistry 39 kanye ne-capillary electrophoresis 40,41 njalonjalo. Kodwa-ke, eziningi zalezi zindlela zidinga imishini ebizayo, futhi ukutholwa kweglucose ekugxilweni kwe-nanomolar okuningana kuseyinselele (isibonelo, ezilinganisweni ze-photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, ukugcwala okuphansi kweglucose). umkhawulo wawungu-30 nM kuphela lapho ama-nanoparticles aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-Prussian asetshenziswa njengamalingisa e-peroxidase). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-glucose ye-nanomolar kuvame ukudingeka ezifundweni zamangqamuzana ezisezingeni lamangqamuzana ezifana nokuvinjwa komdlavuza wendlala yesinye womuntu42 kanye nokuziphatha kokulungisa i-CO2 kwe-Prochlorococcus olwandle.
Kulesi sihloko, i-photometer ehlangene, engabizi esekelwe ku-metal waveguide capillary (MWC), i-SUS316L yensimbi engagqwali enendawo engaphakathi epholishiwe ngogesi, yathuthukiswa ukuze kutholwe ukumuncwa kwe-ultrasensitive. Njengoba ukukhanya kungavaleleka ngaphakathi kwama-capillary ensimbi kungakhathalekile ukuthi i-engeli yesigameko ingakanani, indlela yokubona ingakhuliswa kakhulu ngokuhlakazeka kokukhanya ezindaweni zensimbi eziboshiwe nezibushelelezi, futhi yinde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isixhumi esilula se-T saklanyelwe ukuxhuma okubonakalayo kanye ne-outlet/outlet ewuketshezi ukuze kuncishiswe ivolumu efile futhi kugwenywe ukungena kwebhamuza. Ku-photometer ye-MWC engu-7 cm, umkhawulo wokutholwa uthuthukiswa izikhathi ezingaba ngu-3000 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer yezohwebo ene-cuvette engu-1 cm ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusha kwendlela yokubona engaqondile kanye nokushintshwa kwesampula okusheshayo, kanye nokugxila kokutholwa kweglucose nakho kungafinyelelwa. 5.12 nM kuphela kusetshenziswa ama-reagents ajwayelekile e-chromogenic.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC iqukethe i-MWC engu-7 cm ubude enendawo yangaphakathi ye-EP ecwebezeliswe ngogesi, i-505 nm LED enelensi, isithwebuli sesithombe esilungisekayo, kanye nezimbili zokuhlanganisa i-optical kanye nokufaka uketshezi. Phuma. I-valve yezindlela ezintathu exhunywe ku-Pike inlet tube isetshenziselwa ukushintsha isampula engenayo. Ishubhu le-Peek lilingana kahle nepuleti le-quartz ne-MWC, ngakho-ke ivolumu efile kusixhumi esingu-T igcinwa isezingeni eliphansi, ivimbela ngempumelelo amabhamuza omoya ukuthi angavaleleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugongolo oluhlanganisiwe lungangeniswa kalula nangempumelelo ku-MWC ngepuleti le-quartz le-T-piece.
Isampula ye-beam ne-liquid yethulwa ku-MCC ngocezu lwe-T, futhi i-beam edlula ku-MCC yamukelwa isithwebuli sezithombe. Izisombululo ezingenayo zamasampuli anamabala noma angenalutho zafakwa ngokushintshana ku-ICC kusetshenziswa ivalvu enezindlela ezintathu. Ngokomthetho kabhiya, ukuminyana kokubona kwesampula enombala kungabalwa kusukela kuzibalo. 1.10
lapho i-Vcolor ne-Vblank kuyizimpawu zokuphumayo ze-photodetector lapho umbala namasampula angenalutho ethulwa ku-MCC, ngokulandelana, futhi i-Vdark iyisignali yangemuva yesitholi sesithombe lapho i-LED icishiwe. Ushintsho kusiginali yokuphumayo ΔV = Vcolor–Vblank ingalinganiswa ngokushintsha amasampula. Ngokusho kwe-equation. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, uma i-ΔV incane kakhulu kune-Vblank–Vdark, lapho kusetshenziswa isikimu sokushintsha isampula, izinguquko ezincane ku-Vblank (isb. i-drift) zingaba nomthelela omncane enanini le-AMWC.
Ukuze uqhathanise ukusebenza kwe-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC ne-spectrophotometer esekwe ku-cuvette, isixazululo sikayinki obomvu sisetshenziswe njengesampuli yombala ngenxa yokusimama kombala okuhle kakhulu kanye ne-concentration-absorbance linearity enhle, i-DI H2O njengesampula elingenalutho. . Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1, uchungechunge lwezixazululo zikayinki obomvu lwalungiswa ngendlela yochungechunge yokuhlanjululwa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi. Ukugxiliswa okuhlobene kwesampula 1 (S1), upende wangempela obomvu ongaxutshiwe, kunqunywe njengo-1.0. Emkhiwaneni. Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa izithombe zamehlo zamasampuli kayinki obomvu ayi-11 (i-S4 kuye ku-S14) enokugxila okuhlobene (okusohlwini lweThebula 1) ukusuka ku-8.0 × 10–3 (kwesokunxele) kuya ku-8.2 × 10–10 (kwesokudla).
Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 6 iboniswa ku-Fig. 3(a). Amaphuzu okushintsha phakathi kwamasampula anamabala nangenalutho amakwe esithombeni ngemicibisholo ekabili “↔”. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-voltage ephumayo ikhuphuka ngokushesha lapho ushintsha kusuka kumasampula ombala ukuya kumasampula angenalutho futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. I-Vcolor, i-Vblank kanye ne-ΔV ehambisanayo ingatholakala njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni.
(a) Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 6, (b) isampula 9, (c) isampula 13, kanye (d) nesampula 14 kusetshenziswa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC.
Imiphumela yokulinganisa yamasampula 9, 13, no-14 iboniswa ku-Fig. 3(b)-(d), ngokulandelana. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(d), i-ΔV elinganisiwe ingu-5 nV kuphela, cishe izikhathi ezi-3 inani lomsindo (2 nV). I-ΔV encane kunzima ukuyihlukanisa nomsindo. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokutholwa ufinyelele ekugxilweni okuhlobene kwe-8.2 × 10-10 (isampula 14). Ngosizo lwezibalo. 1. Ukumunca kwe-AMWC kungabalwa kusuka kumanani alinganisiwe e-Vcolor, Vblank kanye ne-Vdark. Nge-photodetector enenzuzo ye-104 Vdark ingu -0.68 μV. Imiphumela yokulinganisa yawo wonke amasampula ifingqwe kuThebula 1 futhi ingatholakala kokunye okungeziwe. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, ukumunca okutholakala ekugxiliseni okuphezulu kugcwala, ngakho ukumunca okungaphezu kuka-3.7 akukwazi ukukalwa ngama-spectrometer asekelwe ku-MWC.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, isampula likayinki obomvu liphinde likalwa nge-spectrophotometer futhi ukumuncwa kwe-Acuvette kukalwa kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 4. Amanani e-Acuvette angu-505 nm (njengoba abonisiwe kuThebula 1) atholwe ngokubhekisela kumajika amasampula 10, 11, noma 12 (njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi). ku-Fig. 4) njengesisekelo. Njengoba kubonisiwe, umkhawulo wokutholwa ufinyelele ekugxiliseni okuhlobene okungu-2.56 x 10-6 (isampula 9) ngenxa yokuthi amajika okumuncwa amasampuli 10, 11 kanye ne-12 ayengabonakali komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC, umkhawulo wokuthola uthuthukiswe ngesici esingu-3125 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer esekelwe ku-cuvette.
Ukumuncwa kokuncika kuvezwa ku-Fig.5. Ngezilinganiso ze-cuvette, ukumunca kuhambisana nokugxiliswa kweyinki kubude bendlela engu-1 cm. Nakuba, ezilinganisweni ezisekelwe ku-MWC, ukwanda okungewona umugqa kokumunca kubonwe ekugxiliseni okuphansi. Ngokomthetho kabhiya, ukumunca kuhambisana nobude bendlela yokubona, ngakho-ke inzuzo yokumuncwa i-AEF (echazwa ngokuthi i-AEF = AMWC/Acuvette ekugxilweni kukayinki ofanayo) isilinganiso se-MWC kubude bendlela yokubona ye-cuvette. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, ekugxilweni okuphezulu, i-AEF engaguquki icishe ibe ngu-7.0, okunengqondo njengoba ubude be-MWC buwuphinda ncamashi izikhathi ezingu-7 ubude be-cuvette engu-1 cm. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxila okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF ikhuphuka ngokunciphisa ukugxila futhi ingafinyelela inani le-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene kwe-8.2 × 10-10 ngokukhipha ijika lokulinganisa okusekelwe ku-cuvette. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxila okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF ikhuphuka ngokunciphisa ukugxila futhi ingafinyelela inani le-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene kwe-8.2 × 10-10 ngokukhipha ijika lokulinganisa okusekelwe ku-cuvette. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменьшением концентражния концентражния 803 при относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (i-relative concentration <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokunciphisa ukugxila futhi ingafinyelela inani le-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene kwe-8.2 × 10-10 lapho ikhishwa ku-curve yokulinganisa esekelwe ku-cuvette.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5 ）下，AEF随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过外推基于比色皿的测量曲线，在相关浓度为8.2 × 3 × 18.20的值.然而 , 在 低 浓度 （相关 浓度 <1.28 × 10-5） ， , AEF 随着 的 降低 而 , 并万 并万 逺迎比色皿 测量 曲线 , 在 浓度 為 8.2 × 10-10 时 达到 达到 达到 达到803 值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) АЭП увеличивается с уменьшением концентрации кривой измерения на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 803 . Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxila okufanelekile <1.28 × 10-5) i-AED iyanda ngokunciphisa ukugxila, futhi lapho ikhishwa ku-curve yokulinganisa esekelwe ku-cuvette, ifinyelela inani lokuhlushwa elihlobene le-8.2 × 10-10 803.Lokhu kuphumela endleleni yokubona ehambisanayo engu-803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), eyinde kakhulu kunobude obuphathekayo be-MWC, futhi yinde nakakhulu kune-LWC ende etholakalayo kwezohwebo (500 cm ukusuka ku-World Precision Instruments, Inc.). I-Doko Engineering LLC inobude obungama-200 cm). Lokhu kwenyuka okungekona komugqa kokumuncwa ku-LWC akukaze kubikwe ngaphambilini.
Emkhiwaneni. 6(a)-(c) bonisa isithombe esibonakalayo, isithombe semicroscope, kanye nesithombe sephrofayili esibonakalayo sendawo engaphakathi yesigaba se-MWC, ngokulandelanayo. Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 6(a), indawo engaphakathi ibushelelezi futhi iyacwebezela, ingabonisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, futhi icwebezela kakhulu. Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 6(b), ngenxa yokukhubazeka kanye nemvelo ecwebezelayo yensimbi, amamesa amancane nokungahambi kahle avela endaweni ebushelelezi. Uma kubhekwa indawo encane (<5 μm×5 μm), ukuhwalala kwezindawo eziningi kungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)). Uma kubhekwa indawo encane (<5 μm×5 μm), ukuhwalala kwezindawo eziningi kungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм×5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Ngenxa yendawo encane (<5 µm×5 µm), ukuhwalala kwezindawo eziningi kungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm(图6（c）).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm(图6（c）). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Uma ucabangela indawo encane (<5 µm × 5 µm), ukuhwalala kwezindawo eziningi kungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).
(a) Isithombe sokubuka, (b) isithombe se-microscope, kanye (c) nesithombe esibonakalayo sendawo yangaphakathi yokusikwa kwe-MWC.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 7(a), indlela yokubona i-LOP ku-capillary inqunywa i-engeli yesigameko θ (LOP = LC/sinθ, lapho i-LC ingubude bomzimba be-capillary). Kuma-capillary e-Teflon AF agcwele i-DI H2O, i-engeli yesigameko kufanele ibe nkulu kune-engeli ebalulekile engu-77.8°, ngakho-ke i-LOP ingaphansi kuka-1.02 × LC ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe3.6. Nakuba, nge-MWC, ukuvalelwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kuzimele kunkomba ye-refractive noma i-engeli yesigameko, ngakho-ke njengoba i-engeli yesigameko iyancipha, indlela yokukhanya ingaba yinde kakhulu kunobude be-capillary (LOP » LC). Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 7(b), indawo yensimbi enguthayela ingabangela ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya, okungakhuphula kakhulu indlela yokubona.
Ngakho-ke, kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhanya ze-MWC: ukukhanya okuqondile ngaphandle kokubonisa (LOP = LC) nokukhanya kwe-sawtooth okunokuboniswa okuningi phakathi kwezindonga eziseceleni (LOP » LC). Ngokomthetho kabhiya, ukuqina kokukhanya okudlulisiwe okuqondile nokumazombezombe kungavezwa njenge-PS×exp(-α×LC) kanye ne-PZ×exp(-α×LOP) ngokulandelana, lapho u-α ongaguquki kuyi-coefficient yokumuncwa, okuncike ngokuphelele ekugxilweni kukayinki.
Ngoyinki wokugxilisa kakhulu (isb., ukugxila okuhlobene >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwakho kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokumunca enkulu kanye nendlela yayo ende yokubona. Ngoyinki wokugxilisa kakhulu (isb., ukugxila okuhlobene >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwakho kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokumunca enkulu kanye nendlela yayo ende yokubona. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация >1,28 × 10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и гораздо более длинного оптического излучения. Ngoyinki wokugxilisa kakhulu (isb. ukugxiliswa okulinganiselwe >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwakho kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile ngenxa ye-coefficient yokumunca enkulu kanye nokukhipha ukukhanya okude kakhulu.ithrekhi.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28×10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于直光，這是由于吸收系数大，光学时间更长.对于 高浓度 墨水 (例如 , 浓度 浓度> 1.28 × 10-5） , z 字形 衰减 很 很 大 ， , 這 是 吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。。。 长 长 长 长 长 长 长 长 长Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации >1,28×10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и более длительного оптического времени. Kuma-ink okugxilisa kakhulu (isb., ukugxilisa okuhambisanayo >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwakho kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile ngenxa ye-coefficient yokumunca enkulu kanye nesikhathi eside sokubuka.umgwaqo omncane.Ngakho-ke, ukukhanya okuqondile kwabusa ukuzimisela kokumunca (LOP=LC) futhi i-AEF igcinwe njalo ku-~7.0. Ngokuphambene, lapho ukumuncwa-i-coefficient yehla ngokuncipha kokugxilisa kukayinki (isb., ukugxilisa ingqondo okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya okumazombezombe kukhula ngokushesha kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile bese ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, lapho ukumuncwa-i-coefficient yehla ngokuncipha kokugxilisa kukayinki (isb., ukugxilisa ingqondo okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya okumazombezombe kukhula ngokushesha kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile bese ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, относительная концентрация,20-85), × i-inтенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого света, и затем начинает играть зигзагообразный свет. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-coefficient yokumuncwa yehla ngokuncipha kokugxilisa kukayinki (isibonelo, ukugxilisana okuhlobene <1.28×10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya okumazombezombe kukhula ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile, bese kuthi ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuqala ukudlala.indima ebalulekile.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度<1.28×10-5 ），Z字形光的强度比直光增加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更重要的角色.相反 , 当 吸收 系数 随着 墨水 的 降低 而 降低 时 例如 例如 , 相关 浓度 1 × 1 × , 字形光 的 强度 比 增加 得 更 , 然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用 一 个 重要 重要 重要活更更 HI的角色. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, соответствуюю концен1-1×1), Интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем прямого, и тогда зигзагообразный свет начинает играть более важную. Ngokuphambene, lapho i-coefficient yokumuncwa iyancipha ngokuncipha kokugxilwa kweyinki (isibonelo, ukugxilisa okuhambisanayo <1.28×10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya okumazombezombe kukhula ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile, bese ukukhanya okumazombezombe kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.umlingiswa wendima.Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yendlela ye-sawtooth optical (LOP »LC), i-AEF inganyuswa kakhulu kune-7.0. Izici ezinembile zokudlulisa ukukhanya ze-MWC zingatholwa kusetshenziswa ithiyori yemodi ye-waveguide.
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa indlela yokubona, ukushintsha isampula okusheshayo nakho kunomthelela emikhawulweni yokuthola okuphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yomthamo omncane we-MCC (0.16 ml), isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ushintshe futhi uguqule izixazululo ku-MCC singaba ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-20. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5, inani elincane elibonakalayo le-AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) lingaphansi izikhathi ezingu-4 kune-Acuvette (1.0 × 10–3). Ukushintsha okusheshayo kwesisombululo esigelezayo ku-capillary kunciphisa umphumela womsindo wesistimu (isb. ukukhukhuleka) ekunembeni komehluko wokumunca uma kuqhathaniswa nesixazululo sokugcina ku-cuvette. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba kuboniswe fig. 3(b)-(d), ΔV ingahlukaniswa kalula kusignali ye-drift ngenxa yokushintsha okusheshayo kwesampula ku-capillary yevolumu encane.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2, uhla lwezixazululo ze-glucose ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene lwalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi. Amasampula anamabala noma angenalutho alungiswa ngokuxuba isixazululo se-glucose noma amanzi akhishiwe anezixazululo ze-chromogenic ze-glucose oxidase (GOD) ne-peroxidase (POD) 37 ngesilinganiso sevolumu esingaguquki esingu-3:1, ngokulandelana. Emkhiwaneni. 8 ibonisa izithombe zamehlo zamasampuli ayisishiyagalolunye anebala (S2-S10) anoshukela osuka ku-2.0 mM (kwesokunxele) ukuya ku-5.12 nM (kwesokudla). Ububomvu buyancipha ngokuncipha kokugxila kweglucose.
Imiphumela yezilinganiso zamasampuli 4, 9, kanye ne-10 nge-photometer esekwe ku-MWC iboniswa ku-Fig. 9(a)-(c), ngokulandelana. Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 9(c), i-ΔV elinganisiwe iyancipha futhi ikhula kancane phakathi nokulinganisa njengoba umbala we-GOD-POD reagent ngokwawo (ngisho nangaphandle kokwengeza i-glucose) ushintsha kancane ekukhanyeni. Ngakho, izilinganiso ezilandelanayo ze-ΔV azikwazi ukuphinda kumasampula ane-glucose concentration engaphansi kuka-5.12 nM (isampula 10), ngoba uma i-ΔV imncane ngokwanele, ukungazinzi kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD ngeke kusanakwa. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokutholwa kwesisombululo se-glucose ngu-5.12 nM, nakuba inani elihambisanayo le-ΔV (0.52 µV) likhulu kakhulu kunenani lomsindo (0.03 µV), okubonisa ukuthi i-ΔV encane isengatholwa. Lo mkhawulo wokutholwa ungathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa ama-reagents e-chromogenic azinzile.
(a) Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 4, (b) isampula 9, kanye (c) nesampula 10 kusetshenziswa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC.
I-AMWC absorbance ingabalwa kusetshenziswa amanani alinganisiwe e-Vcolor, Vblank kanye ne-Vdark. Nge-photodetector enenzuzo ye-105 Vdark ingu -0.068 μV. Izilinganiso zawo wonke amasampula zingasethwa endabeni yokwengeza. Ukuze uqhathanise, amasampuli e-glucose nawo alinganiswa nge-spectrophotometer futhi ukumunca okulinganiselwe kwe-Acuvette kwafinyelela umkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.64 µM (isampula 7) njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokumunca nokugxilisa ingqondo buvezwa kuMfanekiso 11. Nge-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC, ukuthuthukiswa okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-125 emkhawulweni wokutholwa kwafinyelelwa uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer esekelwe ku-cuvette. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuphansi kunokuhlolwa kweyinki ebomvu ngenxa yokungaqini kahle kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD. Ukwenyuka okungewona umugqa kokumunca ekugxilweni okuphansi nakho kwabonwa.
I-photometer esekwe ku-MWC yenzelwe ukutholwa okuzwela kakhulu kwamasampula oketshezi. Indlela yokubona ingakhuliswa kakhulu, futhi ibe yinde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, ngoba ukukhanya okuhlakazwe yizindonga ezisemaceleni zensimbi ezibushelelezi kungaqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engeli yesigameko. Ukugxilisa ingqondo okuphansi njengo-5.12 nM kungafinyelelwa kusetshenziswa ama-reagents avamile e-GOD-POD ngenxa ye-amplification entsha ye-optical non-linear nokushintsha isampula okusheshayo nokutholwa kwe-glucose. Le photometer ehlangene futhi engabizi izosetshenziswa kabanzi kusayensi yezempilo kanye nokuqapha kwemvelo ukuze kuhlaziywe umkhondo.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC iqukethe i-MWC engu-7 cm ubude (ububanzi bangaphakathi obungu-1.7 mm, ububanzi obungaphandle obungu-3.18 mm, i-EP class electropolished inner surface, i-SUS316L insimbi engagqwali capillary), i-505 nm wavelength LED (Thorlabs M505F6be) kanye nesithombe esishintshashintshayo (I-Thorlabs PDB450C) nezixhumi ezimbili ze-T zokuxhumana okubonakalayo kanye noketshezi ngaphakathi/kuphume. Isixhumi se-T senziwa ngokuhlanganisa ipuleti lequartz elibonisa ngale kushubhu ye-PMMA lapho amashubhu e-MWC kanye ne-Peek (0.72 mm ID, 1.6 mm OD, Vici Valco Corp.) afakwa aqiniswe futhi anamathiselwe. I-valve yezindlela ezintathu exhunywe ku-Pike inlet tube isetshenziselwa ukushintsha isampula engenayo. I-photodetector ingaguqula amandla optical atholiwe angu-P abe isignali ye-voltage ekhulisiwe engu-N×V (lapho i-V/P = 1.0 V/W ku-1550 nm, i- gain N ingalungiswa mathupha ebangeni le-103-107). Ngobufushane, i-V isetshenziswa esikhundleni se-N×V njengesignali yokuphumayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-spectrophotometer yezohwebo (uchungechunge lwe-Agilent Technologies Cary 300 ene-R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) eneseli ye-cuvette engu-1.0 cm nayo yasetshenziswa ukukala ukumuncwa kwamasampula oketshezi.
Ubuso obungaphakathi bokusikwa kwe-MWC buhlolwe kusetshenziswa iphrofayili yendawo ebonakalayo (i-ZYGO New View 5022) enokulungiswa okuqondile nokuseceleni okungu-0.1 nm no-0.11 µm, ngokulandelanayo.
Wonke amakhemikhali (ibanga lokuhlaziya, akukho okunye ukuhlanzwa) athengwe kwa-Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Amakhithi okuhlola iGlucose ahlanganisa i-glucose oxidase (UNKULUNKULU), i-peroxidase (POD), i-4-aminoantipyrine ne-phenol, njll. Isixazululo se-chromogenic salungiswa ngendlela evamile ye-GOD-POD 37.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2, uhla lwezixazululo ze-glucose ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene lwalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njenge-diluent kusetshenziswa indlela ye-serial dilution (bona Izinto Ezingeziwe ukuze uthole imininingwane). Lungiselela amasampula anamabala noma angenalutho ngokuxuba isixazululo se-glucose noma amanzi akhishwe nge-chromogenic ngesilinganiso sevolumu esingashintshi esingu-3:1, ngokulandelanayo. Wonke amasampula agcinwe ku-37°C avikelwe ekukhanyeni imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphambi kokulinganisa. Endleleni ye-GOD-POD, amasampula anamabala aphenduka abomvu ngokumuncwa okuphezulu okungu-505 nm, futhi ukumuncwa kucishe kulingane nokugxiliswa kweglucose.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1, uchungechunge lwezixazululo zikayinki obomvu (Intshe Ink Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) zalungiswa ngendlela yochungechunge yokuhlanjululwa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi.
Ungacaphuna kanjani lesi sihloko: Bai, M. et al. I-Photometer ehlangene esekelwe kuma-capillaries e-waveguide ensimbi: ukuze kunqunywe ukugxila kwe-nanomolar ye-glucose. isayensi. 5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
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U-Li, QP, u-Zhang, J. -Z., u-Millero, u-FJ no-Hansell, i-DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli ye-capillary waveguide yoketshezi lwendlela ende. I-Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli ye-capillary waveguide yoketshezi lwendlela ende.U-Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kanye no-Hansel, DA Ukunqunywa kombala okuqhubekayo kwamanani omkhondo we-ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetshenziswa iseli le-capillary eline-waveguide ewuketshezi. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵。 Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.U-Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kanye no-Hansel, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala kwamanani omkhondo we-ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetshenziswa ama-capillary e-waveguide ewuketshezi lwebanga elide.I-Chemistry ngo-March. 96, 73–85 (2005).
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