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Uhlalutyo lwe-trace lweesampuli zolwelo luneendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwisayensi yobomi kunye nokubeka esweni okusingqongileyo. Kulo msebenzi, senze i-photometer encinci nengabizi kakhulu esekelwe kwi-capillaries ye-metal waveguide (MCCs) yokumisela ukufunxwa okubonakalayo kakhulu. Indlela ye-optical inokwandiswa kakhulu, kwaye ibe nde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, kuba ukukhanya okusasazwe ziindonga zesinyithi ezithambileyo ezinobumba kunokugcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-capillary nokuba i-engile ye-incidence injani na. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi njenge-5.12 nM lunokufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-reagents eziqhelekileyo ze-chromogenic ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-optical entsha engeyiyo i-linear kunye nokutshintsha kwesampulu ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufunyanwa kweglucose.
I-Photometry isetyenziswa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lwe-trace lweesampuli zolwelo ngenxa yobuninzi bee-reagents ze-chromogenic ezikhoyo kunye nezixhobo ze-semiconductor optoelectronic1,2,3,4,5. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuzimisela kwe-cuvette-based absorbance determination, i-liquid waveguide (LWC) capillaries reflect (TIR) ​​​​ngokugcina ukukhanya kwe-probe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary1,2,3,4,5. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kophuculo olongezelelweyo, indlela ye-optical ikufutshane kuphela nobude bomzimba be-LWC3.6, kwaye ukwandisa ubude be-LWC ngaphaya kwe-1.0 m kuya kuba neengxaki zokunciphisa ukukhanya okunamandla kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wamaqamza, njl.3, 7. Ngokuphathelele iseli ecetywayo yokubonakalisa okuninzi yokuphucula indlela ye-optical, umda wokufumanisa uphuculwa kuphela nge-2.5-8.9.
Okwangoku kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-LWC, ezizezi: ii-capillaries ze-Teflon AF (ezine-refractive index ye-~1.3 kuphela, engaphantsi kuneyamanzi) kunye nee-capillaries ze-silica ezigqunywe yi-Teflon AF okanye iifilimu zesinyithi1,3,4. Ukuze kufezekiswe i-TIR kwindawo ephakathi kwezinto ze-dielectric, kufuneka izinto ezine-refractive index ephantsi kunye nee-angles eziphezulu zokukhanya3,6,10. Ngokuphathelele ii-capillaries ze-Teflon AF, i-Teflon AF iyakwazi ukuphefumla ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esine-porous3,11 kwaye inokufunxa izinto ezincinci kwiisampuli zamanzi. Kwii-capillaries ze-quartz ezigqunywe ngaphandle yi-Teflon AF okanye isinyithi, i-refractive index ye-quartz (1.45) iphezulu kunezinye iisampuli zolwelo (umz. 1.33 zamanzi)3,6,12,13. Kwii-capillaries ezigqunywe ngefilimu yesinyithi ngaphakathi, iipropati zothutho zifundwe14,15,16,17,18, kodwa inkqubo yokugquma iyinkimbinkimbi, umphezulu wefilimu yesinyithi unesakhiwo esirhabaxa nesinama-porous4,19.
Ukongeza, ii-LWC zorhwebo (ii-AF Teflon Coated Capillaries kunye nee-AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, iWorld Precision Instruments, Inc.) zinezinye iingxaki, ezinje: ngeempazamo. . Umthamo omkhulu ofileyo we-TIR3,10, (2) T-connector (yokudibanisa ii-capillaries, iifayibha, kunye neetyhubhu zokungena/zokuphuma) zinokubamba amaqamza omoya10.
Kwangaxeshanye, ukumisela amanqanaba eglucose kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxilongweni kwesifo seswekile, isifo sesibindi kunye nesifo sengqondo20. kunye neendlela ezininzi zokufumanisa ezifana ne-photometry (kubandakanya i-spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 kunye ne-colorimetry ephepheni 26, 27, 28), i-galvanometry 29, 30, 31, i-fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, i-optical polarimetry 36, i-surface plasmon resonance. 37, i-Fabry-Perot cavity 38, i-electrochemistry 39 kunye ne-capillary electrophoresis 40,41 njalo njalo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezi ndlela zifuna izixhobo ezibizayo, kwaye ukufumanisa iglucose kwiingqinisiso ezininzi ze-nanomolar kusaqhubeka kuyingxaki (umzekelo, kwiimilinganiselo ze-photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, ingxinano ephantsi yeglucose). Umda wawuyi-30 nM kuphela xa i-Prussian blue nanoparticles yayisetyenziswa njenge-peroxidase mimics). Uhlalutyo lwe-glucose ye-nanomolar ludla ngokufuneka kwizifundo zeeseli ezikwinqanaba le-molecular ezifana nokuthintela ukukhula komhlaza we-prostate yomntu42 kunye nokuziphatha kwe-CO2 fixation yeProchlorococcus elwandle.
Kule nqaku, i-photometer encinci, engabizi kakhulu esekelwe kwi-capillary yentsimbi eguide waveguide (MWC), i-capillary yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-SUS316L enomphezulu wangaphakathi opholishiweyo, yenzelwe ukumisela ukufunxwa okubonakalayo kakhulu. Ekubeni ukukhanya kunokubanjwa ngaphakathi kwi-capillaries zesinyithi nokuba i-engile yesiganeko injani, indlela ye-optical inokwandiswa kakhulu ngokusasazeka kokukhanya kwiindawo zesinyithi ezirhabaxa nezigudileyo, kwaye inde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC. Ukongeza, i-T-connector elula yenzelwe uqhagamshelo lwe-optical kunye nokungena/ukuphuma kolwelo ukunciphisa ivolumu efileyo kunye nokuphepha ukubanjwa kwebhamuza. Kwi-photometer ye-7 cm MWC, umda wokufumanisa uphuculwe malunga namaxesha angama-3000 xa kuthelekiswa ne-spectrophotometer yorhwebo ene-cuvette ye-1 cm ngenxa yokuphuculwa okutsha kwendlela ye-optical engeyiyo emgceni kunye nokutshintsha kwesampulu ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-glucose detection lunokufunyanwa. yi-5.12 nM kuphela kusetyenziswa ii-reagents eziqhelekileyo ze-chromogenic.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC ine-MWC enobude obuyi-7 cm enomphezulu wangaphakathi opholishwe ngombane we-EP, i-LED engama-505 nm enelensi, i-photodetector ehlengahlengiswayo yokufumana ukukhanya, kunye nezimbini zokudibanisa okubonakalayo kunye nokufaka ulwelo. Phuma. Ivalvu eneendlela ezintathu eqhagamshelwe kwityhubhu yokungena yePike isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha isampuli engenayo. Ityhubhu yePeek ilingana kakuhle neplate yequartz kunye ne-MWC, ngoko ke umthamo ofileyo kwi-T-connector ugcinwa uncinci, uthintela ngempumelelo amaqamza omoya ukuba angabanjwa. Ukongeza, umqadi oqokelelweyo unokungeniswa ngokulula nangokufanelekileyo kwi-MWC ngeplate yequartz ye-T-piece.
Isampuli yomqadi kunye nolwelo zingeniswa kwi-MCC nge-T-piece, kwaye umqadi odlula kwi-MCC ufunyanwa yi-photodetector. Izisombululo ezingenayo zeesampuli ezinemibala okanye ezingenanto zingeniswe ngokutshintshiselana kwi-ICC ngevalvu eneendlela ezintathu. Ngokomthetho kaBeer, uxinano lwe-optical lwesampuli enemibala lunokubalwa kwi-equation. 1.10
apho i-Vcolor kunye ne-Vblank ziimpawu zokuphuma kwe-photodetector xa iisampulu zombala kunye nezingenanto zingeniswa kwi-MCC, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye i-Vdark yimpawu yangasemva ye-photodetector xa i-LED icinyiwe. Utshintsho kwisignali yokukhupha i-ΔV = Vcolor–Vblank lunokulinganiswa ngokutshintsha iisampulu. Ngokwe-equation. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, ukuba i-ΔV incinci kakhulu kune-Vblank–Vdark, xa kusetyenziswa iskimu yokutshintsha iisampulu, utshintsho oluncinci kwi-Vblank (umz. ukushukuma) lunokuba nefuthe elincinci kwixabiso le-AMWC.
Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kwe-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC kunye ne-spectrophotometer esekwe kwi-cuvette, isisombululo se-inki ebomvu sisetyenziswe njengesampulu yombala ngenxa yokuzinza kombala okugqwesileyo kunye nomgca olungileyo wokufunxa ugxininiso, i-DI H2O njengesampulu engenanto. . Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, uthotho lwezisombululo ze-inki ebomvu zalungiswa ngendlela yokuxutywa ngokulandelelana kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi. Uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwesampulu 1 (S1), ipeyinti ebomvu yokuqala engaxutywanga, luchongiwe njenge-1.0. Kumfanekiso. Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa iifoto ezibonakalayo zeesampulu ze-inki ebomvu ezili-11 (S4 ukuya kwi-S14) kunye noxinzelelo oluhambelanayo (oludweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1) ukusuka kwi-8.0 × 10–3 (ekhohlo) ukuya kwi-8.2 × 10–10 (ekunene).
Iziphumo zokulinganisa isampuli 6 ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 3(a). Amanqaku okutshintsha phakathi kweesampuli ezinemibala nezingenanto aphawulwe kumfanekiso ngeentolo eziphindwe kabini "↔". Kuyabonakala ukuba i-voltage yokuphuma iyanda ngokukhawuleza xa utshintsha ukusuka kwiisampuli zombala ukuya kwiisampuli ezingenanto kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. I-Vcolor, i-Vblank kunye ne-ΔV ehambelanayo zinokufunyanwa njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso.
(a) Iziphumo zokulinganisa isampuli 6, (b) isampuli 9, (c) isampuli 13, kunye (d) isampuli 14 kusetyenziswa i-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC.
Iziphumo zokulinganisa iisampuli 9, 13, kunye ne-14 ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 3(b)-(d), ngokulandelelana. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso 3(d), i-ΔV elinganisiweyo yi-5 nV kuphela, ephantse ibe yi-3 ixabiso lengxolo (2 nV). I-ΔV encinci kunzima ukuyihlula kwingxolo. Ngoko ke, umda wokufumanisa ufikelele kuxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwe-8.2×10-10 (isampulu 14). Ngoncedo lwee-equation. 1. Ukufunxwa kwe-AMWC kungabalwa ukusuka kumaxabiso e-Vcolor, i-Vblank kunye ne-Vdark alinganisiweyo. Kwi-photodetector ene-gain ye-104 Vdark yi--0.68 μV. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zonke iisampuli zishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile 1 kwaye zinokufumaneka kwizinto ezongezelelweyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, ukufunxwa okufunyenwe kwiindawo eziphezulu ezigcweleyo, ngoko ukufunxwa okungaphezulu kwe-3.7 akunakulinganiswa ngee-spectrometers ezisekwe kwi-MWC.
Ukuthelekisa, isampuli ye-inki ebomvu nayo ilinganiswe nge-spectrophotometer kwaye ukufunxwa kwe-Acuvette okulinganisiweyo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Amaxabiso e-Acuvette kwi-505 nm (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1) afunyenwe ngokubhekisa kwiigophe zeesampulu 10, 11, okanye 12 (njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-inset). ukuya kuMfanekiso 4) njengesiseko. Njengoko kubonisiwe, umda wokufumanisa ufikelele kuxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwe-2.56 x 10-6 (isampuli 9) kuba iigophe zokufunxwa kweesampulu 10, 11 kunye ne-12 zazingahlukani. Ke ngoko, xa kusetyenziswa i-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC, umda wokufumanisa uphuculwe nge-factor ye-3125 xa kuthelekiswa ne-spectrophotometer esekwe kwi-cuvette.
Uxinzelelo lokuxhomekeka kokufunxwa luboniswe kwiFig.5. Kwimilinganiselo ye-cuvette, ukufunxwa kuhambelana noxinzelelo lwe-inki kubude bendlela eyi-1 cm. Ngelixa, kwiimilinganiselo ezisekwe kwi-MWC, ukwanda okungaqhelekanga kokufunxwa kubonwe kwiizinga eziphantsi. Ngokomthetho kaBeer, ukufunxwa kuhambelana nobude bendlela ye-optical, ngoko ke ukufunxwa kwe-AEF (echazwa njenge-AEF = AMWC/Acuvette kwizinga elifanayo le-inki) ngumlinganiselo we-MWC kubude bendlela ye-optical ye-cuvette. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFigure 5, kwiizinga eziphezulu, i-AEF engaguqukiyo imalunga ne-7.0, nto leyo efanelekileyo kuba ubude be-MWC buphindwe kasixhenxe ubude be-cuvette eyi-1 cm. Nangona kunjalo, kumanqanaba aphantsi (uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha koxinzelelo kwaye ingafikelela kwixabiso le-803 kumanqanaba ahambelanayo e-8.2 × 10-10 ngokulinganisa i-curve yokulinganisa okusekwe kwi-cuvette. Nangona kunjalo, kumanqanaba aphantsi (uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha koxinzelelo kwaye ingafikelela kwixabiso le-803 kumanqanaba ahambelanayo e-8.2 × 10-10 ngokulinganisa i-curve yokulinganisa okusekwe kwi-cuvette. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменьшением концентразения 803 при относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы. Nangona kunjalo, kumanqanaba aphantsi (uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo <1.28 × 10–5), i-AEF iyanda ngokuncipha koxinzelelo kwaye inokufikelela kwixabiso le-803 kuxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwe-8.2 × 10–10 xa ithathwe kwi-curve yokulinganisa esekelwe kwi-cuvette.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5 ）下，AEF随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过外推基于比色皿的测量曲线，在相关浓度时美1-8.2 × 3.20的值.然而 , 在 低 浓度 （相关 浓度 <1.28 × 10-5） , , AEF 随着 的 降低 而 , 并万 多迎比色皿 测量 曲线 , 在浓度 為8.2 × 10-10 时 达到 达到 达到达到803 值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) АЭП увеличивается с уменьшением концентрации кривой измерения на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 803 . Nangona kunjalo, kumanqanaba aphantsi (amanqanaba afanelekileyo < 1.28 × 10-5) i-AED iyanda ngokuncipha koxinzelelo, kwaye xa ithathwa kwi-cuvette-based measurement curve, ifikelela kwixabiso loxinzelelo oluhambelanayo lwe-8.2 × 10–10 803.Oku kubangela indlela ehambelanayo ye-optical ye-803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), ende kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, kwaye ide kakhulu kune-LWC ende efumanekayo kurhwebo (500 cm ukusuka kwi-World Precision Instruments, Inc.). I-Doko Engineering LLC inobude be-200 cm). Oku kwanda okungekho kumgca wokufunxa kwi-LWC akukabikwa ngaphambili.
Kumfanekiso 6(a)-(c) bonisa umfanekiso obonakalayo, umfanekiso we-microscope, kunye nomfanekiso we-optical profiler womphezulu wangaphakathi wecandelo le-MWC, ngokwahlukeneyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 6(a), umphezulu wangaphakathi uthambile kwaye uyakhazimla, unokubonakalisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kwaye ubonakalisa kakhulu. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 6(b), ngenxa yokuguquguquka kunye nendalo yekristale yesinyithi, ii-mesas ezincinci kunye nokungahambelani kuvela kumphezulu othambileyo. Xa kujongwa indawo encinci (<5 μm×5 μm), uburhabaxa bomphezulu omninzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Umzobo 6(c)). Xa kujongwa indawo encinci (<5 μm×5 μm), uburhabaxa bomphezulu omninzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Umzobo 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм×5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Ngenxa yendawo encinci (<5 µm×5 µm), uburhabaxa bomphezulu omninzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Umzobo 6(c)).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c）).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c）). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Xa ucinga ngendawo encinci (<5 µm × 5 µm), uburhabaxa beendawo ezininzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Umzobo 6(c)).
(a) Umfanekiso obonakalayo, (b) umfanekiso we-microscope, kunye (c) umfanekiso obonakalayo womphezulu wangaphakathi we-MWC cut.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 7(a), indlela ye-optical LOP kwi-capillary imiselwa yi-engile ye-incidence θ (LOP = LC/sinθ, apho i-LC bubude bomzimba be-capillary). Kwi-capillaries zeTeflon AF ezizaliswe yi-DI H2O, i-engile ye-incidence kufuneka ibe nkulu kune-engile ebalulekileyo ye-77.8°, ngoko ke i-LOP ingaphantsi kwe-1.02 × LC ngaphandle kophuculo olongezelelweyo3.6. Ngelixa, nge-MWC, ukuvalelwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwi-capillary kuxhomekeke kwi-refractive index okanye i-engile ye-incidence, ngoko ke njengoko i-engile ye-incidence incipha, indlela yokukhanya ingaba nde kakhulu kunobude be-capillary (LOP » LC). Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 7(b), umphezulu wesinyithi ohlanganisiweyo unokubangela ukusasazeka kokukhanya, okunokunyusa kakhulu indlela ye-optical.
Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela ezimbini zokukhanya ze-MWC: ukukhanya okuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubonakalisa (LOP = LC) kunye nokukhanya kwe-sawtooth okunezibonakaliso ezininzi phakathi kweendonga ezisecaleni (LOP » LC). Ngokomthetho kaBeer, ubunzulu bokukhanya okuthe ngqo kunye nokukhanya okuzigzag okudluliselweyo kunokubonakaliswa njenge-PS×exp(-α×LC) kunye ne-PZ×exp(-α×LOP) ngokwahlukeneyo, apho i-α engaguqukiyo yi-absorption coefficient, exhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuxinzelelo lwe-inki.
Kwi-inki enoxinzelelo oluphezulu (umz., uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okuzigzag kuncitshisiwe kakhulu kwaye ubunzulu bako buphantsi kakhulu kunobo bokukhanya okuthe tye, ngenxa ye-absorption-coefficient enkulu kunye nendlela yayo ende kakhulu ye-optical. Kwi-inki enoxinzelelo oluphezulu (umz., uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo >1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya okuzigzag kuncitshisiwe kakhulu kwaye ubunzulu bako buphantsi kakhulu kunobo bokukhanya okuthe tye, ngenxa ye-absorption-coefficient enkulu kunye nendlela yayo ende kakhulu ye-optical. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация >1,28 × 10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэфффициента поглощения и гораздо более длинного оптического излучения. Kwi-inki enoxinzelelo oluphezulu (umz. uxinano oluhambelanayo >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okuzigzag kuncitshisiwe kakhulu kwaye ubunzulu bako buphantsi kakhulu kunobokukhanya okuthe ngqo ngenxa yomlinganiselo omkhulu wokufunxa kunye nokukhutshwa okude kakhulu kwe-optical.umkhondo.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28×10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于直光，這是由于吸收系数大，光学时间更长.对于 高浓度 墨水 （例如, 浓度 浓度> 1.28 × 10-5） , z 字形 衰减 很 大 , , 這 是 吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。。。 长 长 长 长 长Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации >1,28×10-5) намного ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэфффициента поглощения и более длительного оптического времени. Kwii-inki ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu (umz., uxinano olufanelekileyo >1.28×10-5), ukukhanya okuziingceba kuncitshisiwe kakhulu kwaye ubunzulu bako buphantsi kakhulu kunobokukhanya okuthe ngqo ngenxa yomlinganiselo omkhulu wokufunxa kunye nexesha elide lokukhanya.indlela encinci.Ngoko ke, ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kwalawula ukumisela ukufunxwa (LOP=LC) kwaye i-AEF yagcinwa ingaguquki kwi ~7.0. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa i-absorption-coefficient incitshiswa ngokuncipha kwe-inki concentration (umz., i-concentration enxulumeneyo <1.28 × 10-5), amandla okukhanya okuzigzag ayanda ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe tye kwaye emva koko ukukhanya okuzigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa i-absorption-coefficient incitshiswa ngokuncipha kwe-inki concentration (umz., i-concentration enxulumeneyo <1.28 × 10-5), amandla okukhanya okuzigzag ayanda ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe tye kwaye emva koko ukukhanya okuzigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, относительная концентраци5,2-85),
Интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого света, и затем начинает играть зигзагообразный свет. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa i-absorption coefficient incipha ngokuncipha kwe-inki concentration (umzekelo, i-relative concentration <1.28×10-5), amandla okukhanya kwe-zigzag ayanda ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo, kwaye emva koko ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuqala ukudlala.indima ebaluleke ngakumbi.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度<1.28×10-5 ），Z字形光的强度比直光增加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更重要的角色.相反 , 当 吸收 系数 随着 墨水 的 降低 而 降低 时 例如 例如 , 相关 浓度 1 × 1 . , 字形光 的 强度 比 增加 得 更 , 然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用 一个 重要 重要 重要活活 更 HI的角色. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, соответствуюющая конця1-1×1),
Интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем прямого, и тогда зигзагообразный свет начинает играть более важную. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa i-absorption coefficient incipha ngokuncipha kwe-inki concentration (umzekelo, i-concentration ehambelanayo < 1.28×10-5), amandla okukhanya okuzigzag ayanda ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo, kwaye emva koko ukukhanya okuzigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi.indima yomlinganiswa.Ngenxa yendlela yokukhanya ye-sawtooth (LOP » LC), i-AEF inokwandiswa ngaphezulu kakhulu kwe-7.0. Iimpawu zokudlulisa ukukhanya ezichanekileyo ze-MWC zinokufunyanwa kusetyenziswa ithiyori yendlela ye-waveguide.
Ukongeza ekuphuculeni indlela yokukhanya, ukutshintsha isampuli ngokukhawuleza kukwanegalelo kwimida yokubona ephantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yomthamo omncinci we-MCC (0.16 ml), ixesha elifunekayo lokutshintsha nokutshintsha izisombululo kwi-MCC linokuba ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana engama-20. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5, ixabiso elincinci elinokubonwa le-AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) liphantsi ngokuphindwe kane kunele-Acuvette (1.0 × 10–3). Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwesisombululo esihambayo kwi-capillary kunciphisa impembelelo yengxolo yenkqubo (umz. ukushukuma) ekuchanekeni komahluko wokufunxa xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo sokugcina kwi-cuvette. Umzekelo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 3(b)-(d), i-ΔV inokwahlulwa ngokulula kwisignali yokushukuma ngenxa yokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwesampuli kwi-capillary encinci.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 2, uluhlu lwezisombululo zeglucose kwiingqinisiso ezahlukeneyo zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi. Iisampuli ezinemibala okanye ezingenanto zalungiswa ngokuxuba isisombululo seglucose okanye amanzi angenazo i-ion kunye nezisombululo ze-chromogenic zeglucose oxidase (GOD) kunye ne-peroxidase (POD) 37 kwi-concentration yevolumu emiselweyo ye-3:1, ngokulandelanayo. Kumfanekiso 8 ubonisa iifoto ze-optical zeesampuli ezilithoba ezinemibala (S2-S10) ezinezinga leglucose eliqala kwi-2.0 mM (ekhohlo) ukuya kwi-5.12 nM (ekunene). Ububomvu buyehla xa izinga leglucose lincipha.
Iziphumo zokulinganisa iisampuli 4, 9, kunye ne-10 nge-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 9(a)-(c), ngokulandelelana. Njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 9(c), i-ΔV elinganisiweyo ayizinzanga kwaye iyanda kancinci ngexesha lokulinganisa njengoko umbala we-reagent ye-GOD-POD ngokwayo (nokuba ngaphandle kokongeza i-glucose) itshintsha kancinci ekukhanyeni. Ke ngoko, ukulinganisa okulandelayo kwe-ΔV akunakuphindwa kwiisampuli ezine-glucose concentration engaphantsi kwe-5.12 nM (isampuli 10), kuba xa i-ΔV incinci ngokwaneleyo, ukungazinzi kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD akusayi kutyeshelwa. Ke ngoko, umda wokufumanisa isisombululo se-glucose yi-5.12 nM, nangona ixabiso le-ΔV elihambelanayo (0.52 µV) likhulu kakhulu kunexabiso lengxolo (0.03 µV), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-ΔV encinci isenokufunyanwa. Lo mda wokufumanisa unokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa ii-reagents ezizinzileyo ze-chromogenic.
(a) Iziphumo zokulinganisa isampuli 4, (b) isampuli 9, kunye (c) isampuli 10 kusetyenziswa i-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC.
Ukufunxwa kwe-AMWC kungabalwa kusetyenziswa amaxabiso e-Vcolor, i-Vblank kunye ne-Vdark alinganisiweyo. Kwi-photodetector ene-gain ye-105 i-Vdark yi--0.068 μV. Umlinganiselo wazo zonke iisampuli unokubekwa kwizinto ezongezelelweyo. Ukuthelekisa, iisampuli zeglucose nazo zilinganiswe nge-spectrophotometer kwaye ukufunxwa kwe-Acuvette okulinganisiweyo kufikelele kumda wokufumanisa we-0.64 µM (isampulu 7) njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokufunxa kunye noxinzelelo buboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. Nge-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC, kuphunyezwe uphuculo oluphindwe ka-125 kumda wokufumanisa xa kuthelekiswa ne-spectrophotometer esekwe kwi-cuvette. Olu phuculo luphantsi kunovavanyo lwe-inki ebomvu ngenxa yokuzinza okubi kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD. Ukwanda okungaqhelekanga kokufunxa kwiindawo eziphantsi kwabonwa.
I-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC yenzelwe ukufumanisa iisampuli zolwelo ngendlela ebukhali kakhulu. Indlela ye-optical inokwandiswa kakhulu, kwaye ibe nde kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, kuba ukukhanya okusasazwe ziindonga zesinyithi ezithambileyo ezirhabaxa kunokufumaneka ngaphakathi kwe-capillary nokuba i-engile ye-incidence injani na. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi njenge-5.12 nM lunokufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-reagents ze-GOD-POD eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yokukhulisa okutsha kwe-optical okungengomgca kunye nokutshintsha kwesampulu ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufumanisa i-glucose. Le photometer encinci nengabizi kakhulu iya kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi yobomi kunye nokubeka esweni okusingqongileyo ukuze kuhlalutywe umkhondo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, i-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC ine-MWC enobude obuyi-7 cm (ububanzi bangaphakathi buyi-1.7 mm, ububanzi bangaphandle buyi-3.18 mm, umphezulu wangaphakathi ocoliweyo nge-electroclass EP, i-SUS316L stainless steel capillary), i-LED enobude obuyi-505 nm (i-Thorlabs M505F1), kunye neelensi (i-beam spread malunga ne-6.6 degrees), i-variable gain photodetector (i-Thorlabs PDB450C) kunye nezihlanganisi ezimbini ze-T zonxibelelwano lwe-optical kunye ne-liquid in/out. I-T-connector yenziwe ngokudibanisa ipleyiti ye-quartz ecacileyo kwityhubhu ye-PMMA apho iityhubhu ze-MWC kunye ne-Peek (0.72 mm ID, 1.6 mm OD, Vici Valco Corp.) zifakwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye zincamathiselwe. Ivalvu eneendlela ezintathu eqhagamshelwe kwityhubhu yokungena yePike isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha isampuli engenayo. I-photodetector ingaguqula amandla e-optical afunyenweyo i-P ibe yisignali ye-voltage eyandisiweyo i-N×V (apho i-V/P = 1.0 V/W kwi-1550 nm, i-gain N ingalungiswa ngesandla kuluhlu lwe-103-107). Ukuze kube lula, kusetyenziswa i-V endaweni ye-N×V njengomqondiso wesiphumo.
Xa kuthelekiswa, i-spectrophotometer yorhwebo (uthotho lwe-Agilent Technologies Cary 300 olune-R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) olune-1.0 cm cuvette cell lusetyenzisiwe ukulinganisa ukufunxwa kweesampuli zolwelo.
Umphezulu ongaphakathi we-MWC cut uhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-optical surface profiler (ZYGO New View 5022) enesisombululo esithe nkqo nesisecaleni se-0.1 nm kunye ne-0.11 µm, ngokulandelelana.
Zonke iikhemikhali (udidi lohlalutyo, akukho kucocwa okungakumbi) zithengwe kwiSichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Iikiti zovavanyo lweglucose ziquka iglucose oxidase (GOD), iperoxidase (POD), i-4-aminoantipyrine kunye ne-phenol, njl. Isisombululo se-chromogenic silungiselelwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo ye-GOD-POD 37.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 2, uluhlu lwezisombululo zeglucose kwiingqinisiso ezahlukeneyo zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi kusetyenziswa indlela yokuxuba ngokulandelelana (jonga izixhobo ezongezelelweyo ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha). Lungisa iisampulu ezinemibala okanye ezingenanto ngokuxuba isisombululo seglucose okanye amanzi axutyiweyo kunye nesisombululo se-chromogenic kwisilinganiso somthamo esimiselweyo se-3:1, ngokulandelanayo. Zonke iisampulu zigcinwe kuma-37°C zikhuselwe ekukhanyeni imizuzu eli-10 ngaphambi kokulinganisa. Kwindlela ye-GOD-POD, iisampulu ezinemibala ziba bomvu ngobuninzi bokufunxa kwi-505 nm, kwaye ukufunxa phantse kuhambelana noxinzelelo lweglucose.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, uthotho lwezisombululo ze-inki ebomvu (i-Ostrich Ink Co., Ltd., eTianjin, eTshayina) zalungiswa ngendlela yokunyibilikisa ngokulandelelana kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njengesinyibilikisi.
Indlela yokucaphula eli nqaku: Bai, M. et al. I-compact photometer esekwe kwi-metal waveguide capillaries: yokumisela i-nanomolar concentrations ye-glucose. isayensi. 5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
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ULi, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ kunye noHansell, DA Ukugqitywa kombala okuqhubekayo kwe-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli ye-capillary yendlela ende. ULi, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kunye noHansell, DA Ukugqitywa kombala okuqhubekayo kwe-trace ammonium emanzini olwandle ngeseli ye-capillary yendlela ende.ULee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kunye noHansel, DA Ukumisela rhoqo imibala ye-ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetyenziswa iseli ye-capillary ene-waveguide yolwelo. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵。 Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.ULee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kunye noHansel, DA Ukumisela rhoqo imibala ye-ammonium emanzini olwandle kusetyenziswa ii-capillaries zolwelo oluhamba umgama omde.Ikhemistri ngoMatshi. 96, 73–85 (2005).
Uphononongo lwePáscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV kunye noRangel, AOSS malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamva nje kweseli ye-capillary ye-liquid waveguide kwiindlela zohlalutyo ezisekelwe ekuhambeni ukuze kuphuculwe uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic. Uphononongo lwePáscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV kunye noRangel, AOSS malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamva nje kweseli ye-capillary ye-liquid waveguide kwiindlela zohlalutyo ezisekelwe ekuhambeni ukuze kuphuculwe uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic.UPascoa, uRNMJ, uToth, IV kunye noRangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo lwezicelo zamva nje zeseli ye-capillary ye-liquid waveguide kwiindlela zohlalutyo lokuhamba kwamanzi ukuphucula uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic. IPáscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS回顾液体波导毛细管单元在基于流动的分析技术中的最新应用，以提高光谱检测平方。 Páscoa, rnmj, tóth, IV & rangel, aoss 回顾 液体 毛细管 单元 在 基于 的 分析 技术 中 的 最新新灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度UPascoa, uRNMJ, uToth, IV kunye noRangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo lwezicelo zakutshanje zeeseli ze-capillary ezikhokela i-liquid waveguide kwiindlela zohlalutyo ezisekelwe kwi-flow ukuze kuphuculwe uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic.i-anus. Chim. Act 739, 1-13 (2012).
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UGimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM kunye noWorsfold, PJ Ukuchonga i-nanomolar concentrations ye-phosphate emanzini endalo kusetyenziswa i-flow injection ene-long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell kunye ne-solid-state spectrophotometric detection. UGimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM kunye noWorsfold, PJ Ukuchonga i-nanomolar concentrations ye-phosphate emanzini endalo kusetyenziswa i-flow injection ene-long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell kunye ne-solid-state spectrophotometric detection.UGimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM kunye noWorsfold, PJ Ukuchonga amanqanaba e-nanomolar phosphate emanzini endalo kusetyenziswa i-flow injection nge-liquid waveguide capillary cell kunye ne-solid-state spectrophotometric detection. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ使用流动注射和长光程液体波导毛细管和固态分光光度检测法测定天然水瓦纳摩少。 UGimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM kunye noWorsfold, PJ Ukuchonga ukuxinana kwe-phosphate emanzini endalo kusetyenziswa isirinji yolwelo kunye netyhubhu ye-capillary yolwelo oluhamba ixesha elide.UGimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM kunye noWorsfold, PJ Ukuchonga i-nanomolar phosphate emanzini endalo kusetyenziswa ukuhamba kwe-injection kunye ne-capillary waveguide enendlela ende ye-optical kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-solid-state spectrophotometric.Taranta 71, 1624-1628 (2007).
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