Kubhalwe kakuhle ukuba uphuculo oluqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwezemidlalo lunokuqokelelwa ukuze kudalwe iqela eliphumelelayo. Imisebenzi ye-oyile ayifani kwaye kubalulekile ukusebenzisa eli thuba lokuphelisa iindleko zokungenelela ezingeyomfuneko. Nokuba amaxabiso eoyile anjani, njengeshishini sijongene noxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho nolwentlalo ukuze sisebenze kakuhle kangangoko.
Kwimeko yangoku, ukukhupha i-barrel yokugqibela yeoyile kwizinto ezikhoyo ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe kwaye kugrunjwe amasebe kwimigodi ekhoyo licebo elikrelekrele nelingabizi kakhulu - ukuba nje lingenziwa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu. Ukugrunjwa ngetyhubhu ebhiliweyo (CT) bubuchwepheshe obungasetyenziswanga kakuhle obuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa nokugrunjwa okuqhelekileyo. Eli nqaku lichaza indlela abaqhubi abanokusebenzisa ngayo inzuzo yokusebenza kakuhle enokubonelelwa yi-CTD ukunciphisa iindleko.
ukungena okuphumeleleyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubuchwepheshe bokugrumba obucoliweyo (CTD) bufumene iindawo ezimbini eziphumeleleyo kodwa ezahlukeneyo eAlaska naseMbindi Mpuma, umfanekiso 1. EMantla Melika, obu buchwepheshe abukasetyenziswa kakhulu. Okwaziwa ngokuba kukugrumba ngaphandle kokugrumba, buchaza indlela ubuchwepheshe beCTD obunokusetyenziswa ngayo ukukhupha iindawo zokugcina amanzi emva kombhobho ngexabiso eliphantsi; kwezinye iimeko, ixesha lokubuyisela isebe elitsha linokulinganiswa ngeenyanga. I-CTD ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela kwizicelo ezingabizi kakhulu, kodwa inzuzo yendalo ye-CT kwimisebenzi engalinganiyo inokubonelela ngokuguquguquka kokusebenza okunokunyusa kakhulu izinga lempumelelo kwi-wellbore nganye kwintsimi enciphileyo.
I-CTD isetyenzisiwe ekugrumbeni okungalinganiyo ukwandisa imveliso kwiindawo zeoyile negesi eziqhelekileyo eziphelileyo. Olu setyenziso lwetekhnoloji lusetyenziswe ngempumelelo kakhulu kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinciphayo kuMbindi Mpuma, apho inani leerigi ze-CTD liye landa kancinci kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Xa kusetyenziswa i-CTD engalinganiyo, inokuphinda ingeniswe ngokusebenzisa iiqula ezintsha okanye iiqula ezikhoyo. Olunye usetyenziso olukhulu oluphumeleleyo lweminyaka emininzi lwe-CTD lukwiNorth Slope yaseAlaska, apho i-CTD ibonelela ngendlela engabizi kakhulu yokuphinda isebenzise iiqula ezindala kwaye yonyuse imveliso. Itekhnoloji ekule sicelo inyusa kakhulu inani leebharele ze-margin ezifumanekayo kubavelisi baseNorth Slope.
Ukusebenza kakuhle okongeziweyo kukhokelela ekuncipheni kweendleko. I-CTD inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunelokugrumba okuqhelekileyo ngezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, sibona oku kwixabiso lilonke ngebharele, ukungena kwakhona okuncinci nge-CTD kunakwimithombo emitsha yokuzalisa. Okwesibini, sibona ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kweendleko zemithombo ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zetyhubhu ezijijekileyo. Nazi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kakuhle kunye neenzuzo:
ulandelelwano lwemisebenzi. Ukugrumba ngaphandle kwerig, i-CTD kuyo yonke imisebenzi, okanye indibaniselwano yeerig zokusebenzela kunye neetyhubhu ezijijekileyo kunokwenzeka. Isigqibo sendlela yokwakha iprojekthi sixhomekeke ekufumanekeni kunye noqoqosho lwababoneleli beenkonzo kuloo ndawo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, ukusetyenziswa kweerig zokusebenzela, iirig zentambo kunye neetyhubhu ezijijekileyo kunokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ngokubhekiselele kwixesha lokusebenza kunye neendleko. Amanyathelo aqhelekileyo aquka:
Amanyathelo 3, 4 kunye no-5 angenziwa kusetyenziswa iphakheji ye-CTD. Amanqanaba aseleyo kufuneka enziwe liqela elilungisa izinto. Kwimeko apho izixhobo zokusebenza zingabizi kakhulu, ukuphuma kwekhabhathi kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba iphakheji ye-CTD ifakwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iphakheji ye-CTD ihlawulwa kuphela xa ixabiso eliphezulu libonelelwe.
Isisombululo esingcono eMntla Melika sidla ngokwenza amanyathelo 1, 2 kunye no-3 kwimithombo emininzi enezixhobo zokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe iphakheji ye-CTD. Imisebenzi ye-CTD ingathatha iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezine, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngoko ke, ibhloko yokulungisa ingalandela umsebenzi we-CTD, kwaye emva koko iphakheji ye-CTD kunye nephakheji yokulungisa zenziwe ngaxeshanye.
Ukuphucula izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nolandelelwano lwemisebenzi kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwixabiso lilonke lokusebenza. Apho ungafumana khona ukonga iindleko kuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusebenza. Kwindawo ethile umsebenzi wokubhoboza ngaphandle kokubhoboza ngeeyunithi zokusebenza uyacetyiswa, kwezinye iimeko ukusetyenziswa kweeyunithi zetyhubhu ezijijekileyo ukwenza wonke umsebenzi kunokuba sisisombululo esingcono.
Kwezinye iindawo, kuya kuba luncedo kakhulu ukuba neenkqubo ezimbini zokubuyisela ulwelo kwaye ufake owesibini xa kugrunjwa umthombo wokuqala. Iphakheji yolwelo evela kumthombo wokuqala idluliselwa kumthombo wesibini, oko kukuthi, ngephakheji yokugrumba. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokugrumba ngomthombo ngamnye kwaye kunciphisa iindleko. Ukuguquguquka kwemibhobho eguquguqukayo kuvumela ucwangciso oluphuculweyo lokwandisa ixesha lokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Amandla okulawula uxinzelelo angenakuthelekiswa nanto. Amandla acacileyo e-CTD kukulawula ngokuchanekileyo uxinzelelo olune-wellbore. Iiyunithi zetyhubhu ezijijekileyo zenzelwe ukusebenza okungalinganiyo, kwaye zombini ukubhola okungalinganiyo nokungalinganiyo kunokusebenzisa ii-BHP chokes njengesiqhelo.
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintshele ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi yokugrumba uye kwimisebenzi yokulawula uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo ukuya kwimisebenzi engalinganiyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ii-CTD zazithathwa njengezinomlinganiselo kubude obungasecaleni obunokugrunjwa. Okwangoku, imiqathango inyukile kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe yiprojekthi yakutshanje kwiNorth Slope yaseAlaska, engaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-7,000 kwicala elinqamlezileyo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa izikhokelo ezijikelezayo rhoqo, iikhoyili ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo ezifikelela ixesha elide kwi-BHA.
Izixhobo ezifunekayo zokupakisha i-CTD. Izixhobo ezifunekayo kwiphakheji ye-CTD zixhomekeke kwidama kunye nokuba ukhetho lokudonsa luyadingeka na. Utshintsho lwenzeka ikakhulu kwicala lokubuyela kolwelo. Uqhagamshelo olulula lwe-nitrogen injection lunokufakwa lula ngaphakathi kwimpompo, lulungele ukutshintshela ekubholeni okunezigaba ezibini ukuba kuyimfuneko, umzobo 3. Iimpompo ze-nitrogen kulula ukuzihambisa kwiindawo ezininzi eMelika. Ukuba kukho imfuneko yokutshintshela kwimisebenzi yokubhola engalinganiyo, kufuneka ubunjineli obucingisisiweyo ngakumbi kwicala elingasemva ukuze kubonelelwe ngokuguquguquka kokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.
Inxalenye yokuqala esezantsi kwesitaki sokuthintela ukuqhushumba yi-throttle manifold. Lo ngumgangatho wayo yonke imisebenzi yokubhola ye-CT esetyenziselwa ukulawula uxinzelelo lomngxuma osezantsi. Isixhobo esilandelayo sisiqhekeza. Xa usebenza kwi-overbalance, ukuba i-drawdown ayibonwa kwangaphambili, ke le inokuba yindlela elula yokwahlula igesi yokubhola, enokudlula ukuba imeko yokulawula iqula ayisonjululwanga. Ukuba i-drawdown ilindelwe, nokuba ngabahluli bezigaba ezi-3 okanye ezi-4 banokwakhiwa kwasekuqaleni, okanye ukubhola kungamiswa kwaye kufakwe i-separator epheleleyo. I-divider kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kwii-signal flares ezikumgama okhuselekileyo.
Emva kwesahluli kuya kubakho iitanki ezisetyenziswa njengemingxuma. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, ezi zinokuba ziitanki ezilula zokuqhekeza ezivulekileyo okanye iifama zeetanki zemveliso. Ngenxa yobuninzi benkunkuma xa uphinda ufake i-CTD, akukho mfuneko ye-shaker. Inkunkuma iya kuhlala kwi-separator okanye kwenye yeetanki zokuqhekeza ze-hydraulic. Ukuba i-separator ayisetyenziswa, faka ii-baffles etankini ukunceda ukwahlula imingxunya ye-separator weir. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukuvula i-centrifuge eqhagamshelwe kwinqanaba lokugqibela ukususa izinto eziseleyo ngaphambi kokujikeleza kwakhona. Ukuba uyafuna, itanki yokuxuba inokufakwa kwinkqubo yetanki/yomngxuma ukuxuba inkqubo elula yolwelo lokubhola engenazo izinto eziqinileyo, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ulwelo lokubhola oluxutyiweyo kwangaphambili lunokuthengwa. Emva kwequla lokuqala, kuya kufuneka kube nokwenzeka ukuhambisa udaka oluxutyiweyo phakathi kwemingxuma kwaye usebenzise inkqubo yodaka ukubhola imingxuma emininzi, ngoko ke itanki yokuxuba kufuneka ifakwe kube kanye kuphela.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko malunga nolwelo lokugrumba. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolwelo lokugrumba olufanelekileyo kwi-CTD. Eyona nto iphambili kukusebenzisa ulwelo olulula olungenazo iinxalenye eziqinileyo. Iibrines ezithintelweyo ezineepolymers zisemgangathweni wokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluhle okanye olulawulwayo. Olu lwelo lokugrumba kufuneka lubize kancinci kakhulu kunolwelo lokugrumba olusetyenziswa kwiirigi zokugrumba eziqhelekileyo. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela iindleko zokusebenza, kodwa kukwanciphisa naziphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene nelahleko xa kukho ilahleko.
Xa ukubhola kungalingani, oku kungaba lulwelo lokubhola olunezigaba ezibini okanye ulwelo lokubhola olunezigaba ezibini. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuxinzelelo lwedama kunye noyilo lomthombo. Ulwelo olunezigaba ezibini olusetyenziselwa ukubhola olungenakulinganiswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamanzi, ityuwa, ioyile okanye idizili. Nganye kuzo inokunciphisa ubunzima ngokufaka initrogen ngaxeshanye.
Ukugrumba okungalinganiyo kunokuphucula kakhulu uqoqosho lwenkqubo ngokunciphisa umonakalo/ukungcola komaleko womphezulu. Ukugrumba ngolwelo lokugrumba lwesigaba esinye kudla ngokubonakala kungabizi kakhulu ekuqaleni, kodwa abaqhubi banokuluphucula kakhulu uqoqosho lwabo ngokunciphisa umonakalo womphezulu kunye nokuphelisa ukuvuselela okubizayo, okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kwandise imveliso.
Amanqaku nge-BHA. Xa ukhetha indibano yomngxuma osezantsi (BHA) ye-CTD, kukho izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, amaxesha okwakha kunye nokufakwa kwawo abaluleke kakhulu. Ke ngoko, into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselwe bubude be-BHA iyonke, umzobo 4. I-BHA kufuneka ibe mfutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuba ijike ngokupheleleyo phezu kwevalvu ephambili kwaye ikhusele i-ejector kwivalvu.
Ulandelelwano lokufakwa kukubeka i-BHA emngxunyeni, ukubeka i-injector kunye ne-lubricator phezu komngxunya, ukuhlanganisa i-BHA entloko yentambo yomphezulu, ukubuyisela i-BHA kwi-lubricator, ukubuyisela i-injector kunye ne-lubricator emngxunyeni, kunye nokwakha uqhagamshelo kwi-BOP. Le ndlela ithetha ukuba akukho mfuneko yokufakwa kwe-turret okanye uxinzelelo, okwenza ukufakwa kube ngokukhawuleza nangokukhuselekileyo.
Into yesibini ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kuhlobo lokwakheka okugrunjwayo. Kwi-CTD, indlela ejongwa ngayo ubuso besixhobo sokugrumba kwicala imiselwa yimodyuli ekhokelayo, eyinxalenye ye-BHA yokugrumba. I-orienteer kufuneka ikwazi ukuhamba ngokuqhubekekayo, oko kukuthi, ijikeleze ngokwewotshi okanye ngokuchasene newotshi ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle kokuba kufuneka yi-rig yokugrumba kwicala. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ugrumbe umngxuma othe tye ngokugqibeleleyo ngelixa ukhulisa i-WOB kunye nokufikelela ecaleni. Ukwanda kwe-WOB kwenza kube lula ukugrumba amacala amade okanye amafutshane kwi-ROP ephezulu.
Umzekelo waseMzantsi Texas. Kuye kwagrunjwa imithombo engaphezulu kwama-20,000 ethe tyaba kumasimi e-Eagle Ford shale. Lo mdlalo ubusebenza kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye inani leendawo ezifuna i-P&A liyanda. Lo mdlalo ubusebenza kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye inani leendawo ezifuna i-P&A liyanda. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество малорентабельных скважин, требущих P&A, увеличивается. Eli candelo lisebenze kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwaye inani lemithombo engaphantsi efuna i-P&A liyanda.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. I-P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Eli candelo lisebenze kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwaye inani leemithombo ezisecaleni ezifuna i-P&A liyanda.Zonke iiqula eziza kuvelisa iEagle Ford Shale ziza kudlula kwiAustin Chalk, ichibi elaziwayo eliye lavelisa iihydrocarbons ezininzi zorhwebo kangangeminyaka emininzi. Kubekwe iziseko zophuhliso ukuze kusetyenziswe naziphi na iibharele ezongezelelweyo ezinokufakwa kwimarike.
Ukugrumba ngetshokhwe e-Austin kunento eninzi yokwenza nokuchitha imali. Ukwakheka kwe-carboniferous kuyaqhekeka, kwaye ilahleko enkulu inokwenzeka xa kunqunyulwa iimfanta ezinkulu. Udaka olusekelwe kwioyile ludla ngokusetyenziselwa ukugrumba, ngoko ke ixabiso leebhakethi ezilahlekileyo zodaka olusekelwe kwioyile linokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yexabiso lequla. Ingxaki ayikokuphela kwexabiso lolwelo lokugrumba olulahlekileyo, kodwa kukwakho notshintsho kwiindleko zequla, ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kulungiselelwa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lonyaka; ngokunciphisa umahluko kwiindleko zolwelo lokugrumba, abaqhubi banokusebenzisa imali yabo ngokufanelekileyo.
Ulwelo lokubhoboza olunokusetyenziswa lulwelo olulula olungenazo izinto eziqinileyo olunokulawula uxinzelelo olungaphantsi komngxuma ngee-chokes. Umzekelo, isisombululo se-4% se-KCL brine esine-xanthan gum njenge-tackifier kunye ne-starch ukulawula ukuhluza kuya kufaneleka. Ubunzima bolwelo bumalunga ne-8.6-9.0 yeepawundi ngegaloni kwaye naluphi na uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo olufunekayo ukuze kucinezelwe kakhulu ukwakheka kuya kufakwa kwi-choke valve.
Ukuba kukho ilahleko, ukubhoboza kungaqhubeka, ukuba ilahleko iyamkeleka, ukubhoboza kungavulwa ukuze kusondele uxinzelelo olujikelezayo kuxinzelelo lwe-reservoir, okanye ukubhoboza kungade kuvalwe ixesha elithile de ilahleko ilungiswe. Ngokuphathelele ulawulo loxinzelelo, ukuguquguquka kunye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kweetyhubhu ezijijekileyo kungcono kakhulu kunezixhobo zokubhoboza eziqhelekileyo.
Elinye icebo elinokuqwalaselwa xa kugrunjwa ngetyhubhu ejijekileyo kukutshintshela ekugrumbeni okungalinganiyo ngokukhawuleza nje xa kugrunjwe ukwaphuka okuphezulu, okusombulula ingxaki yokuvuza nokugcina imveliso yokuqhekeka. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ukwaphuka akudibani, umthombo ungagqitywa ngokuqhelekileyo ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukwaphuka kuyadibaniswa, ukwakheka kuyakhuseleka ekonakaleni kwaye imveliso inokwandiswa ngokugrumba okungalinganiyo. Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye noyilo lwendlela, kunokuhanjwa ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-7,000 e-Austin Chalka.
qulunqa ngokubanzi. Eli nqaku lichaza iingcamango kunye nezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kucetywa amaphulo okugrumba kwakhona ngexabiso eliphantsi kusetyenziswa ukugrumba nge-CT. Isicelo ngasinye siya kwahluka kancinci, kwaye eli nqaku ligubungela izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Itekhnoloji ye-CTD ikhulile, kodwa izicelo zigcinelwe iindawo ezimbini ezithile ezazixhasa le teknoloji kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala. Itekhnoloji ye-CTD ngoku ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ngokwezimali kumsebenzi wexesha elide.
ixabiso elinokubakho. Kukho amakhulu amawaka emithombo yokuvelisa eya kufuneka ivalwe ekugqibeleni, kodwa kusekho inani le-oyile negesi zorhwebo emva kombhobho. I-CTD ibonelela ngendlela yokulibazisa ukukhutshwa nokukhusela iindawo zokugcina amanzi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eninzi. Iidrama nazo zingaziswa kwimarike ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuba basebenzise amaxabiso aphezulu kwiiveki endaweni yeenyanga, kwaye ngaphandle kwemfuneko yezivumelwano zexesha elide.
Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kuzuzisa lonke eli shishini, nokuba kukusetyenziswa kwedijithali, ukuphuculwa kokusingqongileyo okanye ukuphuculwa kokusebenza. Ukufakelwa kwemibhobho ebhityiweyo kudlale indima yayo ekunciphiseni iindleko kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi, kwaye ngoku ekubeni eli shishini litshintsha, linokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezifanayo kwinqanaba elikhulu.