Kua tuhia paitia te kaha o te whakanui ake i te mahi hākinakina hei hanga i tētahi tīma toa. Kāore ngā mahi o te mara hinu i te rerekē, ā, he mea nui kia whakamahia tēnei pūmanawa hei whakakore i ngā utu wawaotanga koretake. Ahakoa ngā utu hinu, hei ahumahi kei te pāngia tātou e ngā pēhanga ōhanga me te pāpori kia tino whai hua ai.
I roto i te taiao o nāianei, he rautaki atamai, he rautaki whai hua hoki te tango i te oko hinu whakamutunga mai i ngā rawa o nāianei mā te whakahoki anō me te keri i ngā manga ki roto i ngā puna o nāianei – mena ka taea te mahi me te whai hua. Ko te keri ngongo kopiko (CT) he hangarau kāore i te tino whakamahia e whakapai ake ana i te whai huatanga i roto i ngā wāhanga maha ki te whakataurite ki te keri tikanga. E whakaahua ana tēnei tuhinga me pēhea e taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakamahi i ngā hua whai hua ka taea e te CTD te whakarato hei whakaiti i ngā utu.
te whakaurunga angitu. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kua kitea e te hangarau keri ngongo koiri (CTD) ētahi āputa angitu engari he rerekē i Alaska me te Middle East, pikitia 1. I Amerika Te Raki, kāore anō kia whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau. E mōhiotia ana ko te keri kore-wiri, e whakaahua ana me pēhea te whakamahi i te hangarau CTD hei tango i ngā rahui taha i muri i te paipa i te utu iti; i ētahi wā, ka taea te ine i te wā whakahoki o tētahi peka hou i roto i ngā marama. Ehara i te mea ka taea te whakamahi i te CTD i roto i ngā tono utu iti anake, engari ko te painga ā-roto o te CT mō ngā mahi kāore i te taurite ka taea te whakarato i te ngāwari whakahaere ka taea te whakanui ake i te reiti angitu mō ia poka i roto i te mara kua pau.
Kua whakamahia te CTD i roto i te keri kore taurite hei whakanui ake i te whakaputanga i roto i ngā mara hinu me te hau tuku iho kua pau. Kua tino angitu te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau ki ngā puna wai iti te uruhanga i te Middle East, i reira kua piki haere te maha o ngā taputapu CTD i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei. Ina whakamahia te CTD kore taurite, ka taea te whakauru anō mā roto i ngā puna hou, mā roto rānei i ngā puna o nāianei. Ko tētahi atu whakamahinga nui o te CTD mō ngā tau maha kei te North Slope o Alaska, kei reira te CTD e whakarato ana i tētahi tikanga iti te utu hei whakahou i ngā puna tawhito me te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga. Mā te hangarau i roto i tēnei whakamahinga ka nui ake te maha o ngā oko tawhē e wātea ana ki ngā kaihanga o North Slope.
Ka iti ake ngā utu mā te pikinga o te whai huatanga. E rua ngā take ka nui ake te whai hua o te CTD i te keri noa. Tuatahi, ka kite tātou i tēnei i roto i te utu katoa mō ia oko, he iti ake te whakaurunga anō mā te CTD i ngā poka whakakī hou. Tuarua, ka kite tātou i tēnei i roto i te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te utu o te poka nā te urutau o ngā ngongo koiri. Anei ngā momo whai huatanga me ngā painga:
te raupapa o ngā mahi. Ka taea te keri me te kore he taputapu keri, te CTD mō ngā mahi katoa, te whakakotahi rānei i ngā taputapu keri me ngā ngongo koiri. Ko te whakatau me pēhea te hanga i te kaupapa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wātea me te ōhanga o ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga i te rohe. I runga i te āhuatanga, ka taea e te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu keri, ngā taputapu waea me ngā ngongo koiri te whakarato i ngā painga maha e pā ana ki te wā mahi me ngā utu. Ko ngā mahi whānui ko:
Ka taea te mahi i ngā taahiraa 3, 4 me te 5 mā te whakamahi i te mōkihi CTD. Ko ngā wāhanga e toe ana me mahi e te tīma whakahou. Mēnā he iti ake te utu o ngā taputapu whakahou, ka taea te mahi i ngā putanga anga i mua i te tāutanga o te mōkihi CTD. Mā tēnei ka taea anake te utu i te mōkihi CTD ina whakaratohia te uara mōrahi.
Ko te otinga pai rawa atu i Amerika Te Raki ko te mahi i ngā taahiraa 1, 2 me te 3 i runga i ētahi puna me ngā taputapu mahi anō i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te mōkihi CTD. E rua ki te whā rā te roa o ngā mahi CTD, i runga i te hanganga o te ūnga. Nō reira, ka taea e te poraka whakahou te whai i te mahi CTD, kātahi ka whakahaerehia te mōkihi CTD me te mōkihi whakahou i te wā kotahi.
Mā te arotau i ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana me te raupapatanga o ngā mahi ka pā nui ki te utu whānui o ngā mahi. Ko te wāhi e penapena ai ngā utu ka whakawhirinaki ki te wāhi e mahihia ai te mahi. E taunakihia ana te mahi kore keri me ngā wae mahi-whakawhiti i tētahi wāhi, i ētahi atu wā ko te whakamahinga o ngā wae ngongo koiri hei mahi i ngā mahi katoa te otinga pai pea.
I ētahi wāhi, he iti ake te utu o te whai i ngā pūnaha whakahoki wai e rua, me te tāuta i te tuarua ina keria te puna tuatahi. Kātahi ka whakawhitia te kete wai mai i te puna tuatahi ki te puna tuarua, arā, mā te kete keri. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te wā keri mō ia puna, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu. Mā te ngāwari o ngā paipa ngāwari ka taea te whakarite mahere pai hei whakanui ake i te wā mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu.
Ngā āheinga whakahaere pēhanga kāore e taea te whakataurite. Ko te āheinga tino kitea o te CTD ko te whakahaere tika i te pēhanga poka. Kua hangaia ngā waeine ngongo koiri mō te mahi taurite kore, ā, ka taea e te keri taurite kore me te keri taurite kore te whakamahi i ngā aukati BHP hei paerewa.
E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ka taea hoki te huri tere mai i ngā mahi keri ki ngā mahi taurite pēhanga whakahaere ki ngā mahi taurite kore. I mua, i whakaarohia he iti noa te roa taha o ngā CTD ka taea te keri. I tēnei wā, kua tino piki ake ngā here, e whakaatuhia ana e te kaupapa tata nei i te Raki o Alaska, neke atu i te 7,000 putu te roa i te taha whakararo. Ka taea tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā aratohu hurihuri tonu, ngā koiri whānui nui ake me ngā taputapu toro roa ake i roto i te BHA.
Ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te takai CTD. Ko ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te takai CTD e whakawhirinaki ana ki te puna wai me te hiahia ki te whiriwhiri i te tangohanga. Ko ngā huringa ka puta i te taha whakahoki o te wai. Ka taea te whakanoho ngāwari i tētahi hononga werohanga hauota ki roto i te papu, ka taea te huri ki te keri rua-wāhanga mēnā e tika ana, pikitia 3. He ngāwari te neke i ngā papu hauota i te nuinga o ngā wāhi i te Hononga o Amerika. Mēnā he hiahia ki te huri ki ngā mahi keri kāore i te taurite, me nui ake te whakaaro nui ki te taha o muri hei whakarato i te ngāwari o te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu.
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi i raro i te puranga aukati pupuhi ko te manifold throttle. Koinei te paerewa mō ngā mahi keri CT katoa e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te pēhanga o raro o te poka. Ko te taputapu e whai ake nei ko te splitter. I te wā e mahi ana i runga i te overbalance, ki te kore e kitea te hekenga, ka taea tēnei te waiho hei wehewehe hau keri māmā, ka taea te karo mena kāore i whakatauhia te āhuatanga whakahaere puna. Mena e tumanakohia ana te hekenga, ka taea te hanga wehewehe 3-wāhanga, 4-wāhanga rānei mai i te tīmatanga, ka taea rānei te whakamutu i te keri me te tāuta i tētahi wehewehe katoa. Me hono te wehewehe ki ngā mura tohu kei tawhiti haumaru.
Whai muri i te wehewehe, ka whakamahia ngā tāke hei poka. Ki te taea, ka taea ēnei te whakamahi i ngā tāke pakaru tuwhera-runga noa, i ngā pāmu tāke whakaputa rānei. Nā te iti o te paru i te wā e whakaurua anōtia ana te CTD, kāore he take mō te rūrū. Ka tau te paru ki roto i te wehewehe, ki roto rānei i tētahi o ngā tāke pakaru waipēhi. Ki te kore he wehewehe e whakamahia ana, tāutahia he ārai ki roto i te tāke hei āwhina i te wehewehe i ngā awaawa o te parepare wehewehe. Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te tahuri i te centrifuge e hono ana ki te wāhanga whakamutunga hei tango i ngā totoka e toe ana i mua i te hurihanga anō. Ki te hiahiatia, ka taea te whakauru i tētahi tāke whakaranu ki roto i te pūnaha tāke/poka hei whakaranu i tētahi pūnaha wai keri kore-totoka noa, i ētahi wā rānei, ka taea te hoko wai keri kua whakaranua. Whai muri i te poka tuatahi, me taea te neke i te paru whakaranu ki waenga i ngā poka me te whakamahi i te pūnaha paru ki te keri i ngā poka maha, nō reira kotahi noa te tāutanga o te tāke whakaranu.
Ngā Whakatūpato mō ngā Wai Keri. He maha ngā kōwhiringa mō ngā wai keri e tika ana mō te CTD. Ko te mea nui ko te whakamahi i ngā wai māmā kāore he matūriki totoka. Ko ngā wai tote ārai me ngā polymer te paerewa mō ngā tono pēhanga pai, whakahaeretia rānei. Me iti ake te utu o tēnei wai keri i te wai keri e whakamahia ana i runga i ngā taputapu keri tikanga. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i ngā utu whakahaere, engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu tāpiri e pā ana ki te mate mēnā ka mate.
Ina he iti te taurite o te keri, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi wai keri e rua-wāhanga, i tētahi wai keri kotahi-wāhanga rānei. Ka whakatauhia tēnei e te pēhanga o te puna wai me te hoahoa o te puna. Ko te wai kotahi-wāhanga e whakamahia ana mō te keri kāore i te taurite ko te wai, te tote, te hinu, te tīhiera rānei. Ka taea te whakaiti i te taumaha o ia mea mā te werohanga hauota i te wā kotahi.
Ka taea e te keri kore taurite te whakapai ake i te ōhanga o te pūnaha mā te whakaiti i te kino/te paru o te paparanga mata. Ko te keri me ngā wai keri kotahi-wāhanga he ahua iti ake te utu i te tīmatanga, engari ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakapai ake i ō rātou ōhanga mā te whakaiti i te kino o te mata me te whakakore i te whakaohooho utu nui, ka piki ake ai te whakaputanga.
Ngā Tuhipoka mō te BHA. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi huihuinga poka raro (BHA) mō tētahi CTD, e rua ngā mea nui hei whakaaroaro. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he mea tino nui te wā hanga me te wā whakatakoto. Nō reira, ko te mea tuatahi hei whakaaroaro ko te roa katoa o te BHA, pikitia 4. Me poto te BHA kia taea ai te neke katoa ki runga i te takirere matua, me te mau tonu i te ejector mai i te takirere.
Ko te raupapa whakatinanatanga ko te whakanoho i te BHA ki roto i te kōhao, te whakanoho i te werowero me te hinu whakahinuhinu ki runga i te kōhao, te whakakotahi i te BHA ki runga i te pane taura mata, te whakahoki i te BHA ki roto i te hinu whakahinuhinu, te nuku i te werowero me te hinu whakahinuhinu ki roto i te kōhao, me te hanga i te hononga ki te BOP. Ko te tikanga o tēnei huarahi, kāore he pourewa, he pēhanga rānei e hiahiatia ana, kia tere ai, kia haumaru ai hoki te whakatinanatanga.
Ko te tuarua o ngā whakaaro ko te momo hanganga e keria ana. I roto i te CTD, ko te aronga mata o te taputapu keria ahunga ka whakatauhia e te wae ārahi, he wāhanga o te keria BHA. Me taea e te kaiwhakatikatika te whakatere tonu, arā, te huri ki te taha matau, ki te taha maui rānei, me te kore e mutu, ki te kore e hiahiatia e te taputapu keria ahunga. Mā tēnei ka taea e koe te keria he kōhao tino tika me te whakanui ake i te WOB me te toronga taha. Mā te whakanui ake i te WOB ka māmā ake te keria i ngā taha roa, poto rānei i te ROP teitei.
Tauira o Te Tai Tokerau o Texas. Neke atu i te 20,000 ngā puna whakapae kua keria ki ngā mara kirikiri o Eagle Ford. Neke atu i te tekau tau te roa o te whakaari nei, ā, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā puna taha e hiahia ana kia tukuna anōtia. Neke atu i te tekau tau te roa o te whakaari nei, ā, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā puna taha e hiahia ana kia tukuna anōtia. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество малорентабельных скважин, требующих P&Aлич,. Neke atu i te tekau tau te roa o te mahi a te mara, ā, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā puna taha e hiahia ana kia tukuna he P&A.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличива. Neke atu i te tekau tau te roa o te mahi a te mara, ā, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā poka taha e hiahia ana kia tukuna he P&A.Ko ngā puna katoa e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i te Eagle Ford Shale ka haere mā Austin Chalk, he puna wai rongonui kua whakaputa i ngā nui o ngā warowaihā arumoni mō ngā tau maha. Kua whakatūria he hanganga hei whakamahi i ngā oko tāpiri ka taea te tuku ki te mākete.
He nui te pānga o te keri kōhatu i Austin ki te moumou moni. Ka pakaru ngā hanganga waro, ā, ka taea te ngaro nui ina whiti i ngā pakaru nui. Ko te paru hinu te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te keri, nō reira ko te utu mō ngā peere paru hinu ka ngaro pea he wāhanga nui o te utu o te puna. Ehara i te mea ko te utu mō te wai keri ngaro anake te raruraru, engari ko ngā huringa o ngā utu puna, me whai whakaaro hoki ki ēnei ina whakarite tahua ā-tau; mā te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā utu wai keri, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakamahi i ā rātou pūtea me te whai hua ake.
Ko te wai keri ka taea te whakamahi he wai tote ngāwari, kāore he totoka, ka taea te whakahaere i te pēhanga o raro i te poka mā te whakamahi i ngā kōkō. Hei tauira, he pai te otinga wai tote KCL 4% kei roto ko te kapia xanthan hei whakakī me te māngaro hei whakahaere i te tātari. Ko te taumaha o te wai he tata ki te 8.6-9.0 pauna ia karani, ā, ko te pēhanga tāpiri e hiahiatia ana hei pēhanga nui rawa atu i te hanganga ka pā ki te takirere kōkō.
Mena ka puta he ngaronga, ka taea tonu te keri, ki te tika te ngaronga, ka taea te whakatuwhera i te kōkō kia tata ake te pēhanga rere ki te pēhanga puna, ka taea rānei te kati i te kōkō mō tētahi wā tae noa ki te whakatikatika i te ngaronga. Mō te whakahaere pēhanga, he pai ake te ngāwari me te urutau o ngā ngongo koiri i ngā taputapu keri noa.
Ko tētahi atu rautaki ka taea hoki te whakaaro ina keri ana me ngā ngongo kopikopiko ko te huri ki te keri kore taurite i te wā tonu ka whiti te pakaru nui-permeability, ka whakatau i te raruraru o te turuturu me te pupuri i te hua o te pakaru. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ki te kore e tūtaki ngā pakaru, ka taea te whakaoti i te puna i te utu iti. Heoi, ki te whiti ngā pakaru, ka tiakina te hanganga mai i te kino, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga mā te keri kore taurite. Mā te taputapu tika me te hoahoa ara tika, neke atu i te 7,000 putu ka taea te haere i Austin Chalka.
whakawhanui. E whakaahua ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā ariā me ngā whakaaro i te wā e whakamahere ana i ngā kaupapa keri anō utu iti mā te whakamahi i te keri CT. Ka paku rerekē ia tono, ā, e kapi ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā whakaaro matua. Kua pakeke te hangarau CTD, engari kua rāhuitia ngā tono mō ngā wāhanga motuhake e rua i tautoko i te hangarau i ōna tau tōmua. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hangarau CTD ināianei me te kore e hiahiatia he herenga pūtea mō tētahi mahi roa.
te pūmanawa uara. E rau mano ngā puna whakaputa me kati i te mutunga, engari kei te mau tonu ngā rahinga hinu me te hau arumoni kei muri i te paipa. Mā te CTD ka taea te whakaroa i ngā tukunga me te pupuri i ngā rahui taha me te iti o te whakapaunga whakapaipai. Ka taea hoki te kawe mai i ngā pahu ki te mākete i roto i te wā poto noa, e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakamahi i ngā utu teitei i roto i ngā wiki kaua i ngā marama, me te kore e hiahiatia he kirimana roa.
He painga nui ki te umanga katoa ngā whakapainga whai hua, ahakoa he mamati, he whakapainga taiao, he whakapainga whakahaere rānei. Kua whai wāhi ngā paipa kōpiko ki te whakaheke i ngā utu i ētahi wāhanga o te ao, ā, nā te mea kei te huri haere te umanga, ka taea e ia te whakaputa i ngā painga ōrite i runga i te tauine nui ake.