Kubhalwe kakuhle ukuba ukuphucuka okongeziweyo kumdlalo weembaleki kunokuqokelelana ukudala iqela eliphumelelayo. Imisebenzi ye-Oilfield ayifani kwaye kubalulekile ukusebenzisa eli thuba ukuphelisa iindleko zokungenelela ngokungeyomfuneko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba amaxabiso e-oyile, njengeshishini sijongene noxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho kunye noluntu ukuba lusebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Kwimeko ekhoyo ngoku, ukukhupha i-barrel yokugqibela yeoli kwii-asethi ezikhoyo ngokuzisa kwakhona kunye nokugrumba amasebe kwimithombo ekhoyo isicwangciso esilumkileyo nesingabizi kakhulu - ngaphandle kokuba singenziwa ngeendleko ezifanelekileyo. I-coiled tubing drilling (CT) bubuchwepheshe obungasetyenziswanga obuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa nokugaya okuqhelekileyo. Eli nqaku lichaza indlela abaqhubi abanokusebenzisa ngayo inzuzo esebenzayo enokuthi i-CTD ibonelele ukunciphisa iindleko.
ukungena ngempumelelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, itekhnoloji yokomba i-tubing edibeneyo (CTD) ifumene ii-niches ezimbini eziphumeleleyo kodwa ezahlukileyo e-Alaska kunye nakuMbindi Mpuma, umkhiwane. 1. KuMntla Merika, obu bugcisa abukasetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-drillless drilling, ichaza indlela itekhnoloji ye-CTD enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukukhupha oovimba abadlulayo ngasemva kombhobho ngexabiso eliphantsi; kwezinye iimeko, ixesha lokuhlawula lesebe elitsha linokulinganiswa ngeenyanga. I-CTD ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela kwizicelo zeendleko eziphantsi, kodwa inzuzo engokwemvelo ye-CT yemisebenzi engalinganiyo inokubonelela ngokuguquguquka okusebenzayo okunokunyusa kakhulu izinga lempumelelo kwi-wellbore nganye kwintsimi ephelile.
I-CTD isetyenzisiwe ekwembeni okungalungelelananga ukwandisa imveliso kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zeoyile kunye negesi. Olu setyenziso lwetekhnoloji luye lwasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kakhulu kwiindawo ezinciphayo ezinciphayo kuMbindi Mpuma, apho inani lee-CTD rigs liye lanyuka kancinci kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Xa i-CTD engalungelelananga isetyenziswa, inokubuyiselwa ngamaqula amatsha okanye amaqula akhoyo. Esinye isicelo esikhulu esiyimpumelelo seminyaka emininzi se-CTD sikwi-North Slope yaseAlaska, apho i-CTD ibonelela ngendlela eneendleko eziphantsi ukuphinda kugunyaziswe amaqula amadala kunye nokwandisa imveliso. Itekhnoloji kwesi sicelo inyusa kakhulu inani lemibhobho yomda ekhoyo kubavelisi baseNorth Slope.
Ukonyuka kobuchule bukhokelela kwiindleko eziphantsi. I-CTD inokubiza kakhulu kunokwemba okuqhelekileyo ngezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, sibona oku kwiindleko ezipheleleyo ngomgqomo ngamnye, ukungena okuncinci kwakhona nge-CTD kunokungena kwamaqula amatsha. Okwesibini, siyibona ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kweendleko kakuhle ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwetyhubhu edibeneyo. Nazi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunye neenzuzo:
ukulandelelana kwemisebenzi. Ukuqhuba ngaphandle kwerigi, i-CTD yayo yonke imisebenzi, okanye indibaniselwano yezixhobo zokusebenza kunye netyhubhu edibeneyo inokwenzeka. Isigqibo malunga nendlela yokwakha iprojekthi ixhomekeke ekufumanekeni kunye noqoqosho lwababoneleli ngenkonzo kwindawo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza, i-wireline rigs kunye ne-tubing edibeneyo inokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi malunga nexesha kunye neendleko. Amanyathelo ngokubanzi aquka:
Amanyathelo 3, 4 kunye ne-5 angenziwa ngokusebenzisa iphakheji ye-CTD. Amanqanaba aseleyo kufuneka aqhutywe liqela lokuhlaziya. Kwiimeko apho izixhobo zokusebenza zingabizi kakhulu, ukuphuma kwe-casing kunokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe iphakheji ye-CTD. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iphakheji ye-CTD ihlawulwa kuphela xa ixabiso eliphezulu linikezelwa.
Isisombululo esona sihle kakhulu kuMntla Melika siqhele ukwenza amanyathelo 1, 2 kunye ne-3 kumaqula amaninzi kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ngaphambi kokuphumeza iphakheji ye-CTD. Imisebenzi ye-CTD inokuhlala nje iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezine, kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo ekujoliswe kulo. Ke, ibhlokhi yokulungiswa kwakhona inokulandela ukusebenza kwe-CTD, kwaye ke iphakheji ye-CTD kunye nephakheji yokuhlaziya isenziwa kwi-tandem epheleleyo.
Ukuphucula izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokulandelelana kwemisebenzi kunokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwiindleko zokusebenza ngokubanzi. Ukufumana phi ukugcinwa kweendleko kuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusebenza. Endaweni ethile umsebenzi wokugrumba kunye neeyunithi zokusebenza kuyacetyiswa, kwezinye iimeko ukusetyenziswa kweeyunithi zetyhubhu ezidityanisiweyo ukwenza wonke umsebenzi kunokuba sisisombululo esona sisombululo.
Kwezinye iindawo, kuya kuba neendleko ezifanelekileyo ukuba neenkqubo ezimbini zokubuyisela ulwelo kwaye ufake eyesibini xa kugrunjwa iqula lokuqala. Iphakheji yamanzi evela kwiqula lokuqala idluliselwa kwiqula lesibini, i. ngokubhola ipakethe. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokomba kwiqula ngalinye kwaye kunciphisa iindleko. Ukuguquguquka kwemibhobho eguquguqukayo kuvumela ukucwangciswa okuphuculweyo ukunyusa ixesha kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Amandla okulawula uxinzelelo olungenakulinganiswa. Obona buchule bucacileyo be-CTD lulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-wellbore. Iiyunithi zetyhubhu ezidityanisiweyo zenzelwe ukusebenza ngokungalungelelananga, kwaye zombini ukomba ongezantsi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kunokusebenzisa imikrwelo ye-BHP njengomgangatho.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintshe ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwimisebenzi yokugaya ukuya kwi-controlled overbalance operations to control overbalance operations to underbalanced operations. Ngaphambili, ii-CTDs zazithathwa njengezilinganiselwe kubude obusecaleni obunokuthi bugqwetywe. Okwangoku, izithintelo ziye zanda kakhulu, njengoko kubonakaliswe yiprojekthi yakutshanje kwi-North Slope yaseAlaska, engaphezulu kweenyawo ze-7,000 kwicala elinqamlezayo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa izikhokelo ezijikelezayo ngokuqhubekayo, iikhoyili ezinkulu zedayamitha kunye nezixhobo zokufikelela ixesha elide kwi-BHA.
Izixhobo ezifunekayo kwi-CTD yokupakisha. Isixhobo esifunekayo kwiphakheji ye-CTD sixhomekeke kwindawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokuba ngaba ukhetho lokutsalwa luyafuneka. Utshintsho lwenzeka ikakhulu kwicala lokubuya lolwelo. Uxhulumaniso olulula lwenaliti ye-nitrogen lunokubekwa lula ngaphakathi kwimpompo, ilungele ukutshintshela kwi-drilling yamanqanaba amabini ukuba kuyimfuneko, umkhiwane. 3. Iimpompo ze-nitrogen zilula ukudibanisa kwiindawo ezininzi e-United States. Ukuba kukho imfuneko yokutshintshela kwimisebenzi yokugaya engafanelekanga, ubunjineli obucatshangelwayo bufunekayo kwicala elingasemva ukubonelela ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Ilungu lokuqala ezantsi komjelo wesitaki sothintelo lokuvuthela yi-throttle manifold. Lo ngumgangatho wayo yonke imisebenzi yokomba ye-CT esetyenziselwa ukulawula uxinzelelo lomngxuma ongezantsi. Isixhobo esilandelayo sisiqhekeza. Xa usebenza ngokugqithisileyo, ukuba i-drawdown ayibonwanga kwangaphambili, oku kunokuba yinto elula yokugaya i-gas separator, enokuthi igqithwe ukuba imeko yokulawula iqula ayisonjululwanga. Ukuba i-drawdown ilindeleke, mhlawumbi i-3-phase okanye i-4-isigaba se-separators inokwakhiwa ukusuka ekuqaleni, okanye ukubhola kunokumiswa kwaye kufakwe isahluli esipheleleyo. Isahluli kufuneka siqhagamshelwe kwiiflare zomqondiso ezibekwe kumgama okhuselekileyo.
Emva kwesahluli kuya kubakho iitanki ezisetyenziswa njengemingxuma. Ukuba kuyenzeka, ezi zinokuba ngamatanki alula avuleke phezulu okanye iifama zeetanki zemveliso. Ngenxa yobuncinci be-sludge xa ​​uphinda ufaka i-CTD, akukho mfuneko ye-shaker. I-sludge iya kuhlala kwi-separator okanye kwelinye lamatanki e-hydraulic fracturing. Ukuba isahluli asisetyenziswa, faka iibhaffles etankini ukunceda ukwahlula imijelo ye-weir yokwahlula. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukuvula i-centrifuge eqhagamshelwe kwinqanaba lokugqibela ukuze kususwe izinto eziqinileyo eziseleyo phambi kokuba ziphinde zijikelezwe. Ukuba unqwenela, itanki yokuxuba inokubandakanywa kwitanki / inkqubo yomgodi ukuxuba inkqubo elula yokugaya i-solid-free drilling, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ulwelo oludityanisiweyo oludityanisiweyo lunokuthengwa. Emva komthombo wokuqala, kufuneka kwenzeke ukuhambisa udaka oluxubileyo phakathi kwamaqula kwaye usebenzise inkqubo yodaka ukuze uqhube amaqula amaninzi, ngoko ke itanki yokuxuba kufuneka ifakwe kanye kuphela.
Izilumkiso zolwelo lokomba. Kukho iinketho ezininzi zokwemba ulwelo olufanelekileyo kwi-CTD. Undoqo kukusebenzisa ulwelo olulula olungenawo amasuntswana aqinileyo. Iibrines ezithintelweyo ezineepolymers zisemgangathweni ofanelekileyo okanye olawulwayo wezicelo zoxinzelelo. Olu lwelo lokomba kufuneka lubize ngaphantsi kakhulu kunolwelo lokomba olusetyenziswa kwiiregi zokomba eziqhelekileyo. Oku akugcini nje ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, kodwa kunciphisa naziphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene nelahleko xa kukho ilahleko.
Xa u-drilling underbalanced, le nto inokuba yi-drilling fluid yesigaba ezibini okanye i-single-phase drilling fluid. Oku kuya kuqinisekiswa ngoxinzelelo lwedama kunye noyilo lomthombo. Ulwelo lwenqanaba elinye olusetyenziselwa ukombiwa okungalungelelananga ludla ngokuba ngamanzi, i-brine, i-oyile okanye idizili. Ngamnye kubo unokuncitshiswa ngakumbi kubunzima ngokutofa initrogen ngaxeshanye.
Ukugrumba okungalungelelananga kunokuphucula kakhulu uqoqosho lwenkqubo ngokunciphisa umonakalo/ukonakala komhlaba. Ukugrumba ngeencindi zokomba ezinenqanaba elinye kudla ngokubonakala kubiza kancinci ekuqaleni, kodwa abaqhubi banokuphucula kakhulu uqoqosho lwabo ngokunciphisa umonakalo ongaphezulu komhlaba kunye nokuphelisa ukuvuselela okunexabiso eliphezulu, okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kunyuse imveliso.
Amanqaku kwi-BHA. Xa ukhetha indibano yomngxuma ongezantsi (BHA) ye-CTD, kukho izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, amaxesha okwakha kunye nokuthunyelwa abaluleke kakhulu. Ke ngoko, into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselwe bubude obupheleleyo be-BHA, umkhiwane. 4. I-BHA kufuneka ibe mfutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuba ijikeleze ngokupheleleyo phezu kwevalve engundoqo kwaye ikhusele i-ejector kwivalve.
Ukulandelelana kokuthunyelwa kukubeka i-BHA emngxunyeni, ukubeka i-injector kunye ne-lubricator phezu komngxuma, ukudibanisa i-BHA kwintloko yekhebula elingaphezulu, ukuhoxisa i-BHA kwi-lubricator, ukuhambisa i-injector kunye ne-lubricator emva komngxuma, kunye nokwakha uxhumano. kwi-BOP. Le ndlela ithetha ukuba akukho turret okanye ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo olufunekayo, ukwenza ukuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye kukhuselekile.
Ingqwalasela yesibini luhlobo lokubunjwa olwenziwayo. Kwi-CTD, ukuqhelaniswa kobuso besixhobo sokugaya i-directional kuchongwa yimodyuli ekhokelayo, eyinxalenye ye-BHA yokubhoboza. I-orienteer kufuneka ikwazi ukuzulazula ngokuqhubekayo, okt ukujikeleza ngasekunene okanye ngasekhohlo ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle kokuba ifunwa yi-direction rig yokomba. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ugrumbe umngxuma othe ngqo ngelixa ukhulisa i-WOB kunye nokufikelela ecaleni. Ukonyuka kwe-WOB kwenza kube lula ukugrumba amacala amade okanye amafutshane kwi-ROP ephezulu.
Umzekelo waseMzantsi Texas. Ngaphezu kwama-20,000 amaqula athe tyaba agrunjiweyo kwithafa le-Eagle Ford le-shale. Umdlalo usebenze iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye inani lamaqula asemdeni aya kufuna i-P&A liyanda. Umdlalo usebenze iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye inani lamaqula asemdeni aya kufuna i-P&A liyanda. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество малорентабельных скважин, требущих P&A, увеличивается. Intsimi ibisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwaye inani lamaqula asemdeni afuna i-P&A liyanda.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. I-P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Intsimi ibisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwaye inani lamaqula asecaleni afuna i-P&A liyanda.Onke amaqula amiselwe ukuvelisa i-Eagle Ford Shale iya kudlula kwi-Austin Chalk, i-reservoir eyaziwayo evelise inani lezorhwebo le-hydrocarbons iminyaka emininzi. Isiseko soncedo senziwe ukuze kuthatyathwe ithuba layo nayiphi na imiphanda eyongezelelweyo enokubekwa kwimarike.
Ukugrumba itsheki e-Austin kunento eninzi yokwenza nenkcitho. Ukubunjwa kweCarboniferous fractures, kwaye ilahleko enkulu inokwenzeka xa uwela iifractures ezinkulu. Udaka olusekelwe kwi-oyile ngokuqhelekileyo lusetyenziselwa ukugrumba, ngoko ke iindleko zeebhakethi ezilahlekileyo zodaka olusekwe kwi-oyile zinokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeendleko zequla. Ingxaki ayikho kuphela iindleko zokulahleka kwamanzi okugaya, kodwa kunye noshintsho kwiindleko zequla, ezifuna ukuba ziqwalaselwe xa kulungiselelwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka; ngokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kweendleko zokuqhuba ulwelo, abaqhubi banokusebenzisa i-capital yabo ngokufanelekileyo.
Ulwelo lokugrumba olunokuthi lusetyenziswe yibrine elula engenazo izinto eziqinileyo ezinokulawula uxinzelelo lwemingxuma ephantsi ngokuminxeka. Umzekelo, isisombululo sebrine se-4% se-KCL esiqulethe i-xanthan gum njenge-tackifier kunye nesitashi sokulawula ukuhluzwa kuya kufaneleka. Ubunzima be-fluid malunga ne-8.6-9.0 pounds nganye kwaye nayiphi na ingcinezelo eyongezelelweyo efunekayo ekunyanzeliseni ngokugqithisileyo ukubunjwa kuya kusetyenziswa kwi-valve yokucwina.
Ukuba ilahleko iyenzeka, ukugrumba kunokuqhubela phambili, ukuba ilahleko iyamkeleka, i-choke inokuvulwa ukusondeza uxinzelelo olujikelezayo kuxinzelelo lwe-reservoir, okanye i-choke inokuvalwa ixesha elithile de ilahleko ilungiswe. Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo loxinzelelo, ukuguquguquka kunye nokuguquguquka kwe-tubing edibeneyo kungcono kakhulu kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo zokugaya.
Esinye isicwangciso esinokuthi siqwalaselwe xa ubhobhoza nge-tubing edibeneyo kukutshintshela kwi-drilling underbalanced ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-permeability fracture igqitywe, exazulula ingxaki yokuvuza kunye nokugcina imveliso yokuphuka. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba iifractures aziphambanisi, iqula lingagqitywa ngokuqhelekileyo ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iifractures ziwela, ukubunjwa kukhuselwe emonakalweni kwaye imveliso inokwandiswa ngokugrumba okungaphantsi. Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye noyilo lwetrajectory, ngaphezu kweenyawo ze-7,000 zinokuhanjwa e-Austin Chalka.
jikelele. Eli nqaku lichaza iikhonsepthi kunye nokuqwalaselwa xa kucwangciswa amaphulo okuphinda ahlawule ngexabiso eliphantsi usebenzisa i-CT yokubhola. Isicelo ngasinye siya kwahluka kancinane, kwaye eli nqaku ligubungela iingongoma eziphambili. Itekhnoloji ye-CTD ikhulile, kodwa izicelo zigcinwe kwiindawo ezimbini ezithile ezixhasa iteknoloji kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala. Itekhnoloji ye-CTD ngoku ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuzibophelela kwezemali kumsebenzi wexesha elide.
ixabiso elinokubakho. Kukho amakhulu amawaka emithombo evelisayo ekuya kuthi ekugqibeleni ivalwe, kodwa kusekho umthamo wezorhwebo we-oyile nerhasi ngasemva kwalo mbhobho. I-CTD ibonelela ngendlela yokurhoxisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokukhusela oovimba be-bypass kunye nenkcitho encinci yemali. Iigubhu nazo zinokuziswa emarikeni ngesaziso esifutshane kakhulu, ukuvumela abaqhubi ukuba basebenzise amaxabiso aphezulu kwiiveki kuneenyanga, kwaye ngaphandle kwemfuneko yeekontraki zexesha elide.
Uphuculo olusebenzayo lunceda kulo lonke ishishini, nokuba kukwidijithali, ukuphuculwa kokusingqongileyo okanye ukuphuculwa kokusebenza. I-tubing edibeneyo idlale indima yayo ekuqhubeni iindleko kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi, kwaye ngoku ukuba ishishini liyatshintsha, linokunikezela ngeenzuzo ezifanayo kwinqanaba elikhulu.