Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com. Lub browser version uas koj siv muaj kev txhawb nqa CSS tsawg. Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv lub browser hloov tshiab (lossis kaw Compatibility Mode hauv Internet Explorer). Lub sijhawm no, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav ua rau lub xaib tsis muaj cov qauv thiab JavaScript.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov qauv kua muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog lub neej thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig. Hauv txoj haujlwm no, peb tau tsim lub tshuab ntsuas me me thiab pheej yig raws li cov hlau waveguide capillaries (MCCs) rau kev txiav txim siab ultrasensitive ntawm kev nqus. Txoj kev pom kev tuaj yeem nce ntxiv ntau, thiab ntev dua li qhov ntev ntawm MWC, vim tias lub teeb tawg los ntawm cov hlau du corrugated tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov capillary tsis hais lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Cov concentration qis li 5.12 nM tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov tshuaj chromogenic feem ntau vim yog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tshiab tsis-linear thiab kev hloov pauv qauv sai thiab kev kuaj pom qabzib.
Kev siv photometry dav dav rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov kua dej vim muaj ntau cov tshuaj chromogenic reagents thiab cov khoom siv semiconductor optoelectronic1,2,3,4,5. Piv rau kev txiav txim siab absorbance raws li cuvette ib txwm muaj, cov kua waveguide (LWC) capillaries cuam tshuam (TIR) ​​los ntawm kev khaws lub teeb probe sab hauv capillary1,2,3,4,5. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv, txoj kev pom tsuas yog ze rau qhov ntev ntawm LWC3.6, thiab nce LWC ntev tshaj 1.0 m yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lub teeb attenuation muaj zog thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm npuas, thiab lwm yam3,7. Hais txog lub cell ntau-reflection uas tau thov rau kev txhim kho txoj kev pom, qhov kev txwv kev kuaj pom tsuas yog txhim kho los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 2.5-8.9.
Tam sim no muaj ob hom LWC tseem ceeb, uas yog Teflon AF capillaries (muaj qhov ntsuas refractive ntawm tsuas yog ~ 1.3, uas qis dua li ntawm dej) thiab silica capillaries coated nrog Teflon AF lossis cov yeeb yaj kiab hlau1,3,4. Yuav kom ua tiav TIR ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dielectric, cov ntaub ntawv nrog qhov ntsuas refractive qis thiab lub kaum sab xis siab yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua3,6,10. Hais txog Teflon AF capillaries, Teflon AF yog breathable vim nws cov qauv porous3,11 thiab tuaj yeem nqus cov khoom me me hauv cov qauv dej. Rau cov capillaries quartz coated rau sab nraud nrog Teflon AF lossis hlau, qhov ntsuas refractive ntawm quartz (1.45) yog siab dua li feem ntau cov qauv kua (piv txwv li 1.33 rau dej)3,6,12,13. Rau cov capillaries coated nrog zaj duab xis hlau sab hauv, cov khoom thauj tau kawm14,15,16,17,18, tab sis cov txheej txheem txheej yog qhov nyuaj, qhov saum npoo ntawm zaj duab xis hlau muaj cov qauv ntxhib thiab porous4,19.
Ntxiv rau, cov LWCs lag luam (AF Teflon Coated Capillaries thiab AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, World Precision Instruments, Inc.) muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, xws li: rau qhov ua yuam kev. . Lub ntim loj ntawm TIR3,10, (2) T-connector (txuas cov capillaries, fibers, thiab cov raj xa dej / qhov hluav taws xob) tuaj yeem ntes cov pa npuas10.
Tib lub sijhawm, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov piam thaj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev kuaj mob ntshav qab zib, mob siab cirrhosis thiab mob hlwb20. thiab ntau txoj kev kuaj pom xws li photometry (suav nrog spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 thiab colorimetry ntawm daim ntawv 26, 27, 28), galvanometry 29, 30, 31, fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, optical polarimetry 36, surface plasmon resonance. 37, Fabry-Perot cavity 38, electrochemistry 39 thiab capillary electrophoresis 40,41 thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem no xav tau cov khoom siv kim, thiab kev kuaj pom cov piam thaj ntawm ntau qhov nanomolar concentration tseem yog qhov nyuaj (piv txwv li, rau kev ntsuas photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, qhov concentration qis tshaj plaws ntawm qabzib). qhov kev txwv tsuas yog 30 nM thaum Prussian xiav nanoparticles tau siv ua peroxidase mimics). Nanomolar glucose analyses feem ntau yog qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev tshawb fawb molecular-level cellular xws li kev txwv ntawm tib neeg prostate cancer loj hlob42 thiab CO2 fixation tus cwj pwm ntawm Prochlorococcus hauv dej hiav txwv.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, ib lub tshuab ntsuas duab me me, pheej yig uas siv lub hlau waveguide capillary (MWC), uas yog SUS316L stainless hlau capillary nrog rau sab hauv electropolished, tau tsim los rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev nqus ultrasensitive. Vim tias lub teeb tuaj yeem raug ntes hauv cov hlau capillaries txawm tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim, txoj kev pom kev tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm lub teeb tawg ntawm cov hlau corrugated thiab du, thiab ntev dua li qhov ntev ntawm MWC. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub T-connector yooj yim tau tsim rau kev sib txuas optical thiab cov kua dej nkag / tawm kom txo qhov ntim tuag thiab zam kev cuam tshuam npuas. Rau 7 cm MWC photometer, qhov kev txwv kev ntes tau txhim kho los ntawm kwv yees li 3000 zaug piv rau cov spectrophotometer lag luam nrog 1 cm cuvette vim yog qhov kev txhim kho tshiab ntawm txoj kev pom kev tsis-linear thiab kev hloov pauv sai, thiab qhov concentration ntawm kev ntes glucose kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav. tsuas yog 5.12 nM siv cov tshuaj chromogenic reagents feem ntau.
Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 1, lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC muaj MWC ntev 7 cm nrog rau sab hauv electropolished EP qib, 505 nm LED nrog lub lens, lub photodetector hloov kho tau, thiab ob rau kev sib txuas optical thiab kua nkag. Tawm. Lub valve peb txoj kev txuas nrog lub raj Pike inlet siv los hloov cov qauv nkag. Lub raj Peek haum snugly rau ntawm lub phaj quartz thiab MWC, yog li qhov ntim tuag hauv T-connector raug khaws cia kom tsawg kawg nkaus, tiv thaiv cov npuas cua kom tsis txhob raug ntes. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teeb collimated tuaj yeem yooj yim thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo rau hauv MWC los ntawm lub phaj quartz T-piece.
Cov qauv ntawm lub teeb thiab cov kua tau nkag mus rau hauv MCC los ntawm T-piece, thiab lub teeb uas hla dhau MCC tau txais los ntawm lub photodetector. Cov tshuaj uas nkag los ntawm cov qauv uas muaj xim lossis dawb paug tau nkag mus rau hauv ICC los ntawm lub qhov dej peb-txoj kev. Raws li txoj cai ntawm Beer, qhov ceev ntawm cov qauv xim tuaj yeem suav los ntawm qhov sib npaug. 1.10
qhov twg Vcolor thiab Vblank yog cov teeb liab tso tawm ntawm lub photodetector thaum cov xim thiab cov qauv dawb paug raug qhia rau hauv MCC, raws li, thiab Vdark yog lub teeb liab keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lub photodetector thaum lub LED raug tua. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov teeb liab tso tawm ΔV = Vcolor-Vblank tuaj yeem ntsuas tau los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv. Raws li qhov sib npaug. Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 1, yog tias ΔV me dua li Vblank-Vdark, thaum siv cov qauv hloov pauv, kev hloov pauv me me hauv Vblank (piv txwv li drift) tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam me ntsis rau tus nqi AMWC.
Yuav piv qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm MWC-based photometer nrog rau cuvette-based spectrophotometer, cov kua liab tau siv ua cov qauv xim vim nws cov xim ruaj khov zoo heev thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo, DI H2O ua cov qauv dawb paug. . Raws li pom hauv Rooj 1, cov kua liab tau npaj los ntawm txoj kev sib xyaw ua ke siv DI H2O ua cov kuab tshuaj. Qhov sib piv ntawm cov qauv 1 (S1), cov xim liab qub tsis tau diluted, tau txiav txim siab ua 1.0. Hauv daim duab. Daim duab 2 qhia cov duab pom ntawm 11 cov qauv kua liab (S4 txog S14) nrog cov sib piv (sau hauv Rooj 1) txij li 8.0 × 10–3 (sab laug) txog 8.2 × 10–10 (sab xis).
Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau cov qauv 6 tau qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3 (a). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov qauv xim thiab cov qauv dawb paug tau cim hauv daim duab los ntawm ob lub xub "↔". Nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov hluav taws xob tso zis nce sai sai thaum hloov ntawm cov qauv xim mus rau cov qauv dawb paug thiab vice versa. Vcolor, Vblank thiab cov ΔV sib xws tuaj yeem tau txais raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.
(a) Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau cov qauv 6, (b) qauv 9, (c) qauv 13, thiab (d) qauv 14 siv lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau cov qauv 9, 13, thiab 14 tau qhia hauv Figs. 3(b)-(d), raws li qhia. Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 3(d), qhov ntsuas ΔV tsuas yog 5 nV, uas yuav luag 3 npaug ntawm tus nqi suab nrov (2 nV). Ib qho me me ΔV nyuaj rau qhov sib txawv ntawm suab nrov. Yog li, qhov txwv ntawm kev ntes tau mus txog qhov sib piv ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 (qauv 14). Nrog kev pab ntawm cov qauv. 1. AMWC absorbance tuaj yeem suav los ntawm Vcolor, Vblank thiab Vdark ntsuas. Rau lub photodetector nrog qhov nce ntawm 104 Vdark yog -0.68 μV. Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau txhua tus qauv tau muab tso ua ke hauv Rooj 1 thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv. Raws li pom hauv Rooj 1, absorbance pom ntawm cov concentration siab saturates, yog li absorbance saum 3.7 tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas nrog MWC-based spectrometers.
Rau kev sib piv, cov qauv cwj mem liab kuj tau ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer thiab qhov ntsuas Acuvette absorbance tau pom hauv Daim Duab 4. Cov nqi Acuvette ntawm 505 nm (raws li pom hauv Rooj 1) tau txais los ntawm kev xa mus rau cov kab ntawm cov qauv 10, 11, lossis 12 (raws li pom hauv daim duab inset). rau Daim Duab 4) ua lub hauv paus. Raws li pom, qhov txwv kev ntes tau mus txog qhov sib piv ntawm 2.56 x 10-6 (qauv 9) vim tias cov kab nqus ntawm cov qauv 10, 11 thiab 12 tsis sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Yog li, thaum siv lub photometer raws li MWC, qhov txwv kev ntes tau txhim kho los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 3125 piv rau lub spectrophotometer raws li cuvette.
Kev ntsuas qhov nqus-kev sib txuas lus tau muab tso rau hauv daim duab 5. Rau kev ntsuas cuvette, qhov nqus yog proportional rau qhov concentration ntawm cov kua mem ntawm txoj kev ntev ntawm 1 cm. Thaum, rau kev ntsuas MWC, qhov nce tsis yog linear hauv kev nqus tau pom ntawm qhov concentration qis. Raws li Beer txoj cai, qhov nqus yog proportional rau qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev pom, yog li qhov nqus tau AEF (txhais tias yog AEF = AMWC/Acuvette ntawm tib qhov concentration ntawm cov kua mem) yog qhov piv ntawm MWC rau qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev pom ntawm cuvette. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5, ntawm qhov concentration siab, qhov AEF tas mus li yog nyob ib puag ncig 7.0, uas yog qhov tsim nyog vim tias qhov ntev ntawm MWC yog raws nraim 7 npaug ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 1 cm cuvette. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov concentration qis (related concentration <1.28 × 10-5), AEF nce nrog qhov concentration txo qis thiab yuav ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov nkhaus ntawm kev ntsuas cuvette. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov concentration qis (related concentration <1.28 × 10-5), AEF nce nrog qhov concentration txo qis thiab yuav ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov nkhaus ntawm kev ntsuas cuvette. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменькицение с уменькицени может достигать значения 803 при относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривей и зновывей и кривей и кривей и зновывой и кривой и зновивей и записи. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov concentration qis (qhov concentration txheeb ze <1.28 × 10–5), AEF nce nrog qhov concentration txo qis thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm qhov concentration txheeb ze ntawm 8.2 × 10–10 thaum extrapolated los ntawm cov kab ntsuas cuvette.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5）下，AEF随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过外推基于比色皿的测量曲线，在相关浓度为 108-10 ×时将达到803的值.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度 <1.28 × 10-5），，AEF 随着的降低而，并且 通过岟斎测量曲线，在浓度为 8.2 × 10-10时 达到达到达到 达到803值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) АЭП увеличивается с умень с умрицен при экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентр, 210 8 × 10 8 Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov concentration qis (cov concentration tseem ceeb <1.28 × 10-5) AED nce nrog rau qhov concentration txo qis, thiab thaum extrapolated los ntawm cov kab ntsuas cuvette, nws ncav cuag tus nqi concentration sib piv ntawm 8.2 × 10-10803.Qhov no ua rau muaj txoj kev pom kev sib xws ntawm 803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), uas ntev dua li qhov ntev ntawm MWC, thiab ntev dua li LWC ntev tshaj plaws uas muaj nyob hauv khw (500 cm los ntawm World Precision Instruments, Inc.). Doko Engineering LLC muaj qhov ntev ntawm 200 cm). Qhov kev nce ntxiv tsis yog kab hauv LWC no tsis tau tshaj tawm ua ntej.
Hauv daim duab 6(a)-(c) qhia ib daim duab pom kev, ib daim duab siv lub tshuab tsom iav, thiab ib daim duab qhia txog qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm ntu MWC, raws li qhia. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 6(a), qhov chaw sab hauv du thiab ci ntsa iab, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub teeb pom kev, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 6(b), vim yog qhov deformability thiab crystalline xwm ntawm cov hlau, cov mesas me me thiab cov irregularities tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw du. Vim tias thaj chaw me me (<5 μm × 5 μm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Daim duab 6(c)). Vim tias muaj ib cheeb tsam me me (<5 μm × 5 μm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Daim Duab 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм × 5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 . (6 вис). Vim yog thaj chaw me me (<5 µm × 5 µm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Daim duab 6(c)).考虑到小面积 (<5 μm × 5 μm), 大多数表面的粗糙度小于 1.2 nm (图6 (c)).考虑到小面积 (<5 μm × 5 μm), 大多数表面的粗糙度小于 1.2 nm (图6 (c)). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет (6 мринет (1 мрине)). Xav txog thaj chaw me me (<5 µm × 5 µm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov nto yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Daim duab 6(c)).
(a) Duab pom kev, (b) duab thaij los ntawm lub tshuab microscope, thiab (c) duab pom kev ntawm sab hauv ntawm qhov txiav MWC.
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 7(a), txoj kev pom kev LOP hauv capillary yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim θ (LOP = LC/sinθ, qhov twg LC yog qhov ntev ntawm lub capillary). Rau Teflon AF capillaries uas muaj DI H2O, lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum loj dua lub kaum sab xis tseem ceeb ntawm 77.8°, yog li LOP tsawg dua 1.02 × LC yam tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv3.6. Thaum, nrog MWC, kev kaw lub teeb hauv capillary yog ywj pheej ntawm refractive index lossis lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim, yog li thaum lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim txo qis, txoj kev pom kev tuaj yeem ntev dua li qhov ntev ntawm capillary (LOP » LC). Raws li pom hauv daim duab 7(b), qhov chaw hlau corrugated tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb tawg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau txoj kev pom kev ntau ntxiv.
Yog li ntawd, muaj ob txoj kev teeb rau MWC: lub teeb ncaj qha tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam (LOP = LC) thiab lub teeb sawtooth nrog ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa sab (LOP » LC). Raws li txoj cai ntawm Beer, qhov muaj zog ntawm lub teeb ncaj qha thiab zigzag xa tuaj yeem qhia ua PS × exp(-α × LC) thiab PZ × exp(-α × LOP) feem, qhov twg qhov tas mus li α yog tus coefficient nqus, uas nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov kua mem.
Rau cov kua mem uas muaj zog ntau (piv txwv li, qhov sib xws ntawm qhov sib xws >1.28 × 10-5), lub teeb zigzag raug txo qis heev thiab nws qhov muaj zog qis dua li lub teeb ncaj, vim yog qhov coefficient nqus loj thiab nws txoj kev pom kev ntev dua. Rau cov kua mem uas muaj zog ntau (piv txwv li, qhov sib xws ntawm qhov sib xws >1.28 × 10-5), lub teeb zigzag raug txo qis heev thiab nws qhov muaj zog qis dua li ntawm lub teeb ncaj, vim yog qhov coefficient nqus loj thiab nws txoj kev pom kev ntev dua. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация > 1,28 × 10-5) зигагагойтелсьнея затухает, а его интенсивность намного ниже, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэффоциента погнилоще длинного оптического излучения. Rau cov kua mem uas muaj concentration ntau (piv txwv li qhov concentration txheeb ze > 1.28 × 10-5), lub teeb zigzag raug txo qis heev thiab nws qhov muaj zog qis dua li ntawm lub teeb ncaj qha vim yog qhov coefficient nqus loj thiab lub teeb ci ntev dua.txoj kev.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度> 1.28 × 10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于直光，这是由于吸收系数大，光学时间更长。对于 高浓度墨水（例如，浓度浓度> 1.28 × 10-5），z 字形衰减 很 大，强度 强度 応是 吸收 系数 大光学 时间 更。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации > 1,28 × 10-5) зигагообрьзетй ослабляется, thiab его интенсивность намного ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэффициента погле погле длительного оптического времени. Rau cov kua mem uas muaj cov concentration siab (piv txwv li, cov concentration tseem ceeb >1.28 × 10-5), lub teeb zigzag raug txo qis heev thiab nws qhov muaj zog qis dua li lub teeb ncaj qha vim yog qhov coefficient nqus loj thiab lub sijhawm kho qhov muag ntev dua.txoj kev me me.Yog li, lub teeb ncaj qha tswj hwm qhov kev txiav txim siab absorbance (LOP = LC) thiab AEF tau khaws cia tas li ntawm ~ 7.0. Qhov sib txawv, thaum tus coefficient ntawm kev nqus dej tsawg zuj zus nrog rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov kua mem (piv txwv li, qhov sib xws ntawm cov kua mem <1.28 × 10-5), qhov muaj zog ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua li ntawm lub teeb ncaj thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb zigzag pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua. Qhov sib txawv, thaum tus coefficient ntawm kev nqus dej tsawg zuj zus nrog rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov kua mem (piv txwv li, qhov sib xws ntawm cov kua mem <1.28 × 10-5), qhov muaj zog ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua li ntawm lub teeb ncaj thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb zigzag pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, яьноси) концентрация <1,28 × 10-5), интенсивность зигзагообразного света увета увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого начинает играть зигзагообразный свет. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thaum tus coefficient nqus dej txo qis nrog rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov kua mem (piv txwv li, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua mem <1.28 × 10-5), qhov muaj zog ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua li ntawm lub teeb ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb zigzag pib ua si.lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度 <1.28 × 10-5 ).相反，当吸收系数随着墨水的降低 而 降低时例如例如，相关浓度 <1-5 浓度)字形光的 强度比 增加 得 更，然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用 一个 重要重要重要重。 ನಂ. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, сятуювет концентрация < 1,28 × 10-5), интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем пря ого, зигзагообразный свет начинает играть более важную роль. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum tus coefficient nqus dej txo qis nrog rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov kua mem (piv txwv li, qhov sib xws <1.28 × 10-5), qhov muaj zog ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua li lub teeb ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb zigzag pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.tus cwj pwm lub luag haujlwm.Yog li ntawd, vim yog txoj kev pom kev ntawm lub qhov muag (LOP » LC), AEF tuaj yeem nce ntau dua 7.0. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev xa lub teeb meej ntawm MWC tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv txoj kev xav ntawm hom waveguide.
Ntxiv rau kev txhim kho txoj kev pom kev, kev hloov pauv sai sai kuj tseem pab txhawb rau qhov kev txwv tsis pub kuaj pom qis heev. Vim yog qhov ntim me me ntawm MCC (0.16 ml), lub sijhawm xav tau los hloov thiab hloov cov tshuaj hauv MCC tuaj yeem tsawg dua 20 vib nas this. Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 5, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas pom tau ntawm AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) yog 4 zaug qis dua li ntawm Acuvette (1.0 × 10–3). Kev hloov pauv sai ntawm cov tshuaj ntws hauv capillary txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm lub kaw lus (piv txwv li drift) ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nqus piv rau cov tshuaj khaws cia hauv cuvette. Piv txwv li, raws li pom hauv daim duab 3 (b) - (d), ΔV tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb liab drift vim yog kev hloov pauv sai hauv cov capillary me me.
Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 2, ntau yam kua nplaum qab zib ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv tau npaj siv DI H2O ua cov kuab tshuaj. Cov qauv xim lossis dawb paug tau npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov kua nplaum qab zib lossis dej deionized nrog cov kua chromogenic ntawm glucose oxidase (GOD) thiab peroxidase (POD) 37 hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 3: 1, raws li. Hauv daim duab 8 qhia cov duab thaij duab ntawm cuaj cov qauv xim (S2-S10) nrog cov kua nplaum qab zib ntau ntawm 2.0 mM (sab laug) txog 5.12 nM (sab xis). Qhov liab txo qis nrog cov kua nplaum qab zib txo qis.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas cov qauv 4, 9, thiab 10 nrog lub tshuab ntsuas MWC tau pom hauv daim duab 9 (a) - (c). Raws li tau pom hauv daim duab 9 (c), qhov ntsuas ΔV tsis ruaj khov thiab maj mam nce thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas raws li xim ntawm GOD-POD reagent nws tus kheej (txawm tias tsis ntxiv glucose) maj mam hloov pauv hauv lub teeb. Yog li, kev ntsuas ΔV sib law liag tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua rau cov qauv nrog qhov concentration glucose tsawg dua 5.12 nM (qauv 10), vim tias thaum ΔV me txaus, qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm GOD-POD reagent tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej ntxiv lawm. Yog li ntawd, qhov txwv ntawm kev ntes rau cov kua glucose yog 5.12 nM, txawm hais tias tus nqi ΔV sib xws (0.52 µV) loj dua li tus nqi suab nrov (0.03 µV), qhia tias qhov me me ΔV tseem tuaj yeem ntes tau. Qhov txwv kev ntes no tuaj yeem txhim kho ntxiv los ntawm kev siv cov chromogenic reagents ruaj khov dua.
(a) Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau cov qauv 4, (b) qauv 9, thiab (c) qauv 10 siv lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC.
Qhov AMWC absorbance tuaj yeem suav tau siv cov nqi Vcolor, Vblank thiab Vdark ntsuas. Rau lub photodetector nrog qhov nce ntawm 105 Vdark yog -0.068 μV. Kev ntsuas rau txhua qhov qauv tuaj yeem teeb tsa hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv. Piv txwv li, cov qauv glucose kuj tau ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer thiab qhov ntsuas absorbance ntawm Acuvette tau mus txog qhov txwv ntawm 0.64 µM (qauv 7) raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 10.
Daim Duab 11 qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nqus thiab kev sib sau ua ke. Nrog lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC, qhov kev txhim kho ntawm kev ntsuas tau nce 125 npaug piv rau lub tshuab ntsuas duab cuvette. Qhov kev txhim kho no qis dua li qhov kev ntsuas xim liab vim qhov kev ruaj khov tsis zoo ntawm GOD-POD reagent. Kuj tseem pom tias muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev nqus ntawm qhov sib sau ua ke tsawg.
Lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC tau tsim los rau kev ntes cov kua dej uas rhiab heev. Txoj kev pom kev tuaj yeem nce ntxiv ntau, thiab ntev dua li qhov ntev ntawm MWC, vim tias lub teeb uas tawg los ntawm cov hlau du corrugated tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov hlab ntsha tsis hais lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Cov concentration qis li 5.12 nM tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj GOD-POD ib txwm ua tsaug rau kev ua kom pom kev tsis sib xws tshiab thiab kev hloov pauv sai thiab kev ntes qabzib. Lub tshuab ntsuas duab me me thiab pheej yig no yuav siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb txog lub neej thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob.
Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 1, lub tshuab ntsuas duab MWC muaj MWC ntev 7 cm (txoj kab uas hla sab hauv yog 1.7 hli, txoj kab uas hla sab nraud yog 3.18 hli, sab hauv yog EP electropolished, SUS316L stainless hlau capillary), lub LED wavelength 505 nm (Thorlabs M505F1), thiab cov iav (beam spread txog 6.6 degrees), variable gain photodetector (Thorlabs PDB450C) thiab ob lub T-connectors rau kev sib txuas lus optical thiab kua nkag/tawm. Lub T-connector yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas ib lub phaj quartz pob tshab rau lub raj PMMA uas MWC thiab Peek raj (0.72 hli ID, 1.6 hli OD, Vici Valco Corp.) raug ntxig thiab nplaum kom nruj. Lub valve peb-txoj kev txuas nrog lub raj Pike inlet siv los hloov cov qauv nkag. Lub photodetector tuaj yeem hloov lub zog optical P uas tau txais mus rau hauv lub teeb liab amplified voltage N × V (qhov twg V/P = 1.0 V/W ntawm 1550 nm, qhov nce N tuaj yeem hloov kho manually hauv qhov ntau ntawm 103-107). Rau kev luv luv, V siv es tsis txhob N × V ua lub teeb liab tso zis.
Piv txwv li, lub tshuab spectrophotometer lag luam (Agilent Technologies Cary 300 series nrog R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) nrog lub cell cuvette 1.0 cm kuj tau siv los ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm cov kua kuaj.
Sab hauv ntawm qhov txiav MWC tau kuaj xyuas siv lub tshuab optical surface profiler (ZYGO New View 5022) nrog qhov kev daws teeb meem ntsug thiab sab nraud ntawm 0.1 nm thiab 0.11 µm, raws li.
Txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg (qib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, tsis muaj kev ntxuav ntxiv) tau yuav los ntawm Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Cov khoom siv kuaj ntshav qabzib suav nrog glucose oxidase (GOD), peroxidase (POD), 4-aminoantipyrine thiab phenol, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj chromogenic tau npaj los ntawm txoj kev GOD-POD 37 ib txwm muaj.
Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 2, ntau yam kua nplaum qab zib ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv tau npaj siv DI H2O ua cov tshuaj diluent siv txoj kev dilution serial (saib Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus). Npaj cov qauv xim lossis dawb paug los ntawm kev sib tov cov kua nplaum qab zib lossis dej deionized nrog cov kua chromogenic hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 3: 1, raws li. Tag nrho cov qauv tau khaws cia ntawm 37 ° C tiv thaiv los ntawm lub teeb rau 10 feeb ua ntej ntsuas. Hauv txoj kev GOD-POD, cov qauv xim hloov liab nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev nqus ntawm 505 nm, thiab kev nqus yuav luag sib npaug rau qhov concentration ntawm cov kua nplaum qab zib.
Raws li tau pom hauv Rooj 1, ib qho ntawm cov kua mem liab (Ostrich Ink Co., Ltd., Tianjin, Tuam Tshoj) tau npaj los ntawm txoj kev dilution serial siv DI H2O ua cov kuab tshuaj.
Yuav hais li cas rau tsab xov xwm no: Bai, M. et al. Compact photometer raws li cov hlau waveguide capillaries: rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentration ntawm glucose. kev tshawb fawb. 5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
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Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Kev txiav txim siab xim tas mus li ntawm cov ammonium me me hauv dej hiav txwv nrog lub cell capillary waveguide kua dej ntev. Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Kev txiav txim siab xim tas mus li ntawm cov ammonium me me hauv dej hiav txwv nrog lub cell capillary waveguide kua dej ntev.Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ thiab Hansel, DA Kev txiav txim siab xim tas mus li ntawm cov ammonium me me hauv dej hiav txwv siv lub hlwb capillary nrog lub waveguide kua. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵. Li, QP, Zhang, J. Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ thiab Hansel, DA Kev txiav txim siab xim tas mus li ntawm cov ammonium me me hauv dej hiav txwv siv cov kua dej ntev waveguide capillaries.Chemistry thaum Lub Peb Hlis. 96, 73–85 (2005).
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Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentration ntawm phosphate hauv cov dej ntuj siv kev txhaj tshuaj nrog txoj kev ntev ntawm cov kua dej capillary cell thiab kev kuaj pom spectrophotometric ntawm cov khoom khov. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentration ntawm phosphate hauv cov dej ntuj siv kev txhaj tshuaj nrog txoj kev ntev ntawm cov kua dej capillary cell thiab kev kuaj pom spectrophotometric ntawm cov khoom khov.Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM thiab Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov nanomolar phosphate concentration hauv cov dej ntuj siv cov kua dej txhaj nrog lub waveguide capillary cell thiab solid-state spectrophotometric detection. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ使用流动注射和长光程液体波导毛细管和固态分光光度检测法测定天然水中纳摩尔浓度的磷酸盐. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov concentration ntawm phosphate hauv dej ntuj siv lub koob txhaj tshuaj kua thiab lub raj xa dej capillary ntev.Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM thiab Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar phosphate hauv dej ntuj siv kev txhaj tshuaj thiab capillary waveguide nrog txoj kev pom kev ntev thiab kev kuaj pom spectrophotometric solid-state.Taranta 71, 1624–1628 (2007).
Belz, M., Hnav, P., Sukhitskiy, A. & Liu, S. Linearity thiab txoj kev pom kev zoo ntawm cov kua dej waveguide capillary hlwb. Belz, M., Hnav, P., Sukhitskiy, A. & Liu, S. Linearity thiab txoj kev pom kev zoo ntawm cov kua dej waveguide capillary hlwb.Belz M., Dress P., Suhitsky A. thiab Liu S. Linearity thiab qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev kho qhov muag hauv cov kua dej waveguides hauv cov hlwb capillary. Belz, M., Dress, P., Sukhitskiy, A. & Liu, S. 液体波导毛细管细胞的线性和有效光程长度. Belz, M., Hnav, P., Sukhitskiy, A. & Liu, S. Qhov linearity thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov dej ua kua.Belz M., Dress P., Suhitsky A. thiab Liu S. Txoj kab ncaj thiab zoo ntawm txoj kev pom kev hauv cov kua dej capillary cell.SPIE 3856, 271–281 (1999).
Dallas, T. & Dasgupta, PK Lub teeb nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov av: cov ntawv thov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua dej-core waveguides. Dallas, T. & Dasgupta, PK Lub teeb nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov av: cov ntawv thov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua dej-core waveguides.Dallas, T. thiab Dasgupta, PK Lub teeb nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov av: cov ntawv thov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua-core waveguides. Dallas, T. & Dasgupta, PK Teeb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov: 液芯波导的最新分析应用. Dallas, T. & Dasgupta, PK Teeb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov: 液芯波导的最新分析应用.Dallas, T. thiab Dasgupta, PK Lub teeb nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov av: qhov kev siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua dej-core waveguides.TrAC, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv. Tshuaj lom neeg. 23, 385–392 (2004).
Ellis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR & McKelvie, ID Ib lub cell nrhiav pom kev cuam tshuam sab hauv uas siv tau ntau yam rau kev tshuaj xyuas kev ntws. Ellis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR & McKelvie, ID Ib lub cell nrhiav pom kev cuam tshuam sab hauv uas siv tau ntau yam rau kev tshuaj xyuas kev ntws.Ellis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR thiab McKelvey, ID Universal photometric tag nrho sab hauv reflection cell rau kev tsom xam ntws. Ellis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR & McKelvie, ID 用于流量分析的多功能全内反射光度检测池. Ellis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR & McKelvie, IDEllis, PS, Gentle, BS, Grace, MR thiab McKelvey, ID Universal TIR photometric cell rau kev tshuaj xyuas kev ntws.Taranta 79, 830–835 (2009).
Ellis, PS, Lyddy-Meaney, AJ, Worsfold, PJ & McKelvie, ID Lub cell ntws ntau lub teeb ci rau kev siv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kev ntws ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Ellis, PS, Lyddy-Meaney, AJ, Worsfold, PJ & McKelvie, ID Lub cell ntws ntau lub teeb ci rau kev siv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kev ntws ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.Ellis, PS, Liddy-Minnie, AJ, Worsfold, PJ thiab McKelvey, ID Ib lub cell ntsuas dej ntws ntau yam uas siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas dej ntws ntawm cov dej ntws hauv qab. Ellis, PS, Lyddy-Meaney, AJ, Worsfold, PJ & McKelvie, ID 多反射光度流动池，用于河口水域的流动注入分析。 Ellis, PS, Lyddy-Meaney, AJ, Worsfold, PJ & McKelvie, ID.Ellis, PS, Liddy-Minnie, AJ, Worsfold, PJ thiab McKelvey, ID Ib lub cell ntsuas dej ntws ntau yam rau kev tshuaj xyuas kev txhaj dej hauv cov dej ntws hauv dej hiav txwv.anus Chim. Acta 499, 81-89 (2003).
Pan, J. -Z., Yao, B. & Fang, Q. Lub tshuab ntsuas duab tes tuav raws li kev ntes cov kua dej-core waveguide rau cov qauv nanoliter. Pan, J.-Z., Yao, B. & Fang, Q. Lub tshuab ntsuas duab siv tes ua raws li kev ntes cov kua dej-core waveguide rau cov qauv nanoliter.Pan, J.-Z., Yao, B. thiab Fang, K. Ib lub tshuab ntsuas duab tes uas siv cov kua dej-core wavelength absorption detection rau nanoliter-scale samples. Pan, J. -Z., Yao, B. & Fang, Q. 基于液芯波导吸收检测的纳升级样品手持光度计. Pan, J.-Z., Yao, B. & Fang, Q. Raws li 液芯波波水水水油法的纳法手手手持光度计.Pan, J.-Z., Yao, B. thiab Fang, K. Ib lub tshuab ntsuas duab tes nrog cov qauv nanoscale raws li kev kuaj pom ntawm kev nqus hauv cov nthwv dej kua.tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qhov quav. 82, 3394–3398 (2010).
Zhang, J.-Z. Ua kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kev txhaj tshuaj los ntawm kev siv lub hlwb capillary nrog txoj kev pom ntev rau kev tshawb pom spectrophotometric. anus. kev tshawb fawb. 22, 57–60 (2006).
D'Sa, EJ & Steward, RG Daim ntawv thov kua dej capillary waveguide hauv absorbance spectroscopy (Teb rau cov lus los ntawm Byrne thiab Kaltenbacher). D'Sa, EJ & Steward, RG Daim ntawv thov kua dej capillary waveguide hauv absorbance spectroscopy (Teb rau cov lus los ntawm Byrne thiab Kaltenbacher).D'Sa, EJ thiab Steward, RG Cov ntawv thov ntawm cov kua dej capillary waveguides hauv kev nqus spectroscopy (Teb rau cov lus los ntawm Byrne thiab Kaltenbacher). D'Sa, EJ & Steward, RG 液体毛细管波导在吸收光谱中的应用（回复Byrne 和Kaltenbacher 的评论）. D'Sa, EJ & Steward, RG Daim ntawv thov cov kua 毛绿波波对在absorption spectrum (回复Byrne和Kaltenbacher的评论).D'Sa, EJ thiab Steward, RG Cov kua dej capillary waveguides rau kev nqus spectroscopy (teb rau cov lus los ntawm Byrne thiab Kaltenbacher).limonol. Tus kws tshawb fawb txog dej hiav txwv. 46, 742–745 (2001).
Khijwania, SK & Gupta, BD Lub sensor nqus fiber optic evanescent teb: Cov nyhuv ntawm cov qauv fiber thiab geometry ntawm qhov probe. Khijwania, SK & Gupta, BD Lub sensor nqus fiber optic evanescent teb: Cov nyhuv ntawm cov qauv fiber thiab geometry ntawm qhov probe.Hijvania, SK thiab Gupta, BD Fiber Optic Evanescent Field Absorption Sensor: Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Fiber Parameters thiab Probe Geometry. Khijwania, SK & Gupta, BD 光纤倏逝场吸收传感器：光纤参数和探头几何形状的影响. Khijwania, SK & Gupta, BDHijvania, SK thiab Gupta, BD Evanescent teb nqus fiber optic sensors: kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv fiber thiab probe geometry.Optics thiab Quantum Electronics 31, 625–636 (1999).
Biedrzycki, S., Buric, MP, Falk, J. & Woodruff, SD Cov zis tawm ntawm cov hollow, hlau-lined, waveguide Raman sensors. Biedrzycki, S., Buric, MP, Falk, J. & Woodruff, SD Cov zis tawm ntawm cov hollow, hlau-lined, waveguide Raman sensors.Bedjitsky, S., Burich, MP, Falk, J. thiab Woodruff, SD Cov zis angular ntawm hollow waveguide Raman sensors nrog hlau lining. Biedrzycki, S., Buric, MP, Falk, J. & Woodruff, SD 空心金属内衬波导拉曼传感器的角输出. Biedrzycki, S., Buric, MP, Falk, J. & Woodruff, SD.Bedjitsky, S., Burich, MP, Falk, J. thiab Woodruff, SD Cov zis angular ntawm Raman sensor nrog lub waveguide hlau liab qab.daim ntawv thov xaiv 51, 2023-2025 (2012).
Harrington, JA Ib qho kev piav qhia txog cov hollow waveguides rau IR kis. fiber kev koom ua ke. xaiv. 19, 211–227 (2000).