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Ukuhlaziywa kwesampula yoketshezi kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa kwezesayensi yokuphila kanye nokuqapha imvelo. Kulo msebenzi, sithuthukise i-photometer encane nengabizi kakhulu esekelwe kuma-capillary e-metal waveguide (ama-MCC) ukuze kunqunywe ukumuncwa okubucayi kakhulu. Indlela yokukhanya ingandiswa kakhulu, futhi ibe yinde kakhulu kunobude obubonakalayo be-MWC, ngoba ukukhanya okusakazeke yizindonga zensimbi ezibushelelezi ezihlanganisiwe kungagcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engeli yesigameko ingakanani. Ukugxila okuphansi njenge-5.12 nM kungatholakala kusetshenziswa ama-reagents avamile e-chromogenic ngenxa yokukhulisa okusha kwe-optical okungeyona i-linear kanye nokushintsha kwesampula okusheshayo kanye nokutholwa kwe-glucose.
I-Photometry isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyweni kwesampula yoketshezi ngenxa yobuningi bama-reagents e-chromogenic atholakalayo kanye namadivayisi e-optoelectronic e-semiconductor1,2,3,4,5. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokunqunywa kokumuncwa okusekelwe ku-cuvette yendabuko, ama-capillary e-liquid waveguide (LWC) reflect (TIR) ​​​​ngokugcina ukukhanya kwe-probe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary1,2,3,4,5. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe, indlela ye-optical iseduze kuphela nobude obubonakalayo be-LWC3.6, futhi ukwandisa ubude be-LWC ngaphezu kuka-1.0 m kuzobhekana nokuncipha kokukhanya okunamandla kanye nengozi ephezulu yama-bubbles, njll.3, 7. Ngokuphathelene neseli eliphakanyisiwe lokubonisa okuningi lokuthuthukisa indlela ye-optical, umkhawulo wokuthola uthuthukiswa kuphela ngesici esingu-2.5-8.9.
Okwamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-LWC, okungukuthi ama-capillary e-Teflon AF (ane-refractive index engu-~1.3 kuphela, ephansi kuneyamanzi) kanye nama-capillary e-silica ambozwe nge-Teflon AF noma amafilimu ensimbi1,3,4. Ukuze kufezwe i-TIR endaweni ehlanganayo phakathi kwezinto ze-dielectric, kudingeka izinto ezine-refractive index ephansi kanye nama-engeli aphezulu okukhanya. Ngokuphathelene nama-capillary e-Teflon AF, i-Teflon AF iyaphefumula ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esinezimbobo3,11 futhi ingamunca inani elincane lezinto kumasampula amanzi. Kuma-capillary e-quartz ambozwe ngaphandle nge-Teflon AF noma insimbi, i-refractive index ye-quartz (1.45) iphakeme kunezinye izibonelo eziningi zoketshezi (isb. 1.33 ngamanzi)3,6,12,13. Kuma-capillary ambozwe ngefilimu yensimbi ngaphakathi, izakhiwo zokuhamba ziye zafundwa14,15,16,17,18, kodwa inqubo yokumboza iyinkimbinkimbi, ubuso befilimu yensimbi bunesakhiwo esiqinile nesingenazimbobo4,19.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-LWC ezentengiselwano (ama-AF Teflon Coated Capillaries kanye nama-AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, i-World Precision Instruments, Inc.) anezinye izinkinga, njengokuthi: ngamaphutha. . Umthamo omkhulu ofile we-TIR3,10, (2) T-connector (ukuxhuma ama-capillary, imicu, kanye namashubhu okungena/okukhipha) angabamba amabhamuza omoya10.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunqunywa kwamazinga kashukela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxilongweni kwesifo sikashukela, i-cirrhosis yesibindi kanye nesifo sengqondo20. kanye nezindlela eziningi zokuthola ezifana ne-photometry (kufaka phakathi i-spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 kanye ne-colorimetry ephepheni 26, 27, 28), i-galvanometry 29, 30, 31, i-fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, i-optical polarimetry 36, i-surface plasmon resonance. 37, i-Fabry-Perot cavity 38, i-electrochemistry 39 kanye ne-capillary electrophoresis 40,41 njalo njalo. Kodwa-ke, iningi lalezi zindlela lidinga imishini ebizayo, futhi ukuthola i-glucose kumazinga amaningana e-nanomolar kusalokhu kuyinselele (isibonelo, ngokulinganisa i-photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, ukuhlushwa okuphansi kakhulu kwe-glucose). umkhawulo wawungu-30 nM kuphela lapho kusetshenziswa ama-nanoparticles aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-Prussian njenge-peroxidase mimics). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-glucose ye-nanomolar kuvame ukudingeka ezifundweni zamaseli ezingeni lama-molecule njengokuvimbela ukukhula komdlavuza we-prostate womuntu42 kanye nokuziphatha kokuqina kwe-CO2 kwe-Prochlorococcus olwandle.
Kulesi sihloko, i-photometer encane, engabizi kakhulu esekelwe ku-capillary yensimbi eqondisa amaza (MWC), i-capillary yensimbi engagqwali ye-SUS316L enobuso bangaphakathi obucwebezelwe ngogesi, yaklanywa ukuze kunqunywe ukumuncwa okuzwela kakhulu. Njengoba ukukhanya kungabanjwa ngaphakathi kwama-capillary ensimbi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engeli ye-incidence ingakanani, indlela ye-optical ingandiswa kakhulu ngokusabalala kokukhanya ezindaweni zensimbi ezigobile nezibushelelezi, futhi inde kakhulu kunobude obubonakalayo be-MWC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-T-connector elula yaklanywa ukuze kuxhunywe i-optical kanye nokungena/ukuphuma koketshezi ukuze kuncishiswe ivolumu efile futhi kugwenywe ukubanjwa ngamabhamuza. Kwi-photometer ye-MWC engu-7 cm, umkhawulo wokuthola uthuthukiswa cishe izikhathi ezingu-3000 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer yezentengiselwano ene-cuvette engu-1 cm ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusha kwendlela ye-optical engeyona eqondile kanye nokushintsha kwesampula okusheshayo, futhi ukuhlushwa kokuthola i-glucose nakho kungafinyelelwa. Kuphela i-5.12 nM kusetshenziswa ama-reagents avamile e-chromogenic.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC iqukethe i-MWC engu-7 cm ubude ene-electropolished inner surface ye-EP grade, i-LED engu-505 nm ene-lens, i-adjustable gain photodetector, kanye nezimbili zokuxhumanisa okubonakalayo kanye nokufaka uketshezi. Phuma. I-valve enezindlela ezintathu exhunywe ku-Pike inlet tube isetshenziselwa ukushintsha isampula engenayo. I-Peek tube ilingana kahle ne-quartz plate kanye ne-MWC, ngakho-ke ivolumu efile ku-T-connector igcinwa incane, ivimbela ngempumelelo amabhamuza omoya ukuthi angabanjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-collimated beam ingangeniswa kalula nangokuphumelelayo ku-MWC nge-T-piece quartz plate.
Isampula ye-beam kanye ne-liquid ifakwa ku-MCC nge-T-piece, bese i-beam edlula ku-MCC itholwa yi-photodetector. Izixazululo ezingenayo zamasampula anombala noma angenalutho zifakwe ngokuhlukile ku-ICC nge-valve enezindlela ezintathu. Ngokomthetho kaBeer, ubuningi be-optical besampula enemibala bungabalwa kusukela ku-equation. 1.10
lapho i-Vcolor kanye ne-Vblank kuyizimpawu zokukhipha ze-photodetector lapho amasampula ombala kanye nalawa angenalutho efakwa ku-MCC, ngokulandelana, kanti i-Vdark iyisibonakaliso sangemuva se-photodetector lapho i-LED icishiwe. Ushintsho kusignali yokukhipha ΔV = Vcolor–Vblank lungalinganiswa ngokushintsha amasampula. Ngokusho kwesibalo. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, uma i-ΔV incane kakhulu kune-Vblank–Vdark, lapho kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokushintsha amasampula, izinguquko ezincane ku-Vblank (isb. drift) zingaba nomthelela omncane enanini le-AMWC.
Ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kwe-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC ne-spectrophotometer esekelwe ku-cuvette, kusetshenziswe isixazululo se-inki ebomvu njengesampula yombala ngenxa yokuqina kombala okuhle kanye nokulingana okuhle kokumunca ukuhluzwa, i-DI H2O njengesampula engenalutho. . Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, uchungechunge lwezixazululo ze-inki ebomvu lwalungiswa ngendlela yokuxuba kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njenge-solvent. Ukuhluzwa okuhlobene kwesampula 1 (S1), upende obomvu wokuqala ongaxutshiwe, kunqunywe njengo-1.0. Ku-Fig. Isithombe 2 sibonisa izithombe ezibonakalayo zamasampula ayi-inki obomvu ayi-11 (S4 kuya ku-S14) anokuhluzwa okuhlobene (okubhalwe kuThebula 1) kusukela ku-8.0 × 10–3 (kwesobunxele) kuya ku-8.2 × 10–10 (kwesokudla).
Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 6 iboniswe ku-Figs. 3(a). Amaphuzu okushintsha phakathi kwamasampula anombala nangenalutho aphawulwe esithombeni ngemicibisholo ephindwe kabili ethi “↔”. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-voltage yokukhipha iyanda ngokushesha uma ushintsha kusuka kumasampula ombala kuya kumasampula angenalutho kanye nokuphikisana nalokho. I-Vcolor, i-Vblank kanye ne-ΔV ehambisanayo kungatholakala njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.
(a) Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 6, (b) isampula 9, (c) isampula 13, kanye (d) isampula 14 kusetshenziswa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC.
Imiphumela yokulinganisa yamasampula 9, 13, kanye no-14 iboniswe ku-Figs. 3(b)-(d), ngokulandelana. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3(d), i-ΔV elinganisiwe ingu-5 nV kuphela, okucishe kube kathathu inani lomsindo (2 nV). I-ΔV encane kunzima ukuyihlukanisa nomsindo. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokutholwa ufinyelele ekugxilweni okuhlobene okungu-8.2×10-10 (isampula 14). Ngosizo lwezibalo. 1. Ukumuncwa kwe-AMWC kungabalwa kusukela kumanani alinganisiwe e-Vcolor, i-Vblank kanye ne-Vdark. Ku-photodetector ene-gain engu-104 Vdark ingu--0.68 μV. Imiphumela yokulinganisa yawo wonke amasampula ifingqiwe kuThebula 1 futhi ingatholakala ezintweni ezengeziwe. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, ukumuncwa okutholakala kumazinga aphezulu okugcwala, ngakho ukumuncwa okungaphezu kuka-3.7 akukwazi ukulinganiswa ngama-spectrometer asekelwe ku-MWC.
Ukuze kuqhathaniswe, isampula yeyinki ebomvu nayo yalinganiswa nge-spectrophotometer kanti ukumuncwa kwe-Acuvette okulinganisiwe kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Amanani e-Acuvette angu-505 nm (njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1) atholwe ngokubhekisela kuma-curve amasampula 10, 11, noma 12 (njengoba kuboniswe ku-inset). kuMfanekiso 4) njengesisekelo. Njengoba kuboniswe, umkhawulo wokuthola ufinyelele ekugxilweni okuhlobene okungu-2.56 x 10-6 (isampula 9) ngoba ama-curve okumuncwa amasampula 10, 11 kanye no-12 ayengahlukaniseki komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, lapho kusetshenziswa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC, umkhawulo wokuthola uthuthukiswe ngesilinganiso esingu-3125 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer esekelwe ku-cuvette.
Ukuminyana kokumuncwa kokuxhomekeka kwethulwe ku-Fig.5. Ngokulinganisa i-cuvette, ukumuncwa kuhambisana nokuminyana kwe-inki ngobude bendlela obuyi-1 cm. Kanti, ngokulinganisa okusekelwe ku-MWC, ukwanda okungekona okuqondile kokumuncwa kwabonwa ngobuningi obuphansi. Ngokomthetho kaBeer, ukumuncwa kuhambisana nobude bendlela ye-optical, ngakho-ke inzuzo yokumuncwa i-AEF (echazwa njenge-AEF = AMWC/Acuvette ngobuningi be-inki obufanayo) yisilinganiso se-MWC nobude bendlela ye-optical ye-cuvette. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5, ngobuningi obuphezulu, i-AEF engaguquki icishe ibe ngu-7.0, okunengqondo njengoba ubude be-MWC buphindwe kasikhombisa ubude be-cuvette engu-1 cm. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxilwa okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha kokugxilwa futhi ingafinyelela inani elingu-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene okungu-8.2 × 10-10 ngokwengeza ijika lokulinganisa okusekelwe ku-cuvette. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxilwa okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha kokugxilwa futhi ingafinyelela inani elingu-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene okungu-8.2 × 10-10 ngokwengeza ijika lokulinganisa okusekelwe ku-cuvette. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменьшением концентражния концентражния 803 при относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxila okuhlobene <1.28 × 10–5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha kokugxilwa futhi ingafinyelela inani elingu-803 ekugxilweni okuhlobene okungu-8.2 × 10–10 uma ithathwe kusuka ku-cuvette-based measurement curve.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5 ）下，AEF随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过外推基于比色皿的测量曲线，在相关浓度为8.2 × 3 × 18.20的值.然而 , 在 低 浓度 （相关 浓度 <1.28 × 10-5） ， , AEF 随着 的 降低 而 , 并万 并万 逺迎比色皿 测量 曲线 , 在 浓度 為 8.2 × 10-10 时 达到 达到 达到 达到803 值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) АЭП увеличивается с уменьшением концентрации кривой измерения на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 803 . Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni okuphansi (ukugxila okufanele < 1.28 × 10-5) i-AED iyanda ngokuncipha kokugxilwa, futhi uma ikhishwa kusuka ku-cuvette-based measurement curve, ifinyelela inani lokugxilwa elihlobene elingu-8.2 × 10–10 803.Lokhu kuphumela endleleni ehambisanayo yokukhanya engu-803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), ende kakhulu kunobude obubonakalayo be-MWC, futhi ende kakhulu kune-LWC ende kakhulu etholakala kwezentengiselwano (500 cm evela ku-World Precision Instruments, Inc.). I-Doko Engineering LLC inobude obungu-200 cm). Lokhu kwanda okungenamugqa kokumuncwa kwi-LWC akukaze kubikwe ngaphambilini.
Ku-Fig. 6(a)-(c) kukhombisa isithombe esibonakalayo, isithombe se-microscope, kanye nesithombe sephrofayili esibonakalayo sobuso bangaphakathi besigaba se-MWC, ngokulandelana. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 6(a), ubuso bangaphakathi bubushelelezi futhi bucwebezela, bungabonakalisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, futhi bukhanya kakhulu. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 6(b), ngenxa yokuguquguquka kanye nesimo sekristalu sensimbi, ama-mesa amancane kanye nokungalungi kuvela ebusweni obubushelelezi. Uma sibheka indawo encane (<5 μm×5 μm), ubulukhuni bendawo eningi bungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Isithombe 6(c)). Uma sibheka indawo encane (<5 μm×5 μm), ubulukhuni bendawo eningi bungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Isithombe 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм×5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Ngenxa yendawo encane (<5 µm×5 µm), ubulukhuni bendawo enkulu bungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Isithombe 6(c)).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm(图6（c）).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm(图6（c）). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Uma ubheka indawo encane (<5 µm × 5 µm), ubulukhuni bezindawo eziningi bungaphansi kuka-1.2 nm (Isithombe 6(c)).
(a) Isithombe esibonakalayo, (b) isithombe se-microscope, kanye (c) isithombe esibonakalayo sobuso bangaphakathi bokusika kwe-MWC.
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7(a), indlela ye-optical LOP ku-capillary inqunywa yi-engeli ye-incidence θ (LOP = LC/sinθ, lapho i-LC ingubude obubonakalayo be-capillary). Kuma-capillary e-Teflon AF agcwele i-DI H2O, i-engeli ye-incidence kumele ibe nkulu kune-engeli ebalulekile engu-77.8°, ngakho-ke i-LOP ingaphansi kuka-1.02 × LC ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe3.6. Kanti, nge-MWC, ukuvalelwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwe-capillary akuxhomekile ku-refractive index noma i-engeli ye-incidence, ngakho-ke njengoba i-engeli ye-incidence incipha, indlela yokukhanya ingaba yinde kakhulu kunobude be-capillary (LOP » LC). Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7(b), ubuso bensimbi ehlanganisiwe bungabangela ukusabalala kokukhanya, okungakhulisa kakhulu indlela ye-optical.
Ngakho-ke, kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhanya ze-MWC: ukukhanya okuqondile ngaphandle kokukhanya (LOP = LC) kanye nokukhanya kwe-sawtooth okunezibonakaliso eziningi phakathi kwezindonga eziseceleni (LOP » LC). Ngokomthetho kaBeer, ukuqina kokukhanya okuqondile okudluliselwe kanye nokukhanya okugobile kungavezwa njenge-PS×exp(-α×LC) kanye ne-PZ×exp(-α×LOP) ngokulandelana, lapho i-α engaguquki iyi-coefficient yokumunca, encike ngokuphelele ekugxilweni kwe-inki.
Ngoyinki ogxile kakhulu (isb., ukugxila okuhlobene >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okugobile kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwawo kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile, ngenxa ye-coefficient enkulu yokumunca kanye nendlela yayo ende kakhulu yokukhanya. Ngoyinki ogxile kakhulu (isb., ukugxila okuhlobene >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okugobile kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwawo kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile, ngenxa ye-coefficient enkulu yokumunca kanye nendlela yayo ende kakhulu yokukhanya. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация >1,28 × 10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и гораздо более длинного оптического излучения. Kuyinki equkethe uketshezi oluningi (isb. uketshezi oluhlobene >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okugobile kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi ukuqina kwako kuphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile ngenxa yobuningi bokumuncwa kanye nokukhishwa okubonakalayo okude kakhulu.ithrekhi.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28×10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于直光，這是由于吸收系数大，光学时间更长.对于 高浓度 墨水 (例如 , 浓度 浓度> 1.28 × 10-5） , z 字形 衰减 很 很 大 ， , 這 是 吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。。。 长 长 长 长 长 长 长 长 长Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации >1,28×10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и более длительного оптического времени. Kuma-inki agcwele kakhulu (isb., amazinga afanele >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okugobile kuncishisiwe kakhulu futhi amandla alo aphansi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuqondile ngenxa ye-coefficient enkulu yokumuncwa kanye nesikhathi eside sokubona.umgwaqo omncane.Ngakho-ke, ukukhanya okuqondile kwabusa ukunqunywa kokumuncwa (LOP=LC) futhi i-AEF yagcinwa ingaguquki ku-~7.0. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-absorption-coefficient yehla ngokuncipha kokuhlushwa kwe-inki (isb., ukuhlushwa okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), amandla okukhanya okuzigzag anda ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile bese ukukhanya okuzigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-absorption-coefficient yehla ngokuncipha kokuhlushwa kwe-inki (isb., ukuhlushwa okuhlobene <1.28 × 10-5), amandla okukhanya okuzigzag anda ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile bese ukukhanya okuzigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, относительная концентрация,20-85), × i-inтенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого света, и затем начинает играть зигзагообразный свет. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-coefficient yokumunca incipha ngokuncipha kokuhlushwa kwe-inki (isibonelo, ukuhlushwa okuhlobene <1.28×10-5), amandla okukhanya okugobile ayanda ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile, bese ukukhanya okugobile kuqala ukudlala.indima ebaluleke kakhulu.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度<1.28×10-5 ），Z字形光的强度比直光增加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更重要的角色.相反 , 当 吸收 系数 随着 墨水 的 降低 而 降低 时 例如 例如 , 相关 浓度 1 × 1 × , 字形光 的 强度 比 增加 得 更 , 然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用 一 个 重要 重要 重要活更 更 HI的角色. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, соответствуюю концен1-1×1), Интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем прямого, и тогда зигзагообразный свет начинает играть более важную. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho i-coefficient yokumunca incipha ngokuncipha kokuhlushwa kwe-inki (isibonelo, ukuhlushwa okuhambisanayo < 1.28×10-5), amandla okukhanya okugobile anda ngokushesha kunokukhanya okuqondile, bese ukukhanya okugobile kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.indima yomlingiswa.Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yendlela yokukhanya ye-sawtooth (LOP » LC), i-AEF ingandiswa kakhulu kune-7.0. Izici zokudlulisa ukukhanya eziqondile ze-MWC zingatholakala kusetshenziswa i-waveguide mode theory.
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa indlela yokukhanya, ukushintsha isampula esheshayo nakho kunegalelo emikhawulweni yokubona ephansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yomthamo omncane we-MCC (0.16 ml), isikhathi esidingekayo sokushintsha nokushintsha izixazululo ku-MCC singaba ngaphansi kwemizuzwana engama-20. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, inani elincane elitholakalayo le-AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) liphansi ngokuphindwe kane kunele-Acuvette (1.0 × 10–3). Ukushintsha okusheshayo kwesisombululo esigelezayo ku-capillary kunciphisa umphumela womsindo wesistimu (isb. ukukhukhuleka) ekunembileni komehluko wokumunca uma kuqhathaniswa nesisombululo sokugcina ku-cuvette. Isibonelo, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 3(b)-(d), i-ΔV ingahlukaniswa kalula nesignali yokukhukhuleka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesampula okusheshayo ku-capillary encane yevolumu.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2, izixazululo ezahlukene ze-glucose ngamanani ahlukahlukene zalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi. Amasampula anombala noma angenalutho alungiswa ngokuxuba isisombululo se-glucose noma amanzi angenawo i-ion nezixazululo ze-chromogenic ze-glucose oxidase (GOD) kanye ne-peroxidase (POD) 37 ngesilinganiso sevolumu esinqunyiwe esingu-3:1, ngokulandelana. Ku-Fig. 8 kukhombisa izithombe ezibonakalayo zamasampula ayisishiyagalolunye anombala (S2-S10) anamazinga e-glucose asukela ku-2.0 mM (kwesobunxele) kuya ku-5.12 nM (kwesokudla). Ububomvu buyancipha ngokuncipha kokuhlushwa kwe-glucose.
Imiphumela yokulinganisa amasampula 4, 9, kanye no-10 nge-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC iboniswe ku-Figs. 9(a)-(c), ngokulandelana. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 9(c), i-ΔV elinganisiwe iba yinto engazinzile futhi iyanda kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokulinganisa njengoba umbala we-reagent ye-GOD-POD uqobo (ngisho nangaphandle kokufaka i-glucose) ushintsha kancane ekukhanyeni. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa okulandelanayo kwe-ΔV akukwazi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kumasampula ane-glucose concentration engaphansi kuka-5.12 nM (isampula 10), ngoba lapho i-ΔV incane ngokwanele, ukungazinzi kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD akusakwazi ukunganakwa. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokutholwa kwesisombululo se-glucose ngu-5.12 nM, yize inani elihambisanayo le-ΔV (0.52 µV) likhulu kakhulu kunenani lomsindo (0.03 µV), okubonisa ukuthi i-ΔV encane isengatholakala. Lo mkhawulo wokuthola ungathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa ama-reagent aqinile e-chromogenic.
(a) Imiphumela yokulinganisa yesampula 4, (b) isampula 9, kanye (c) isampula 10 kusetshenziswa i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC.
Ukumuncwa kwe-AMWC kungabalwa kusetshenziswa amanani e-Vcolor, i-Vblank kanye ne-Vdark alinganisiwe. Kwi-photodetector ene-gain engu-105, i-Vdark ingu--0.068 μV. Izilinganiso zawo wonke amasampula zingasethwa ezintweni ezengeziwe. Ukuze kuqhathaniswe, amasampula e-glucose nawo alinganiswe nge-spectrophotometer kanti ukumuncwa okulinganisiwe kwe-Acuvette kufinyelele umkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.64 µM (isampula 7) njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokumuncwa kanye nokuhlushwa kwethulwe kuMfanekiso 11. Nge-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC, kutholakale ukuthuthuka okuphindwe ka-125 emkhawulweni wokuthola uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrophotometer esekelwe ku-cuvette. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuphansi kunokuhlolwa kwe-inki ebomvu ngenxa yokuzinza okungekuhle kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD. Kwabonakala nokwanda okungekuhle kokumuncwa ekuhlushweni okuphansi.
I-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC yakhelwe ukuthola amasampula oketshezi azwela kakhulu. Indlela yokukhanya ingandiswa kakhulu, futhi ibe yinde kakhulu kunobude obubonakalayo be-MWC, ngoba ukukhanya okusakazeke yizindonga zensimbi ezibushelelezi ezihlanganisiwe kungagcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engeli ye-incidence ingakanani. Ukugxila okuphansi njengo-5.12 nM kungatholakala kusetshenziswa ama-reagents ajwayelekile e-GOD-POD ngenxa yokukhulisa okusha kwe-optical okungeyona i-linear kanye nokushintsha okusheshayo kwesampula kanye nokutholwa kwe-glucose. Le photometer encane futhi engabizi izosetshenziswa kabanzi kwisayensi yokuphila kanye nokuqapha imvelo ukuze kuhlaziywe umkhondo.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekelwe ku-MWC iqukethe i-MWC engama-7 cm ubude (ububanzi bangaphakathi buyi-1.7 mm, ububanzi bangaphandle buyi-3.18 mm, ubuso bangaphakathi obucwebezelwe ngogesi be-EP class, i-SUS316L stainless steel capillary), i-LED engama-505 nm wavelength (i-Thorlabs M505F1), kanye namalensi (ububanzi obusakazeke cishe ngama-degree angu-6.6), i-variable gain photodetector (i-Thorlabs PDB450C) kanye nama-T-connector amabili okuxhumana kwe-optical kanye ne-liquid in/out. I-T-connector yenziwe ngokubopha ipuleti le-quartz elibonakalayo epayipini le-PMMA lapho amashubhu e-MWC kanye ne-Peek (0.72 mm ID, 1.6 mm OD, Vici Valco Corp.) afakwe khona ngokuqinile futhi anamathiselwe nge-glue. I-valve enezindlela ezintathu exhunywe epayipini lokungena le-Pike isetshenziselwa ukushintsha isampula engenayo. I-photodetector ingaguqula amandla okukhanya atholiwe i-P ibe isignali ye-voltage ekhulisiwe i-N×V (lapho i-V/P = 1.0 V/W ku-1550 nm, i-gain N ingalungiswa ngesandla ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-103-107). Ukuze kube lula, kusetshenziswa i-V esikhundleni se-N×V njengesignali yokuphuma.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-spectrophotometer yezohwebo (uchungechunge lwe-Agilent Technologies Cary 300 olune-R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) oluneseli le-cuvette elingu-1.0 cm nalo lasetshenziswa ukukala ukumuncwa kwamasampula oketshezi.
Ubuso bangaphakathi bokusika kwe-MWC buhlolwe kusetshenziswa iphrofayili yobuso be-optical (ZYGO New View 5022) enesinqumo esiqondile nesiseceleni esingu-0.1 nm kanye no-0.11 µm, ngokulandelana.
Wonke amakhemikhali (izinga lokuhlaziya, akukho ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe) athengwe kwa-Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Amakhithi okuhlola i-glucose afaka i-glucose oxidase (GOD), i-peroxidase (POD), i-4-aminoantipyrine kanye ne-phenol, njll. Isixazululo se-chromogenic salungiswa ngendlela evamile ye-GOD-POD 37.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2, uhla lwezixazululo ze-glucose ngamanani ahlukahlukene lwalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesihlanzi kusetshenziswa indlela yokuxuba elandelanayo (bheka Izinto Ezingeziwe ukuze uthole imininingwane). Lungisa amasampula anombala noma angenalutho ngokuxuba isisombululo se-glucose noma amanzi ahlanjululwe ngesisombululo se-chromogenic ngesilinganiso sevolumu esinqunyiwe esingu-3:1, ngokulandelana. Wonke amasampula agcinwe ku-37°C avikelwe ekukhanyeni imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphambi kokulinganiswa. Ngendlela ye-GOD-POD, amasampula anombala aba bomvu ngobuningi bokumuncwa ku-505 nm, futhi ukumuncwa cishe kuhambisana nokumuncwa kwe-glucose.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, uchungechunge lwezixazululo zeyinki ebomvu (i-Ostrich Ink Co., Ltd., eTianjin, eShayina) zalungiswa ngendlela yokuxuba kusetshenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi.
Indlela yokucaphuna lesi sihloko: Bai, M. et al. I-photometer ehlanganisiwe esekelwe kuma-capillaries e-metal waveguide: yokunquma amazinga e-nanomolar e-glucose. isayensi. 5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
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ULi, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ kanye noHansell, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli le-capillary eliqondisa uketshezi oluhamba ngendlela ende. ULi, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kanye noHansell, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli le-capillary eliqondisa uketshezi oluhamba ngendlela ende.ULee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kanye noHansel, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace amounts we-ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetshenziswa iseli le-capillary eline-waveguide yoketshezi. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵。 Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.ULee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kanye noHansel, DA Ukunqunywa okuqhubekayo kombala we-trace amount of ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetshenziswa ama-capillaries e-liquid waveguide capillaries asebenza ibanga elide.Ikhemistri ngoMashi. 96, 73–85 (2005).
I-Páscoa, i-RNMJ, i-Tóth, i-IV kanye ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Isibuyekezo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamuva kweseli le-capillary eliqondiswe yi-liquid waveguide kumasu okuhlaziya asekelwe ekugelezeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kwezindlela zokuthola i-spectroscopic. I-Páscoa, i-RNMJ, i-Tóth, i-IV kanye ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Isibuyekezo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamuva kweseli le-capillary eliqondiswe yi-liquid waveguide kumasu okuhlaziya asekelwe ekugelezeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kwezindlela zokuthola i-spectroscopic.UPascoa, RNMJ, Toth, IV kanye noRangel, AOSS Ukubuyekezwa kwezicelo zakamuva zeseli le-capillary eliqondiswe yi-liquid waveguide kumasu okuhlaziya ukugeleza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kwezindlela zokuthola i-spectroscopic. I-Páscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS回顾液体波导毛细管单元在基于流动的分析技术中的最新应用，以提高光谱恵测底方。 I-Páscoa, rnmj, tóth, IV & ranel, aoss 回顾 液体 毛细管 单元 在 基于 的 分析 技术 中 的 最新新的。。。灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度UPascoa, RNMJ, Toth, IV kanye noRangel, AOSS Ukubuyekezwa kwezicelo zakamuva zamaseli e-capillary aqondiswe yi-liquid waveguide ezindleleni zokuhlaziya ezisekelwe ekugelezeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kwezindlela zokuthola i-spectroscopic.i-anus. Chim. Act 739, 1-13 (2012).
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