Zalembedwa bwino kuti kusintha pang'onopang'ono pakuchita bwino kwamasewera kumatha kupangidwa kuti pakhale gulu lopambana. Ntchito za Oilfield sizili zosiyana ndipo ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi uwu kuti tipewe ndalama zosafunikira. Mosasamala kanthu za mitengo yamafuta, monga makampani tikukumana ndi mavuto azachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti tigwire ntchito bwino momwe tingathere.
M'malo omwe alipo panopa, kuchotsa mafuta otsala kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zilipo pobwezeretsa ndikubowola nthambi m'zitsime zomwe zilipo ndi njira yanzeru komanso yotsika mtengo - bola ngati zingatheke mopanda ndalama zambiri. Kubowola machubu ozungulira (CT) ndi ukadaulo wosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino womwe umathandizira magwiridwe antchito m'malo ambiri poyerekeza ndi kubowola wamba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe ogwiritsa ntchito angagwiritsire ntchito mwayi wopeza bwino ntchito womwe CTD ingapereke kuti achepetse ndalama.
Kulowa bwino. Mpaka pano, ukadaulo wobowola machubu ozungulira (CTD) wapeza malo awiri opambana koma osiyana ku Alaska ndi Middle East, chithunzi 1. Ku North America, ukadaulo uwu sunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. Wodziwikanso kuti kubowola popanda kubowola, umafotokoza momwe ukadaulo wa CTD ungagwiritsidwire ntchito kutulutsa zosungira zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa payipi pamtengo wotsika; nthawi zina, nthawi yobwezera ya nthambi yatsopano imatha kuyezedwa m'miyezi ingapo. Sikuti CTD yokha ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa, komanso ubwino wa CT pa ntchito zosakwanira bwino ungapereke kusinthasintha kwa ntchito komwe kungawonjezere kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chitsime chilichonse m'munda wochepa.
CTD yagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola zinthu zosakwanira bwino kuti iwonjezere kupanga m'minda yamafuta ndi gasi yomwe yatha kale. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kwagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri m'malo osungiramo zinthu omwe akuchepa mphamvu ya madzi ku Middle East, komwe kuchuluka kwa zida za CTD kwawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Pamene CTD yosakwanira bwino ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso kudzera m'zitsime zatsopano kapena zitsime zomwe zilipo. Ntchito ina yopambana kwambiri ya CTD kwa zaka zambiri ili ku North Slope ya Alaska, komwe CTD imapereka njira yotsika mtengo yobwezeretsanso zitsime zakale ndikuwonjezera kupanga. Ukadaulo womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito uku umawonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa migolo yamadzi yomwe imapezeka kwa opanga a North Slope.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kumabweretsa ndalama zochepa. CTD ikhoza kukhala yotsika mtengo kuposa kuboola wamba pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, tikuona izi mu mtengo wonse pa mbiya, kubwezanso pang'ono kudzera mu CTD kuposa kudzera mu zitsime zatsopano zodzaza. Kachiwiri, tikuona izi mu kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa mtengo wa zitsime chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa machubu ozungulira. Nazi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito bwino ndi zabwino:
Kutsatira ndondomeko ya ntchito. Kuboola popanda chogwirira, CTD pa ntchito zonse, kapena kuphatikiza zida zogwirira ntchito ndi machubu ozungulira n'kotheka. Kusankha momwe mungamangire pulojekitiyi kumadalira kupezeka ndi ndalama za opereka chithandizo m'derali. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirira ntchito, machubu ozungulira ndi machubu ozungulira kungapereke zabwino zambiri pankhani ya nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso ndalama. Njira zambiri zikuphatikizapo:
Masitepe 3, 4 ndi 5 atha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito phukusi la CTD. Magawo otsalawo ayenera kuchitidwa ndi gulu lokonzanso. Ngati zida zogwirira ntchito zili zotsika mtengo, njira zotulukira m'mabokosi zitha kuchitika phukusi la CTD lisanakhazikitsidwe. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti phukusi la CTD limalipidwa pokhapokha ngati mtengo wake wapamwamba waperekedwa.
Yankho labwino kwambiri ku North America nthawi zambiri ndikuchita masitepe 1, 2 ndi 3 pa zitsime zingapo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirira ntchito musanagwiritse ntchito phukusi la CTD. Ntchito za CTD zimatha kupitilira masiku awiri kapena anayi, kutengera kapangidwe ka cholinga. Chifukwa chake, block yokonzanso imatha kutsatira ntchito ya CTD, kenako phukusi la CTD ndi phukusi lokonzanso zimachitika nthawi imodzi.
Kukonza bwino zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ndondomeko ya ntchito kungathandize kwambiri pa mtengo wonse wa ntchito. Komwe mungapeze ndalama zosungira ndalama kumadalira malo ogwirira ntchito. Kumalo ena ntchito yopanda kuboola yokhala ndi mayunitsi ogwirira ntchito imalimbikitsidwa, nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi ozungulira kuti agwire ntchito yonse kungakhale yankho labwino kwambiri.
M'malo ena, zimakhala zotsika mtengo kukhala ndi njira ziwiri zobwezeretsera madzi ndikuyika yachiwiri chitsime choyamba chikabowoledwa. Phukusi lamadzi kuchokera pachitsime choyamba limasamutsidwira ku chitsime chachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, ndi phukusi lobowola. Izi zimachepetsa nthawi yobowola pa chitsime chilichonse ndikuchepetsa ndalama. Kusinthasintha kwa mapaipi osinthasintha kumalola kukonzekera bwino kuti nthawi yogwira ntchito ikhale yokwanira komanso kuchepetsa ndalama.
Mphamvu zosayerekezeka zowongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi. Mphamvu yodziwika bwino ya CTD ndi kuwongolera molondola kuthamanga kwa magazi m'chitsime. Ma chubu ozungulira amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mopanda kulinganiza bwino, ndipo kuboola kopanda kulinganiza bwino komanso kopanda kulinganiza bwino kungagwiritse ntchito ma choke a BHP ngati muyezo.
Monga tanenera kale, n'zothekanso kusintha mwachangu kuchoka pa ntchito zobowola kupita ku ntchito zowongolera kuthamanga kwambiri kupita ku ntchito zosakwanira. M'mbuyomu, ma CTD ankaonedwa kuti ndi ochepa kutalika kwa mbali komwe angabowoledwe. Pakadali pano, zoletsa zawonjezeka kwambiri, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi pulojekiti yaposachedwa pa North Slope ya Alaska, yomwe ili ndi mamita opitilira 7,000 mbali yopingasa. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito malangizo ozungulira mosalekeza, ma coil akuluakulu a mainchesi ndi zida zofikira zazitali mu BHA.
Zipangizo zofunika pokonza ma CD a CTD. Zipangizo zofunika pa phukusi la CTD zimadalira malo osungiramo madzi komanso ngati kusankha kotsitsa madzi kukufunika. Kusintha kumachitika makamaka mbali yobwerera kwa madzi. Kulumikizana kosavuta kwa nayitrogeni kumatha kuyikidwa mosavuta mkati mwa pampu, kokonzeka kusinthana ndi kuboola magawo awiri ngati pakufunika kutero, chithunzi 3. Mapampu a nayitrogeni ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito m'malo ambiri ku United States. Ngati pakufunika kusintha kupita ku ntchito zoboola zosakwanira, uinjiniya woganiza bwino umafunika kumbuyo kuti upereke kusinthasintha kwa ntchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama.
Gawo loyamba pansi pa chivundikiro cha choletsa kuphulika ndi throttle manifold. Iyi ndiye muyezo wa ntchito zonse zobowola za CT zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa dzenje la pansi. Chipangizo chotsatira ndi chogawa. Mukamagwira ntchito yowonjezereka, ngati kugwetsa sikunakonzedweratu, ndiye kuti iyi ikhoza kukhala chogawanitsa chosavuta chobowola gasi, chomwe chingalandiridwe ngati vuto lowongolera chitsime silinathetsedwe. Ngati kugwetsa kukuyembekezeredwa, olekanitsa a magawo atatu kapena anayi akhoza kumangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi, kapena kubowola kumatha kuyimitsidwa ndikuyika chogawanitsa chonse. Chogawanitsacho chiyenera kulumikizidwa ku zizindikiro zomwe zili patali.
Pambuyo pa cholekanitsa, padzakhala matanki ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mabowo. Ngati n'kotheka, awa akhoza kukhala matanki otseguka pamwamba ophwanyika kapena minda ya matanki opangira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa kwa matope mukayikanso CTD, sipadzakhala chifukwa chogwedeza. Dothi lidzakhazikika mu cholekanitsa kapena mu imodzi mwa matanki ophwanyika a hydraulic. Ngati cholekanitsa sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ikani ma baffles mu thanki kuti athandize kulekanitsa mipata ya wolekanitsa. Gawo lotsatira ndikuyatsa centrifuge yolumikizidwa ku gawo lomaliza kuti muchotse zolimba zotsala musanazibwezeretse. Ngati mukufuna, thanki yosakanizira ikhoza kuphatikizidwa mu thanki/dongosolo la dzenje kuti musakanize njira yosavuta yobowolera madzi yopanda zolimba, kapena nthawi zina, madzi obowolera osakanikirana kale angagulidwe. Pambuyo pa chitsime choyamba, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kusuntha matope osakanikirana pakati pa zitsime ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ya matope kubowola zitsime zingapo, kotero thanki yosakanizira iyenera kuyikidwa kamodzi kokha.
Machenjezo okhudza madzi obowola. Pali njira zingapo zopangira madzi obowola oyenera CTD. Chofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi osavuta omwe alibe tinthu tolimba. Madzi otsekemera okhala ndi ma polima ndi ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zabwino kapena zowongolera. Madzi obowola awa ayenera kukhala otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa madzi obowola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina obowola wamba. Izi sizimangochepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zina zokhudzana ndi kutayika ngati patayika.
Pobowola molakwika, izi zitha kukhala madzi obowola a magawo awiri kapena madzi obowola a gawo limodzi. Izi zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi osungiramo madzi ndi kapangidwe ka chitsime. Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola molakwika nthawi zambiri amakhala madzi, madzi amchere, mafuta kapena dizilo. Chilichonse mwa izi chingachepe kwambiri poika nayitrogeni nthawi imodzi.
Kuboola mopanda dongosolo kungathandize kwambiri pa zachuma za dongosolo mwa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka/kuipitsidwa kwa pamwamba pa nthaka. Kuboola pogwiritsa ntchito madzi oboola a gawo limodzi nthawi zambiri kumaoneka ngati kotsika mtengo poyamba, koma ogwira ntchito amatha kusintha kwambiri zachuma chawo mwa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba ndikuchotsa zolimbikitsa zokwera mtengo, zomwe pamapeto pake zidzawonjezera kupanga.
Mfundo Zokhudza BHA. Posankha cholumikizira dzenje pansi (BHA) cha CTD, pali zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira. Monga tanenera kale, nthawi yomangira ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chinthu choyamba choyenera kuganizira ndi kutalika konse kwa BHA, chithunzi 4. BHA iyenera kukhala yayifupi mokwanira kuti izungulire mokwanira pamwamba pa valavu yayikulu ndikutetezabe ejector kuchokera ku valavu.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuyika BHA m'dzenje, kuyika injector ndi lubricator pamwamba pa dzenje, kusonkhanitsa BHA pamutu wa chingwe pamwamba, kubweza BHA mu lubricator, kusuntha injector ndi lubricator kubwerera m'dzenje, ndikumanga kulumikizana ndi BOP. Njira iyi imatanthauza kuti palibe kufunikira kwa turret kapena kupanikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyika kukhale kosavuta komanso kotetezeka.
Chachiwiri chomwe muyenera kuganizira ndi mtundu wa kapangidwe kamene kakubooledwa. Mu CTD, momwe chida choboolera chimayang'ana mbali imadziwikira ndi module yotsogolera, yomwe ndi gawo la BHA yoboolera. Woyang'anira ayenera kukhala wokhoza kuyenda mosalekeza, mwachitsanzo kuzungulira mozungulira wotchi kapena motsutsana ndi wotchi popanda kuyima, pokhapokha ngati chida choboolera chikufunika. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi woboolera dzenje lolunjika bwino pamene mukukulitsa WOB ndi kufikira mbali. Kuwonjezeka kwa WOB kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuboolera mbali zazitali kapena zazifupi pa ROP yapamwamba.
Chitsanzo cha ku South Texas. Zitsime zoposa 20,000 zopingasa zakumba m'minda ya shale ya Eagle Ford. Seweroli lakhala likugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa khumi, ndipo chiwerengero cha zitsime za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zidzafunika P&A chikuwonjezeka. Seweroli lakhala likugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa khumi, ndipo chiwerengero cha zitsime za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zidzafunika P&A chikuwonjezeka. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, ndi количество малорентабельных скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Mundawu wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa khumi ndipo chiwerengero cha zitsime za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimafuna P&A chikuwonjezeka.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, ndi количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Mundawu wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa khumi ndipo chiwerengero cha zitsime za m'mbali zomwe zimafuna P&A chikuwonjezeka.Zitsime zonse zomwe zimapangidwira kupanga Eagle Ford Shale zidzadutsa mu Austin Chalk, malo osungiramo madzi odziwika bwino omwe akhala akupanga ma hydrocarbon ambiri kwa zaka zambiri. Malo osungiramo zinthu akhazikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito migolo ina iliyonse yomwe ingagulitsidwe pamsika.
Kuboola choko ku Austin kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi kutayika kwa ndalama. Mapangidwe a kaboniferous amasweka, ndipo kutayika kwakukulu kumatha kuchitika powoloka mabwinja akuluakulu. Matope ochokera ku mafuta nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poboola, kotero mtengo wa mabaketi otayika a matope ochokera ku mafuta ukhoza kukhala gawo lalikulu la mtengo wa chitsime. Vuto si mtengo wokha wa madzi oboola omwe atayika, komanso kusintha kwa ndalama za chitsime, zomwe ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa pokonzekera bajeti ya pachaka; pochepetsa kusiyana kwa ndalama zamadzi oboola, ogwira ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo moyenera.
Madzi obowola omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi madzi osavuta opanda zinthu zolimba omwe amatha kulamulira kupanikizika kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito choke. Mwachitsanzo, yankho la 4% KCL brine lomwe lili ndi xanthan gum ngati tackifier ndi starch kuti liwongolere kusefa lingakhale loyenera. Kulemera kwa madziwo ndi pafupifupi mapaundi 8.6-9.0 pa galoni ndipo kupanikizika kulikonse kofunikira kuti kupanikizika kwambiri kupangidwe kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa choke valve.
Ngati kutayika kwachitika, kuboola kungapitilizidwe, ngati kutayikako kuli kovomerezeka, choke ikhoza kutsegulidwa kuti kubweretse kuthamanga kwa mpweya pafupi ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi, kapena choke ikhoza kutsekedwa kwa kanthawi mpaka kutayikako kukonzedwa. Ponena za kulamulira kuthamanga, kusinthasintha ndi kusinthasintha kwa machubu ozungulira ndikwabwino kwambiri kuposa zida zoboolera zachizolowezi.
Njira ina yomwe ingaganizidwenso pobowola pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chozungulira ndikusintha kugwiritsa ntchito kubowola kosakwanira bwino nthawi yomweyo kusweka kwamphamvu kwambiri kukadutsa, zomwe zimathetsa vuto la kutuluka kwa madzi ndikusunga kupangika kwa kusweka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati kusweka sikudutsana, chitsimecho chikhoza kumalizidwa bwino pamtengo wotsika. Komabe, ngati kusweka kwadutsa, mapangidwe ake amatetezedwa ku kuwonongeka ndipo kupanga kwake kungakulitsidwe ndi kubowola kosakwanira bwino. Ndi zida zoyenera komanso kapangidwe koyenera, mutha kuyenda mtunda woposa mamita 7,000 ku Austin Chalka.
fotokozani zonse. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo ndi mfundo zofunika kuziganizira pokonzekera ma kampeni obowolanso pogwiritsa ntchito kubowola kwa CT. Ntchito iliyonse idzakhala yosiyana pang'ono, ndipo nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikulu. Ukadaulo wa CTD wakula, koma ntchito zake zasungidwa m'magawo awiri omwe adathandizira ukadaulowu m'zaka zake zoyambirira. Ukadaulo wa CTD tsopano ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kudzipereka pazachuma pantchito yayitali.
kuthekera kwa phindu. Pali zitsime zambirimbiri zopangira mafuta zomwe pamapeto pake zidzatsekedwa, koma pakadali mafuta ndi gasi ambiri omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kumbuyo kwa payipiyi. CTD imapereka njira yochedwetsera kutulutsa mafuta ndikuteteza ndalama zosungira zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ma ng'oma amathanso kugulitsidwa pamsika mwachangu kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yokwera m'masabata osati miyezi ingapo, komanso popanda kufunika kwa mapangano a nthawi yayitali.
Kukonza magwiridwe antchito kumapindulitsa makampani onse, kaya ndi kusintha kwa digito, kusintha kwa chilengedwe kapena kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito. Machubu ozungulira achita gawo lake pochepetsa ndalama m'madera ena padziko lapansi, ndipo tsopano popeza makampani akusintha, akhoza kupereka zabwino zomwezo pamlingo waukulu.