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Binciken samfuran ruwa yana da amfani iri-iri a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa da kuma sa ido kan muhalli. A cikin wannan aikin, mun ƙirƙiro ƙaramin na'urar daukar hoto mai araha wacce aka gina ta da na'urorin auna ƙarfin lantarki na ƙarfe (MCCs) don tantance yadda ake sha. Hanyar gani za a iya ƙara ta sosai, kuma ta fi tsayi fiye da tsawon jiki na MWC, saboda hasken da aka watsa ta gefen ƙarfe mai santsi na iya kasancewa a cikin na'urar ba tare da la'akari da kusurwar faruwar ba. Ana iya samun yawan abubuwan da suka kai ƙasa da 5.12 nM ta amfani da na'urorin auna ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun saboda sabbin na'urorin auna haske marasa layi da kuma saurin sauya samfuri da kuma gano glucose.
Ana amfani da na'urar daukar hoto sosai don nazarin samfuran ruwa saboda yawan abubuwan da ke cikin chromogenic da na'urorin optoelectronic na semiconductor1,2,3,4,5. Idan aka kwatanta da tantancewar shaye-shaye ta hanyar cuvette ta gargajiya, capillaries na jagorar raƙuman ruwa (LWC) suna nuna (TIR) ​​ta hanyar kiyaye hasken binciken a cikin capillary1,2,3,4,5. Duk da haka, ba tare da ƙarin ci gaba ba, hanyar gani tana kusa da tsawon jiki na LWC3.6 kawai, kuma ƙara tsawon LWC sama da m 1.0 zai sha wahala daga raguwar haske mai ƙarfi da kuma babban haɗarin kumfa, da sauransu.3, 7. Dangane da shawarar ƙwayar haske mai yawa don inganta hanyoyin gani, ana inganta iyakokin ganowa ne kawai da kashi 2.5-8.9.
A halin yanzu akwai manyan nau'ikan LWC guda biyu, wato Teflon AF capillaries (wanda ke da ma'aunin refractive na ~1.3 kawai, wanda ya yi ƙasa da na ruwa) da kuma silica capillaries da aka shafa da Teflon AF ko fim ɗin ƙarfe1,3,4. Don cimma TIR a mahaɗin da ke tsakanin kayan dielectric, ana buƙatar kayan da ke da ƙarancin refractive index da kusurwoyin hasken da ke faruwa mai yawa3,6,10. Dangane da Teflon AF capillaries, Teflon AF yana da numfashi saboda tsarinsa mai ramuka3,11 kuma yana iya sha ƙananan adadin abubuwa a cikin samfuran ruwa. Ga quartz capillaries da aka shafa a waje da Teflon AF ko ƙarfe, refractive index na quartz (1.45) ya fi yawancin samfuran ruwa (misali 1.33 ga ruwa)3,6,12,13. Ga ƙwayoyin capillaries da aka shafa da fim ɗin ƙarfe a ciki, an yi nazarin halayen sufuri14,15,16,17,18, amma tsarin shafa yana da rikitarwa, saman fim ɗin ƙarfe yana da tsari mai kauri da ramuka4,19.
Bugu da ƙari, LWCs na kasuwanci (AF Teflon Coated Capillaries da AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, World Precision Instruments, Inc.) suna da wasu rashin amfani, kamar: ga kurakurai. . Babban adadin matattun TIR3,10, (2) T-connector (don haɗa capillaries, zare, da bututun shiga/fitarwa) na iya kama kumfa iska10.
A lokaci guda, tantance matakan glucose yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ganewar ciwon suga, cirrhosis na hanta da kuma cututtukan kwakwalwa20. da kuma hanyoyi da yawa na gano abubuwa kamar photometry (gami da spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 da colorimetry akan takarda 26, 27, 28), galvanometry 29, 30, 31, fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, optical polarimetry 36, surface plasmon resonance. 37, Fabry-Perot cave 38, electrochemistry 39 da capillary electrophoresis 40,41 da sauransu. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada, kuma gano glucose a yawan nanomolar da yawa ya kasance ƙalubale (misali, don ma'aunin photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, mafi ƙarancin yawan glucose). Iyakancewar ta kasance 30 nM kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙwayoyin halittar Prussian blue a matsayin kwaikwayon peroxidase). Sau da yawa ana buƙatar nazarin glucose na Nanomolar don nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta kamar hana ci gaban ciwon daji na prostate na ɗan adam42 da kuma halayen daidaita CO2 na Prochlorococcus a cikin teku.
A cikin wannan labarin, an ƙirƙiri ƙaramin na'urar auna haske mai araha wacce aka gina a kan bututun ƙarfe mai jagora (MWC), bututun ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe na SUS316L tare da saman ciki mai gogewa ta lantarki, don tantance sha mai ƙarfi. Tunda haske zai iya makale a cikin bututun ƙarfe ba tare da la'akari da kusurwar da abin ya faru ba, hanyar gani za a iya ƙara ta sosai ta hanyar watsa haske a kan saman ƙarfe mai laushi da santsi, kuma ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon jiki na MWC. Bugu da ƙari, an tsara mai haɗa T mai sauƙi don haɗin gani da shigarwa/fitowar ruwa don rage girman da ya mutu da kuma guje wa tarko na kumfa. Ga na'urar auna haske ta MWC mai tsawon cm 7, an inganta iyakar ganowa da kusan sau 3000 idan aka kwatanta da na'urar auna haske ta kasuwanci tare da cuvette mai tsawon cm 1 saboda sabon haɓaka hanyar gani mara layi da sauyawar samfuri cikin sauri, kuma ana iya cimma yawan gano glucose. 5.12 nM kawai ta amfani da reagents na chromogenic gama gari.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1, na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC ta ƙunshi MWC mai tsawon santimita 7 tare da saman ciki mai ƙarfin lantarki na EP, LED mai ƙarfin 505 nm tare da ruwan tabarau, na'urar gano haske mai daidaitawa, da kuma biyu don haɗa haske da shigar ruwa. Fita. Ana amfani da bawul mai hanyoyi uku da aka haɗa da bututun shiga na Pike don canza samfurin da ke shigowa. Bututun Peek ya dace sosai da farantin quartz da MWC, don haka ana kiyaye ƙarar mataccen da ke cikin mahaɗin T zuwa ƙanƙanta, wanda hakan ke hana kumfa iska shiga tarko. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya shigar da hasken da aka haɗa cikin MWC cikin sauƙi da inganci ta hanyar farantin quartz mai girman T.
Ana shigar da hasken da samfurin ruwa cikin MCC ta hanyar T-piece, kuma mai gano haske yana karɓar hasken da ke ratsa MCC. An shigar da mafita masu shigowa na samfuran da aka yi wa fenti ko marasa komai cikin ICC ta hanyar bawul mai hanyoyi uku. A cewar dokar Beer, ana iya ƙididdige yawan gani na samfurin mai launi daga lissafin. 1.10
inda Vcolor da Vblank su ne siginar fitarwa na na'urar gano hoto lokacin da aka gabatar da samfuran launi da marasa komai a cikin MCC, bi da bi, kuma Vdark shine siginar bango na na'urar gano hoto lokacin da aka kashe LED. Ana iya auna canjin siginar fitarwa ΔV = Vcolor-Vblank ta hanyar canza samfuran. Dangane da lissafin. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1, idan ΔV ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da Vblank-Vdark, lokacin amfani da tsarin canza samfur, ƙananan canje-canje a cikin Vblank (misali drift) ba za su iya yin tasiri sosai akan ƙimar AMWC ba.
Don kwatanta aikin na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC da na'urar daukar hoto ta cuvette, an yi amfani da maganin tawada ja a matsayin samfurin launi saboda kyakkyawan daidaiton launi da kuma kyakkyawan layin shaye-shaye, DI H2O a matsayin samfurin da babu komai. . Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 1, an shirya jerin maganin tawada ja ta hanyar amfani da hanyar dilution ta amfani da DI H2O a matsayin mai narkewa. An tantance yawan samfurin 1 (S1), fenti ja na asali wanda ba a narkar da shi ba, a matsayin 1.0. A hoto na 2 yana nuna hotunan gani na samfuran tawada ja 11 (S4 zuwa S14) tare da yawan da aka narkar da su (wanda aka jera a Jadawali na 1) daga 8.0 × 10-3 (hagu) zuwa 8.2 × 10-10 (dama).
An nuna sakamakon aunawa na samfurin 6 a cikin Fig. 3(a). An yiwa maki na canzawa tsakanin samfuran da aka yi wa fenti da waɗanda ba a yi wa fenti alama a cikin hoton da kibiyoyi biyu "↔". Ana iya ganin cewa ƙarfin fitarwa yana ƙaruwa da sauri lokacin canzawa daga samfuran launi zuwa samfuran da ba a yi wa fenti ba da kuma akasin haka. Ana iya samun Vcolor, Vblank da ΔV masu dacewa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton.
(a) Sakamakon aunawa na samfurin 6, (b) samfurin 9, (c) samfurin 13, da kuma (d) samfurin 14 ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC.
An nuna sakamakon aunawa na samfuran 9, 13, da 14 a cikin Hotuna 3(b)-(d), bi da bi. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3(d), an auna ΔV ne kawai 5 nV, wanda ya ninka sau 3 na ƙimar amo (2 nV). Ƙaramin ΔV yana da wahalar bambancewa da hayaniya. Don haka, iyakar ganowa ta kai ga yawan haɗuwa na 8.2 × 10-10 (samfurin 14). Tare da taimakon daidaito. 1. Ana iya ƙididdige shan AMWC daga ƙimar Vcolor, Vblank da Vdark da aka auna. Ga mai gano hoto mai riba na 104 Vdark shine -0.68 μV. Sakamakon aunawa na duk samfuran an taƙaita su a cikin Tebur 1 kuma ana iya samun su a cikin kayan ƙarin. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Tebur 1, shan sha da aka samu a babban taro mai cike da cika, don haka shan sha sama da 3.7 ba za a iya auna shi da na'urorin aunawa na tushen MWC ba.
Don kwatantawa, an kuma auna samfurin tawada ja da na'urar auna haske (spectrophotometer) kuma an nuna yadda Acuvette ke sha a cikin Hoto na 4. An samo ƙimar Acuvette a 505 nm (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur 1) ta hanyar komawa ga lanƙwasa na samfuran 10, 11, ko 12 (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin akwatin) zuwa Hoto na 4) a matsayin tushen tushe. Kamar yadda aka nuna, iyakar ganowa ta kai ga yawan haɗuwa na 2.56 x 10-6 (samfurin 9) saboda lanƙwasa sha na samfuran 10, 11 da 12 ba za a iya bambanta su da juna ba. Don haka, lokacin amfani da na'urar auna haske ta MWC, an inganta iyakar ganowa da kashi 3125 idan aka kwatanta da na'urar auna haske ta cuvette.
An gabatar da tattarawar dogara-da-ma'auni a cikin Hoto na 5. Don ma'aunin cuvette, shan yana daidai da tattarawar tawada a tsawon hanya na 1 cm. Yayin da, ga ma'aunin da aka dogara da MWC, an lura da ƙaruwar shawa mara layi a ƙananan taro. A cewar dokar Beer, shan yana daidai da tsawon hanyar gani, don haka samun shawa AEF (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin AEF = AMWC/Acuvette a daidai adadin tawada) shine rabon MWC zuwa tsawon hanyar gani na cuvette. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5, a cikin babban taro, AEF mai daidaito yana kusa da 7.0, wanda ya dace tunda tsawon MWC ya ninka tsawon cuvette 1 cm sau 7. Duk da haka, a ƙananan yawan (yawan da ke da alaƙa <1.28 × 10-5), AEF yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar yawan kuma zai kai darajar 803 a yawan da ke da alaƙa da 8.2 × 10-10 ta hanyar fitar da lanƙwasa na ma'aunin da aka dogara da cuvette. Duk da haka, a ƙananan yawan (yawan da ke da alaƙa <1.28 × 10-5), AEF yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar yawan kuma zai kai darajar 803 a yawan da ke da alaƙa da 8.2 × 10-10 ta hanyar fitar da lanƙwasa na ma'aunin da aka dogara da cuvette. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10-5) AEF увеличивается с уменьшениение достигать значения 803 pry otnosytelennoy kontsentratsiy 8,2 × 10–10 pry эkstrapolyaци krivoy измерения на осереня. Duk da haka, a ƙananan yawan (adadin yawan <1.28 × 10–5), AEF yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar yawan kuma yana iya kaiwa darajar 803 a yawan adadin 8.2 × 10–10 lokacin da aka cire shi daga lanƙwasa na ma'auni bisa cuvette.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5）下，AEF随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过外推基于比色皿的测量曲线，在相关浓度为10-1.时将达到803 的值。在 低 浓度 （相关 浓度 <1.28 × 10-5） ， AEF 随着 的 降低比色皿 测量 曲线 ， 在 浓度 为 8.2 × 10-10 时 达到 Однако при низких концентрациях (rелевантные консентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) PRи KYAUTA KYAUTA KYAUTA 0 8, 1 × 8, 0.8. Duk da haka, a ƙananan yawan (matsakaicin da ya dace < 1.28 × 10-5) AED yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar yawan, kuma lokacin da aka cire shi daga lanƙwasa na ma'aunin cuvette, ya kai ƙimar yawan maida hankali na 8.2 × 10–10 803.Wannan yana haifar da hanyar gani mai dacewa ta 803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon jiki na MWC, har ma ya fi tsayi fiye da tsawon LWC da ake samu a kasuwa (500 cm daga World Precision Instruments, Inc.). Doko Engineering LLC tana da tsawon cm 200). Ba a taɓa bayar da rahoton wannan ƙaruwar sha a cikin LWC ba a baya.
A kan hoto na 6(a)-(c) an nuna hoton gani, hoton madubin gani, da hoton bayanin martaba na fuskar ciki ta sashin MWC, bi da bi. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 6(a), saman ciki yana da santsi da sheƙi, yana iya nuna haske a bayyane, kuma yana da haske sosai. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 6(b), saboda nakasar da yanayin ƙarfen, ƙananan mesas da rashin daidaituwa suna bayyana a saman santsi. Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin yanki (<5 μm×5 μm), ƙaiƙayin mafi yawan saman bai kai 1.2 nm ba (Hoto na 6(c)). Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin yanki (<5 μm×5 μm), ƙaiƙayin mafi yawan saman bai kai 1.2 nm ba (Hoto na 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм×5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 6 . Saboda ƙaramin yanki (<5 µm×5 µm), ƙaiƙayin mafi yawan saman bai kai 1.2 nm ba (Hoto na 6(c)).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c））。考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c））。 Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость. 6 (в) . Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin yanki (<5 µm × 5 µm), ƙaiƙayin yawancin saman bai kai 1.2 nm ba (Hoto na 6(c)).
(a) Hoton gani, (b) hoton madubin gani, da kuma (c) hoton gani na saman ciki na yankewar MWC.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 7(a), hanyar gani ta LOP a cikin capillary ana tantance ta ne ta hanyar kusurwar faruwar θ (LOP = LC/sinθ, inda LC shine tsawon jiki na capillary). Ga capillaries na Teflon AF da aka cika da DI H2O, kusurwar faruwar dole ne ta fi kusurwar mahimmanci ta 77.8°, don haka LOP bai wuce 1.02 × LC ba tare da ƙarin ci gaba ba3.6. Yayin da, tare da MWC, ƙuntatawar haske a cikin capillary ba ta dogara da ma'aunin refractive ko kusurwar faruwar ba, don haka yayin da kusurwar faruwar ta ragu, hanyar haske na iya zama mafi tsayi fiye da tsawon capillary (LOP » LC). Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 7(b), saman ƙarfe mai rufi na iya haifar da warwatsewar haske, wanda zai iya ƙara hanyar gani sosai.
Saboda haka, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na haske ga MWC: haske kai tsaye ba tare da haske ba (LOP = LC) da kuma hasken haƙori mai haske tare da haske da yawa tsakanin bangon gefe (LOP » LC). A cewar dokar Beer, ƙarfin hasken kai tsaye da na zigzag da aka watsa za a iya bayyana su a matsayin PS×exp(-α×LC) da PZ×exp(-α×LOP) bi da bi, inda α mai daidaito shine ma'aunin sha, wanda ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan yawan tawada.
Idan aka yi la'akari da yawan tawada mai yawa (misali, yawan da ke da alaƙa da shi >1.28 × 10-5), hasken zigzag yana raguwa sosai kuma ƙarfinsa ya yi ƙasa da na haske madaidaiciya, saboda babban ma'aunin sha da kuma hanyarsa mai tsawo. Idan aka yi la'akari da yawan tawada mai yawa (misali, yawan da ke da alaƙa da shi >1.28 × 10-5), hasken zigzag yana raguwa sosai kuma ƙarfinsa ya yi ƙasa da na haske madaidaiciya, saboda babban ma'aunin sha da kuma hanyarsa mai tsawo. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация >1,28 × 10-5) а его интенсивность намного ниже, чем у прямого света оптического излучения. Ga tawada mai yawan maida hankali (misali yawan maida hankali tsakanin mutane >1.28×10-5), hasken zigzag yana raguwa sosai kuma ƙarfinsa ya yi ƙasa da na hasken kai tsaye saboda yawan sha da kuma fitar da hasken da ya daɗe.hanya.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28×10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于直光，这是由于吸收系数大，光学时间更长。对于 高浓度 墨水 （例如 ， 浓度 浓度> 1.28 × 10-5） ， z 字形这 吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。Для чернил с высокой концентрацией ослабляется, и его интенсивность намного ниже. длительного оптического времени. Ga tawada mai yawan maida hankali (misali, yawan da ya dace >1.28 × 10-5), hasken zigzag yana raguwa sosai kuma ƙarfinsa ya yi ƙasa da na hasken kai tsaye saboda babban ma'aunin sha da kuma tsawon lokacin gani.ƙaramin hanya.Saboda haka, haske kai tsaye ya mamaye ƙudurin shan ruwa (LOP=LC) kuma an ci gaba da riƙe AEF a ~7.0. Sabanin haka, idan aka rage yawan sha da rage yawan tawada (misali, yawan da ke da alaƙa <1.28 × 10-5), ƙarfin hasken zigzag yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da na haske madaidaiciya sannan hasken zigzag ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa. Sabanin haka, idan aka rage yawan sha da rage yawan tawada (misali, yawan da ke da alaƙa <1.28 × 10-5), ƙarfin hasken zigzag yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da na haske madaidaiciya sannan hasken zigzag ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается концентрация <1,28 × 10-5), интенсивность зигзагообразного светь играть зигзагообразный свет. Akasin haka, lokacin da ma'aunin sha ya ragu tare da raguwar yawan tawada (misali, yawan da aka samu tsakanin <1.28×10-5), ƙarfin hasken zigzag yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da na hasken kai tsaye, sannan hasken zigzag ya fara kunnawa.mafi mahimmancin rawa.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度<1.28×10-5 ），Z字形光的强度比直光增加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更釉的蒦。相反字形光 的 强度 比 增加 得 更更 更 更 更 更 HI的角色. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается. концентрация < 1,28×10-5), интенсивность свет начинает играть более важную роль. Akasin haka, lokacin da ma'aunin sha ya ragu tare da raguwar yawan tawada (misali, yawan da ya dace < 1.28×10-5), ƙarfin hasken zigzag yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da hasken kai tsaye, sannan hasken zigzag ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa.halin rawar.Saboda haka, saboda hanyar gani ta sawtooth (LOP » LC), ana iya ƙara AEF fiye da 7.0. Ana iya samun daidaitattun halayen watsa haske na MWC ta amfani da ka'idar yanayin jagora.
Baya ga inganta hanyar gani, saurin sauya samfurin yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin ganowa. Saboda ƙaramin girman MCC (0.16 ml), lokacin da ake buƙata don canzawa da canza mafita a cikin MCC na iya zama ƙasa da daƙiƙa 20. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5, mafi ƙarancin ƙimar AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) da za a iya ganowa ya ninka na Acuvette sau 4 (1.0 × 10–3). Sauya saurin maganin da ke gudana a cikin capillary yana rage tasirin hayaniyar tsarin (misali drift) akan daidaiton bambancin sha idan aka kwatanta da maganin riƙewa a cikin cuvette. Misali, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3(b)-(d), ana iya bambanta ΔV cikin sauƙi daga siginar drift saboda saurin sauya samfurin a cikin ƙaramin capillary.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 2, an shirya nau'ikan maganin glucose a wurare daban-daban ta amfani da DI H2O a matsayin mai narkewa. An shirya samfuran da aka yi da tabo ko marasa komai ta hanyar haɗa maganin glucose ko ruwan da aka cire daga ion tare da maganin chromogenic na glucose oxidase (GOD) da peroxidase (POD) 37 a cikin rabo mai ƙayyadadden girma na 3:1, bi da bi. A kan Hoto na 8 yana nuna hotunan gani na samfuran da aka yi da tabo tara (S2-S10) tare da yawan glucose daga 2.0 mM (hagu) zuwa 5.12 nM (dama). Ja yana raguwa tare da raguwar yawan glucose.
An nuna sakamakon ma'aunin samfuran 4, 9, da 10 tare da na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC a cikin Hoto na 9(a)-(c), bi da bi. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 9(c), an auna ΔV yana raguwa kuma yana ƙaruwa a hankali yayin aunawa yayin da launin reagent na GOD-POD da kansa (ko da ba tare da ƙara glucose ba) yana canzawa a hankali a cikin haske. Don haka, ba za a iya maimaita ma'aunin ΔV na jere ga samfuran da ke da yawan glucose ƙasa da 5.12 nM ba (samfurin 10), saboda lokacin da ΔV ya yi ƙarami, ba za a iya sake yin watsi da rashin daidaiton reagent na GOD-POD ba. Saboda haka, iyakar gano maganin glucose shine 5.12 nM, kodayake ƙimar ΔV mai dacewa (0.52 µV) ta fi ƙimar hayaniyar (0.03 µV) girma sosai, yana nuna cewa har yanzu ana iya gano ƙaramin ΔV. Ana iya ƙara inganta wannan iyaka ta ganowa ta amfani da reagent chromogenic masu ƙarfi.
(a) Sakamakon aunawa na samfurin 4, (b) samfurin 9, da (c) samfurin 10 ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC.
Ana iya ƙididdige shan AMWC ta amfani da ƙimar Vcolor, Vblank da Vdark da aka auna. Ga na'urar gano hoto mai riba na 105 Vdark shine -0.068 μV. Ana iya saita ma'auni ga duk samfuran a cikin kayan ƙarin. Don kwatantawa, an kuma auna samfuran glucose da na'urar auna haske kuma shan Acuvette da aka auna ya kai iyakar ganowa na 0.64 µM (samfurin 7) kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10.
An gabatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin shan ruwa da maida hankali a Hoto na 11. Tare da na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC, an cimma ci gaba sau 125 a cikin iyakokin ganowa idan aka kwatanta da na'urar daukar hoto ta cuvette. Wannan ci gaban ya yi ƙasa da gwajin tawada ja saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali na reagent na GOD-POD. An kuma lura da ƙaruwar shan ruwa ba tare da layi ba a ƙananan yawan ruwa.
An ƙera na'urar daukar hoto mai tushen MWC don gano samfuran ruwa masu matuƙar saurin fahimta. Hanyar gani za a iya ƙara ta sosai, kuma ta fi tsayi fiye da tsawon jiki na MWC, saboda hasken da aka watsa ta bangon ƙarfe mai santsi na iya kasancewa a cikin capillary ba tare da la'akari da kusurwar faruwar ba. Ana iya samun isasshen haske kamar 5.12 nM ta amfani da na'urorin GOD-POD na gargajiya godiya ga sabbin na'urorin ƙara haske marasa layi da saurin sauyawar samfuri da gano glucose. Za a yi amfani da wannan na'urar daukar hoto mai araha kuma mai araha sosai a kimiyyar rayuwa da sa ido kan muhalli don nazarin alamun.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1, na'urar daukar hoto ta MWC ta ƙunshi MWC mai tsawon santimita 7 (diamita ta ciki 1.7 mm, diamita ta waje 3.18 mm, saman ciki na EP mai walƙiya, murfin bakin ƙarfe na SUS316L), LED mai tsawon tsayin nm 505 (Thorlabs M505F1), da ruwan tabarau (yaɗa haske game da digiri 6.6), na'urar gano haske mai canzawa (Thorlabs PDB450C) da kuma na'urorin haɗin T guda biyu don sadarwa ta gani da kuma shiga/fita ta ruwa. Ana yin na'urar haɗin T ta hanyar haɗa farantin quartz mai haske zuwa bututun PMMA inda aka saka bututun MWC da Peek (0.72 mm ID, 1.6 mm OD, Vici Valco Corp.) a ciki kuma an manne shi sosai. Ana amfani da bawul mai hanyoyi uku da aka haɗa da bututun shiga Pike don canza samfurin da ke shigowa. Mai gano haske zai iya canza ƙarfin gani da aka karɓa na P zuwa siginar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi N × V (inda V/P = 1.0 V/W a 1550 nm, ana iya daidaita gain N da hannu a cikin kewayon 103-107). Don taƙaitawa, ana amfani da V maimakon N × V azaman siginar fitarwa.
A kwatanta, an kuma yi amfani da na'urar auna haske ta kasuwanci (Agilent Technologies Cary 300 series tare da R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) tare da ƙwayar cuvette mai tsawon cm 1.0 don auna shan samfuran ruwa.
An duba saman ciki na yankewar MWC ta amfani da na'urar tantance saman gani (ZYGO New View 5022) tare da ƙudurin tsaye da na gefe na 0.1 nm da 0.11 µm, bi da bi.
An sayi dukkan sinadarai (matakin nazari, babu wani ƙarin tsarkakewa) daga Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Kayan gwajin glucose sun haɗa da glucose oxidase (GOD), peroxidase (POD), 4-aminoantipyrine da phenol, da sauransu. An shirya maganin chromogenic ta hanyar hanyar GOD-POD 37 da aka saba.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 2, an shirya nau'ikan maganin glucose iri-iri a wurare daban-daban ta amfani da DI H2O a matsayin mai narkewa ta amfani da hanyar narkewar jeri (duba Ƙarin Kayan don cikakkun bayanai). Shirya samfuran da aka yi wa fenti ko marasa komai ta hanyar haɗa maganin glucose ko ruwan da aka cire ion tare da maganin chromogenic a cikin daidaitaccen rabo na 3: 1, bi da bi. An adana duk samfuran a 37°C an kare su daga haske na tsawon mintuna 10 kafin a auna su. A cikin hanyar GOD-POD, samfuran da aka yi wa fenti suna yin ja tare da matsakaicin sha a 505 nm, kuma sha yana kusan daidai da yawan glucose.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1, an shirya jerin maganin tawada ja (Ostrich Ink Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) ta hanyar amfani da hanyar dilution ta amfani da DI H2O a matsayin mai narkewa.
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