Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwezemidlalo kungaqongelelwa ukuze kudalwe iqembu eliwinayo. Ukusebenza kwe-oyili nakho akuhlukile futhi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa leli thuba lokuqeda izindleko zokungenelela ezingadingekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amanani kawoyela angakanani, njengemboni sibhekene nezingcindezi zomnotho nezenhlalo ukuze sisebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.
Esimweni samanje, ukukhipha umphongolo wokugcina kawoyela ezimpahleni ezikhona ngokungenisa kabusha nokubhoboza amagatsha emithonjeni ekhona kuyisu elihlakaniphile nelingabizi kakhulu - uma nje lingenziwa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu. Ukubhoboza ngamapayipi ahlanganisiwe (i-CT) ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziswa kahle obuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhoboza okuvamile. Lesi sihloko sichaza indlela abaqhubi abangasebenzisa ngayo inzuzo yokusebenza kahle i-CTD engakunikeza ukunciphisa izindleko.
ukungena okuphumelelayo. Kuze kube manje, ubuchwepheshe bokubhoboza obuhlanganisiwe (CTD) buthole izindawo ezimbili eziphumelelayo kodwa ezihlukile e-Alaska naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, isithombe 1. ENyakatho Melika, lobu buchwepheshe abukasetshenziswa kabanzi. Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubhoboza ngaphandle kokubhoboza, kuchaza indlela ubuchwepheshe be-CTD obungasetshenziswa ngayo ukukhipha izindawo zokugcina ngemuva kwepayipi ngezindleko eziphansi; kwezinye izimo, isikhathi sokukhokha segatsha elisha singalinganiswa ngezinyanga. I-CTD ayisetshenziswa nje kuphela ezindleleni eziphansi, kodwa inzuzo engokwemvelo ye-CT yokusebenza okungalingani inganikeza ukuguquguquka kokusebenza okungakhuphula kakhulu izinga lempumelelo ye-wellbor ngayinye ensimini enciphile.
I-CTD isetshenziswe ekubholeni okungalingani ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo ezindaweni ezivamile zikawoyela negesi eziphelelwe yisikhathi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezincipha kancane eMpumalanga Ephakathi, lapho inani lemishini ye-CTD liye landa kancane eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Uma kusetshenziswa i-CTD ekungalingani, ingaphinde isetshenziswe ngemithombo emisha noma imithombo ekhona. Esinye isicelo esikhulu se-CTD esiphumelele iminyaka eminingi siseNorth Slope yase-Alaska, lapho i-CTD inikeza indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuqalisa kabusha imithombo emidala nokwandisa umkhiqizo. Ubuchwepheshe kulolu hlelo lokusebenza bukhulisa kakhulu inani lemigqomo ye-margin etholakalayo kubakhiqizi baseNorth Slope.
Ukusebenza kahle okwandisiwe kuholela ezindleleni eziphansi. I-CTD ingaba ngcono kakhulu kunendlela evamile yokumba ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, sibona lokhu ezindlekweni eziphelele ngomgqomo ngamunye, ukungena kabusha okuncane nge-CTD kunezimbobo ezintsha zokugcwalisa. Okwesibili, sikubona ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kwezindleko zomgoqo ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe. Nazi izinzuzo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokusebenza kahle:
ukulandelana kwemisebenzi. Ukubhoboza ngaphandle kwerigi, i-CTD yazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza, noma inhlanganisela yemishini yokusebenzela kanye nepayipi eligoqiwe kungenzeka. Isinqumo sokuthi uzokwakha kanjani iphrojekthi sincike ekutholakaleni kanye nomnotho wabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo endaweni. Kuye ngesimo, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokusebenzela, imishini yocingo kanye nepayipi eligoqiwe kunganikeza izinzuzo eziningi maqondana nesikhathi esisebenzayo kanye nezindleko. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
Izinyathelo 3, 4 kanye no-5 zingenziwa kusetshenziswa iphakheji ye-CTD. Izigaba ezisele kumele zenziwe yithimba lokulungisa. Ezimweni lapho ama-rig okusebenza engabizi kakhulu, ukuphuma kwe-casing kungenziwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kwephakheji ye-CTD. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iphakheji ye-CTD ikhokhwe kuphela uma inani eliphezulu linikeziwe.
Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu eNyakatho Melika ngokuvamile ukwenza izinyathelo 1, 2 kanye no-3 emithonjeni eminingana enemishini yokusebenza ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iphakheji ye-CTD. Imisebenzi ye-CTD ingahlala izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezine, kuye ngokwakheka kwenhloso. Ngakho-ke, ibhulokhi yokulungisa ingalandela ukusebenza kwe-CTD, bese iphakheji ye-CTD kanye nephakheji yokulungisa kwenziwa ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuthuthukisa imishini esetshenziswayo kanye nokulandelana kwemisebenzi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni zokusebenza zizonke. Lapho ungazithola khona ukonga izindleko kuncike endaweni yokusebenza. Endaweni ethile umsebenzi wokubhoboza ngaphandle kokubhoboza ngamayunithi okusebenza uyanconywa, kwezinye izimo ukusetshenziswa kwamayunithi epayipi ahlanganisiwe ukwenza wonke umsebenzi kungaba yisisombululo esihle kakhulu.
Kwezinye izindawo, kuzoba ngcono kakhulu ukuba nezinhlelo ezimbili zokubuyisa uketshezi bese ufaka owesibili lapho kubholwa umthombo wokuqala. Iphakheji yoketshezi evela emthonjeni wokuqala bese idluliselwa emthonjeni wesibili, okungukuthi ngephakheji yokubhoboza. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokubhoboza ngomthombo ngamunye futhi kunciphisa izindleko. Ukuguquguquka kwamapayipi aguquguqukayo kuvumela ukuhlela okulungiselelwe ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokusebenza futhi kuncishiswe izindleko.
Amakhono okulawula ingcindezi angenakuqhathaniswa. Ikhono elisobala kakhulu le-CTD ukulawula okunembile kwengcindezi ebhobozekile. Amayunithi epayipi ahlanganisiwe aklanyelwe ukusebenza okungalingani, futhi kokubili ukubhoboza okungalingani kanye nokungalingani kungasebenzisa ama-BHP chokes njengejwayelekile.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kungenzeka futhi ukushintsha ngokushesha kusuka emisebenzini yokubhoboza uye emisebenzini yokulawula ukucindezela ngokweqile kuya emisebenzini engalingani. Esikhathini esidlule, ama-CTD ayebhekwa njengomkhawulo kubude obungase bubhobozwe. Njengamanje, imikhawulo ikhuphuke kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwe yiphrojekthi yakamuva eNorth Slope yase-Alaska, engaphezu kwamamitha angu-7,000 ohlangothini oluphambene. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezijikelezayo njalo, amakhoyili amakhulu kanye namathuluzi okufinyelela isikhathi eside ku-BHA.
Imishini edingekayo ekupakisheni kwe-CTD. Imishini edingekayo kwiphakheji ye-CTD incike echibini kanye nokuthi ngabe ukukhetha ukudonsa kuyadingeka yini. Izinguquko zenzeka ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lokubuyela koketshezi. Ukuxhumeka okulula kokujova i-nitrogen kungafakwa kalula ngaphakathi kwepompo, kulungele ukushintshela ekubholeni okunezigaba ezimbili uma kudingeka, isithombe 3. Amaphampu e-nitrogen kulula ukuwasebenzisa ezindaweni eziningi e-United States. Uma kunesidingo sokushintshela emisebenzini yokubhoboza engalingani, ubunjiniyela obucatshangelwe kakhulu buyadingeka ohlangothini olungemuva ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuguquguquka kokusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko.
Ingxenye yokuqala engezansi kwesitaki sokuvimbela ukuqhuma yi-throttle manifold. Lena indinganiso yazo zonke izinhlelo zokubhoboza ze-CT ezisetshenziswa ukulawula ukucindezela kwembobo engezansi. Idivayisi elandelayo iyi-splitter. Uma usebenza ngokulinganisela ngokweqile, uma ukudonsa kungabonwa kusengaphambili, khona-ke lokhu kungaba isihlukanisi segesi sokubhoboza esilula, esingavinjelwa uma isimo sokulawula umthombo singaxazululwa. Uma ukudonsa kulindeleke, kungaba abahlukanisi bezigaba ezi-3 noma ezi-4 bangakhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni, noma ukubhoboza kungamiswa bese kufakwa isihlukanisi esigcwele. Isihlukanisi kumele sixhunywe kuma-flares esignali atholakala kude okuphephile.
Ngemva kwesihlukanisi kuzoba namathangi asetshenziswa njengemigodi. Uma kungenzeka, lawa angaba amathangi okuqhekeka avulekile phezulu noma amapulazi amathangi okukhiqiza. Ngenxa yenani elincane le-sludge lapho uphinda ufaka i-CTD, asikho isidingo somshini wokushaker. I-sludge izohlala ku-separator noma kwelinye lamathangi okuqhekeka ngamanzi. Uma isihlukanisi singasetshenziswa, faka ama-baffle ethangini ukusiza ukuhlukanisa imigoqo ye-separator weir. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuvula i-centrifuge exhunywe esigabeni sokugcina ukuze ususe okuqinile okusele ngaphambi kokujikeleza kabusha. Uma uthanda, ithangi lokuxuba lingafakwa ohlelweni lwethangi/lomgodi ukuze kuxutshwe uhlelo olulula loketshezi lokubhoboza olungenazo izinto eziqinile, noma kwezinye izimo, uketshezi lokubhoboza oluxutshwe ngaphambilini lungathengwa. Ngemuva komthombo wokuqala, kufanele kube nokwenzeka ukuhambisa udaka oluxubile phakathi kwemithombo bese usebenzisa uhlelo lodaka ukubhoboza imithombo eminingi, ngakho-ke ithangi lokuxuba lidinga ukufakwa kanye kuphela.
Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ngoketshezi Lokubhoboza. Kunezinketho eziningana zoketshezi lokubhoboza olufanele i-CTD. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukusebenzisa uketshezi olulula olungenazo izinhlayiya eziqinile. Ama-brine avinjelwe anama-polymers ajwayelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwengcindezi enhle noma elawulwayo. Lolu ketshezi lokubhoboza kumele lubize kancane kakhulu kunoketshezi lokubhoboza olusetshenziswa ezindizeni zokubhoboza ezivamile. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, kodwa futhi kunciphisa noma yiziphi izindleko ezengeziwe ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa.
Uma ukubhoboza kungalingani, lokhu kungaba uketshezi lokubhoboza olunezigaba ezimbili noma uketshezi lokubhoboza olunezigaba eyodwa. Lokhu kuzonqunywa yingcindezi yendawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nomklamo womthombo. Uketshezi lwesigaba esisodwa olusetshenziselwa ukubhoboza olungalingani ngokuvamile ngamanzi, usawoti, uwoyela noma udizili. Ngayinye yazo ingancishiswa kakhulu isisindo ngokufaka i-nitrogen ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukubhoboza okungalingani kungathuthukisa kakhulu ezomnotho wesistimu ngokunciphisa umonakalo/ukungcola kwengqimba engaphezulu. Ukubhoboza ngoketshezi lokubhoboza lwesigaba esisodwa kuvame ukubonakala kungabizi kakhulu ekuqaleni, kodwa abaqhubi bangathuthukisa kakhulu ezomnotho wabo ngokunciphisa umonakalo wobuso nokuqeda ukukhuthazwa okubizayo, okuzogcina kwandisa umkhiqizo.
Amanothi nge-BHA. Uma ukhetha i-subsemination yembobo engezansi (i-BHA) ye-CTD, kunezici ezimbili ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izikhathi zokwakha nezokusebenzisa zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isici sokuqala okufanele usicabangele ubude be-BHA iyonke, umfanekiso 4. I-BHA kufanele ibe mfushane ngokwanele ukuze ikwazi ukujika ngokuphelele phezu kwevalvu eyinhloko futhi ivikele i-ejector kuvalvu.
Uchungechunge lokufakwa kwegesi luwukufaka i-BHA emgodini, ukubeka i-injector kanye ne-lubricator phezu komgodi, ukuhlanganisa i-BHA ekhanda lekhebula elingaphezulu, ukubuyisela i-BHA ku-lubricator, ukuhambisa i-injector kanye ne-lubricator emuva emgodini, bese wakha uxhumano. ku-BOP. Le ndlela isho ukuthi akudingeki ukufakwa kwe-turret noma ingcindezi, okwenza ukufakwa kube ngokushesha futhi kuphephile.
Okwesibili okufanele kucatshangelwe uhlobo lokwakheka okubholwa ngalo. Ku-CTD, ukuqondiswa kobuso bethuluzi lokubhoboza eliqondisayo kunqunywa yi-guiding module, eyingxenye ye-BHA yokubhoboza. I-orienteer kumele ikwazi ukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo, okungukuthi ijikeleza ngokwewashi noma ngokuphambene newashi ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle kokuthi kudingwa yi-directional drilling rig. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubhoboze umgodi oqondile ngokuphelele ngenkathi ukwandisa i-WOB kanye nokufinyelela eceleni. Ukwanda kwe-WOB kwenza kube lula ukubhoboza izinhlangothi ezinde noma ezimfushane ku-ROP ephezulu.
Isibonelo saseNingizimu Texas. Kuye kwambiwa imithombo engaphezu kuka-20,000 evundlile emasimini e-Eagle Ford shale. Lo mdlalo ubulokhu usebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, futhi inani lemithombo engaphansi ezodinga i-P&A liyakhula. Lo mdlalo ubulokhu usebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, futhi inani lemithombo engaphansi ezodinga i-P&A liyakhula. I-Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, kanye ne-количество малорентабельных скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Le nsimu ibilokhu isebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi futhi inani lemithombo engaphansi edinga i-P&A liyakhula.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 I-P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. I-Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, kanye ne-количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Le nsimu ibilokhu isebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi futhi inani lemithombo eseceleni edinga i-P&A liyakhula.Yonke imithombo eyenzelwe ukukhiqiza i-Eagle Ford Shale izodlula e-Austin Chalk, ichibi elaziwayo elikhiqize inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbons kwezentengiselwano iminyaka eminingi. Kuye kwabekwa ingqalasizinda ukuze kusetshenziswe noma yimiphi imiphongolo eyengeziwe engafakwa emakethe.
Ukubhoboza ngoshoki e-Austin kuhlobene kakhulu nokumosha. Ukwakheka kwe-Carboniferous kuyaqhekeka, futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kungenzeka lapho kudlula ukuqhekeka okukhulu. Udaka olusekelwe ku-oyela luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhoboza, ngakho-ke izindleko zamabhakede alahlekile odaka olusekelwe ku-oyela zingaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezindleko zomthombo. Inkinga akuyona nje kuphela izindleko zoketshezi lokubhoboza olulahlekile, kodwa futhi nezinguquko ezindleleni zomthombo, okudingeka zicatshangelwe lapho kulungiswa isabelomali sonyaka; ngokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwezindleko zoketshezi lokubhoboza, abaqhubi bangasebenzisa imali yabo ngempumelelo enkulu.
Uketshezi lokubhoboza olungasetshenziswa luwuketshezi olulula olungenazo izinto eziqinile olungalawula ingcindezi yokungena ngaphansi kwembobo ngama-choke. Isibonelo, isisombululo se-4% KCL brine esiqukethe i-xanthan gum njenge-tackifier kanye nesitashi sokulawula ukuhlunga singaba esifanele. Isisindo soketshezi singamakhilogremu angu-8.6-9.0 ngegaloni futhi noma yikuphi ukucindezela okwengeziwe okudingekayo ukuze kucindezelwe kakhulu ukwakheka kuzofakwa ku-choke valve.
Uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa, ukubhoboza kungaqhubeka, uma ukulahlekelwa kwamukelekile, ukubhoboza kungavulwa ukuze kusondezwe ingcindezi ejikelezayo eduze kwengcindezi yedamu, noma ukubhoboza kungaze kuvalwe isikhathi esithile kuze kube yilapho ukulahlekelwa kulungiswa. Ngokuphathelene nokulawula ingcindezi, ukuguquguquka kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe kungcono kakhulu kunemishini yokubhoboza evamile.
Elinye isu elingacatshangelwa lapho kubholwa ngepayipi eligoqiwe ukushintshela ekubholeni okungalingani ngokushesha nje lapho kubholwa ukuqhekeka okunamandla okungena, okuxazulula inkinga yokuvuza futhi kugcine umkhiqizo wokuqhekeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ukuqhekeka kungahlangani, umthombo ungaqedwa ngokujwayelekile ngezindleko eziphansi. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuqhekeka kugoqwa, ukwakheka kuvikelwe ekulimaleni futhi ukukhiqizwa kungandiswa ngokubholwa okungalingani. Ngemishini efanele kanye nomklamo wendlela, kungahanjwa amamitha angaphezu kuka-7,000 e-Austin Chalka.
hlanganisa konke. Lesi sihloko sichaza imiqondo kanye nezinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho uhlela imikhankaso yokubhoboza kabusha engabizi kakhulu usebenzisa ukubhoboza kwe-CT. Isicelo ngasinye sizohluka kancane, futhi lesi sihloko sihlanganisa izinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele. Ubuchwepheshe be-CTD sebuvuthiwe, kodwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zigcinelwe izindawo ezimbili ezithile ezazisekela ubuchwepheshe eminyakeni yalo yokuqala. Ubuchwepheshe be-CTD manje bungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuzibophezela ngokwezimali komsebenzi wesikhathi eside.
amandla enani. Kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zemithombo yokukhiqiza okuzodingeka ivalwe ekugcineni, kodwa kusekhona amanani ebhizinisi kawoyela negesi ngemuva kwepayipi. I-CTD inikeza indlela yokuhlehlisa ukukhishwa nokuvikela izinqolobane ze-bypass ngezindleko ezincane zemali. Izigubhu zingalethwa emakethe ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi basebenzise amanani aphezulu emavikini hhayi ezinyangeni, futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinkontileka zesikhathi eside.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kuzuzisa yonke imboni, kungaba ukwenziwa kwedijithali, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo noma ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza. Ukufakwa kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe kudlale indima yawo ekwehliseni izindleko ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba, futhi manje njengoba imboni ishintsha, ingaletha izinzuzo ezifanayo ngezinga elikhulu.