Byaragaragaye neza ko iterambere ryinshi mu mikino ngororamubiri rishobora kwiyongera kugira ngo habeho ikipe itsinze. Ibikorwa bya peteroli nabyo ni umwihariko kandi ni ngombwa kubyaza umusaruro ubu bushobozi kugira ngo haveho ikiguzi cy’ubutabazi kidakenewe. Uko ibiciro bya peteroli byaba biri kose, nk'inganda duhura n'ibibazo by'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza kugira ngo tugire imikorere myiza uko bishoboka kose.
Muri iki gihe, gukuramo peteroli ya nyuma mu mitungo isanzweho binyuze mu kongera gushyiramo no gucukura amashami mu byobo bihari ni ingamba nziza kandi ihendutse - mu gihe ishobora gukorwa ku buryo buhendutse. Gucukura imiyoboro ivanze (CT) ni ikoranabuhanga ridakoreshwa neza rituma imikorere myiza irushaho kuba myiza mu nzego nyinshi ugereranije n'ikoreshwa risanzwe. Iyi nkuru isobanura uburyo abakora bashobora kubyaza umusaruro inyungu CTD ishobora gutanga mu kugabanya ikiguzi.
kwinjira neza. Kugeza ubu, ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura imiyoboro ya coiled tube (CTD) ryabonye ahantu habiri hameze neza ariko hatandukanye muri Alaska no mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, ishusho ya 1. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, iri koranabuhanga ntirirakoreshwa cyane. Rizwi kandi nka drillless drilling, risobanura uburyo ikoranabuhanga rya CTD rishobora gukoreshwa mu gukuramo ibigega by'amazi inyuma y'umuyoboro ku giciro gito; rimwe na rimwe, igihe cyo kwishyura cy'ishami rishya gishobora gupimwa mu mezi. Ntabwo CTD ishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu bikorwa bihendutse, ahubwo n'inyungu ya CT mu bikorwa bidahuje neza ishobora gutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora bushobora kongera cyane igipimo cy'intsinzi kuri buri mwobo mu murima wangiritse.
CTD yakoreshejwe mu gucukura mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kugira ngo yongere umusaruro mu bigega bya peteroli na gaze bisanzwe byangiritse. Iri koreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe neza cyane mu bigega bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mazi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, aho umubare w'ibikoresho bya CTD wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro mu myaka mike ishize. Iyo CTD idakurikije amategeko ikoreshejwe, ishobora kongera gukoreshwa binyuze mu mariba mashya cyangwa amariba asanzwe. Indi mirimo ikomeye ya CTD imaze imyaka myinshi ikoreshwa ni ku gace k'Amajyaruguru ka Alaska, aho CTD itanga uburyo buhendutse bwo kongera gukoresha amariba ashaje no kongera umusaruro. Ikoranabuhanga riri muri ubu buryo ryongera cyane umubare w'amariba y'inyongera aboneka ku bahinzi ba North Slope.
Ubushobozi bwo kongera imikorere butuma ibiciro bigabanuka. CTD ishobora kuba nziza kurusha gucukura bisanzwe kubera impamvu ebyiri. Iya mbere, ibi tubibona mu giciro rusange kuri buri gati, kugaruza amazi binyuze muri CTD bike kurusha kunyura mu byobo bishya byuzuyemo amazi. Iya kabiri, tubibona mu kugabanya ibiciro by'amariba bitewe no kwihutisha imiyoboro. Dore imikorere n'inyungu zitandukanye:
urukurikirane rw'ibikorwa. Gucukura nta mashini ikoresha icyuma, CTD ku bikorwa byose, cyangwa guhuza imashini zikoresha icyuma n'imiyoboro ivanze birashoboka. Gufata icyemezo cy'uko umushinga wakubakwa biterwa n'uko abatanga serivisi baboneka n'amafaranga bahenze muri ako gace. Bitewe n'uko ibintu bimeze, ikoreshwa ry'imashini zikoresha icyuma, imashini zikoresha ibyuma n'imiyoboro ivanze bishobora gutanga inyungu nyinshi mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gukora n'ikiguzi. Intambwe rusange zirimo:
Intambwe ya 3, iya 4 n'iya 5 zishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe paki ya CTD. Ibyiciro bisigaye bigomba gukorwa n'itsinda rishinzwe kuvugurura. Mu gihe ibikoresho byo gukoraho bihendutse, inzira zo gusohokeramo zishobora gukorwa mbere yuko paki ya CTD ishyirwaho. Ibi byemeza ko paki ya CTD yishyurwa gusa iyo agaciro ntarengwa katanzwe.
Igisubizo cyiza muri Amerika ya Ruguru ubusanzwe ni ugukora intambwe ya 1, iya 2 n'iya 3 ku mariba menshi hamwe n'ibikoresho byo gutunganya mbere yo gushyira mu bikorwa paki ya CTD. Ibikorwa bya CTD bishobora kumara iminsi ibiri cyangwa ine, bitewe n'aho intego iherereye. Bityo, urwego rwo kuvugurura rushobora gukurikira igikorwa cya CTD, hanyuma paki ya CTD n'ipaki yo kuvugurura bigakorwa icyarimwe.
Gukoresha neza ibikoresho bikoreshwa n'uburyo ibikorwa bikurikirana bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku giciro rusange cy'ibikorwa. Aho wakura amafaranga yo kuzigama biterwa n'aho ibikorwa bikorerwa. Ahantu hasabwa gucukura nta gucukura hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gukora, mu bindi bihe gukoresha ibikoresho byo gucukura mu gukora imirimo yose bishobora kuba igisubizo cyiza.
Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, bizatwara amafaranga make kugira sisitemu ebyiri zo kugarura amazi no gushyiraho iya kabiri igihe hari iriba rya mbere ricukuwe. Hanyuma ipaki y'amazi ava ku iriba rya mbere yimurirwa ku iriba rya kabiri, ni ukuvuga hakoreshejwe ipaki yo gucukura. Ibi bigabanya igihe cyo gucukura kuri buri iriba kandi bigabanya ikiguzi. Ubworoherane bw'imiyoboro yoroshye butuma habaho igenamigambi ryiza kugira ngo haboneke igihe cyo gukora neza no kugabanya ikiguzi.
Ubushobozi bwo kugenzura umuvuduko ntagereranywa. Ubushobozi bugaragara bwa CTD ni ukugenzura neza umuvuduko w’amazi. Ibikoresho byo gucukura imiyoboro bigizwe n’ibice byabugenewe kugira ngo bikore neza, kandi gucukura bidahuje n’ibice byabugenewe bishobora gukoresha BHP chokes nk’ibisanzwe.
Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, birashoboka kandi guhindura vuba ibikorwa byo gucukura ukajya mu bikorwa byo kugenzura umuvuduko ukabije ukajya mu bikorwa bidahuje. Mu bihe byashize, CTD zafatwaga nk'aho zifite uburebure buke mu ruhande rwashoboraga gucukurwa. Muri iki gihe, amabwiriza yiyongereye cyane, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'umushinga uherutse gukorwa ku gace k'Amajyaruguru ka Alaska, gafite metero zirenga 2.000 mu cyerekezo cyambukiranya. Ibi bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe ubuyobozi buhora buzunguruka, imiyoboro minini y'umurambararo n'ibikoresho birebire muri BHA.
Ibikoresho bikenewe mu gupfunyika CTD. Ibikoresho bikenewe mu gupfunyika CTD biterwa n'ikigega n'uko hakenewe guhitamo aho amazi akura. Impinduka ziba ahanini ku ruhande rwo kugarura amazi. Guhuza nitrogen byoroshye bishobora gushyirwa mu pompe byoroshye, byiteguye guhinduka mu gucukura mu byiciro bibiri bibaye ngombwa, ishusho ya 3. Pompe za azote zoroshye kuzikoresha ahantu henshi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Niba bikenewe guhindura ibikorwa byo gucukura bidahuje neza, hakenewe ubuhanga buhanitse ku ruhande rw'inyuma kugira ngo hatangwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora no kugabanya ikiguzi.
Igice cya mbere kiri munsi y'ikigega cyo gukumira gutwika ni throttle manifold. Iki ni cyo gipimo ngenderwaho mu bikorwa byose byo gucukura CT bikoreshwa mu kugenzura umuvuduko w'umwobo wo hasi. Igikoresho gikurikiraho ni icyuma gitandukanya. Mu gihe cyo gukora ku buringanire burenze urugero, niba icyuma gitandukanya amazi kitateganijwe, iki gishobora kuba igikoresho cyoroshye cyo gucukura gazi, gishobora kwirengagizwa niba ikibazo cyo kugenzura iriba kidakemutse. Niba icyuma gitandukanya amazi cyitezwe, icyuma gitandukanya 3-phase cyangwa 4-phase gishobora kubakwa kuva mu ntangiriro, cyangwa gucukura bishobora guhagarikwa hagashyirwaho icyuma gitandukanya amazi cyose. Iki gice gitandukanya amazi kigomba guhuzwa n'ibimenyetso by'umuriro biri kure y'aho umuntu aherereye.
Nyuma y’aho hashyirwa ibikoresho byo gutandukanya amazi, hazakoreshwa ibigega nk’ibyobo. Niba bishoboka, ibi bishobora kuba ibigega byoroshye byo gutandukanya amazi cyangwa imirima y’ibigega byo gukora. Kubera ko hari ingano nto y’ibigega iyo wongeye gushyiramo CTD, nta mpamvu yo gusimbuza. Ibigega bizahagarara mu gikoresho cyo gutandukanya amazi cyangwa muri kimwe mu bigega byo gutandukanya amazi. Niba igikoresho cyo gutandukanya amazi kidakoreshwa, shyiramo utubumbe mu gikoresho kugira ngo bifashe gutandukanya imiyoboro y’amazi yo gutandukanya amazi. Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugucana icyuma gifata amazi gihujwe n’icyiciro cya nyuma kugira ngo ukureho ibintu bikomeye bisigaye mbere yo kongera kubizunguruka. Niba ubyifuza, ikigega cyo kuvanga gishobora gushyirwa muri sisitemu y’ikigega/icyumba kugira ngo uvange sisitemu yoroshye yo gucukura amazi adafite ibintu bikomeye, cyangwa mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, amazi yo gucukura ashobora kugurwa. Nyuma y’aho hakozwe iriba rya mbere, birashoboka ko hashobora kwimurwa icyondo kivanze hagati y’ibyobo no gukoresha sisitemu yo gucukura amazi menshi, bityo ikigega cyo kuvanga kigomba gushyirwaho rimwe gusa.
Amabwiriza yo kwirinda ku mazi acukurwa. Hari amahitamo menshi yo gucukura akwiriye CTD. Ingingo y'ingenzi ni ugukoresha amazi yoroshye adafite uduce duto. Amazi abuzanywa afite polymer ni yo akoreshwa mu gukoresha ingufu nziza cyangwa zigenzurwa. Aya mazi acukurwa agomba kugurwa make cyane ugereranyije n'amazi acukurwa akoreshwa ku byuma bisanzwe bicukurwa. Ibi ntibigabanya gusa ikiguzi cyo gukora, ahubwo binagabanya ikiguzi cy'inyongera kijyanye n'igihombo mu gihe habayeho igihombo.
Iyo gucukura bidakurikije ubuziranenge, ibi bishobora kuba amazi yo gucukura afite ibyiciro bibiri cyangwa amazi yo gucukura afite icyiciro kimwe. Ibi bizagenwa n'umuvuduko w'ikigega n'imiterere y'iriba. Amazi yo mu cyiciro kimwe akoreshwa mu gucukura adakurikije ubuziranenge akenshi ni amazi, amazi y'umunyu, amavuta cyangwa mazutu. Buri kimwe muri byo gishobora kugabanuka uburemere binyuze mu gutera azote icyarimwe.
Gucukura mu buryo budakurikije amategeko bishobora kunoza cyane ubukungu bw'imikorere y'ibikoresho binyuze mu kugabanya kwangirika/guhumanya imiterere y'ubutaka. Gucukura hakoreshejwe amazi yo gucukura mu buryo bumwe akenshi bisa nkaho bihendutse mu ntangiriro, ariko ababikora bashobora kunoza ubukungu bwabo cyane binyuze mu kugabanya kwangirika kw'ubutaka no gukuraho uburyo buhenze bwo gukangura, ibyo bikazatuma umusaruro wiyongera.
Ingingo kuri BHA. Mu guhitamo ihuriro ry'umwobo wo hasi (BHA) kuri CTD, hari ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi ugomba gusuzuma. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, igihe cyo kubaka n'igihe cyo kuyishyiramo ni ingenzi cyane. Kubwibyo, ikintu cya mbere ugomba gusuzuma ni uburebure rusange bwa BHA, ishusho ya 4. BHA igomba kuba ngufi bihagije kugira ngo izunguruke neza hejuru ya vali nkuru kandi ikomeze gufunga ejector kuri vali.
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo BHA mu mwobo, gushyira injector n'amavuta hejuru y'umwobo, guteranya BHA ku mutwe w'insinga, gusubiza BHA mu cyuma giteramo amavuta, gusubiza injector n'amavuta mu mwobo, hanyuma ukongera guhuza BOP. Ubu buryo busobanura ko nta gukwirakwiza umuyoboro cyangwa ingufu bikenewe, bigatuma gushyiraho umuyoboro byihuse kandi bitekanye.
Icya kabiri cyo kwitabwaho ni ubwoko bw'imiterere icukurwa. Muri CTD, icyerekezo cy'icyikoresho cyo gucukura mu cyerekezo kigenwa na module iyobora, iri muri BHA yo gucukura. Umuntu uyobora agomba kuba ashobora kugenda buri gihe, ni ukuvuga kuzenguruka mu cyerekezo cy'isaha cyangwa mu cyerekezo kinyuranyije n'isaha adahagaze, keretse iyo bibaye ngombwa ko icyuma gicukura mu cyerekezo. Ibi bigufasha gucukura umwobo ugororotse neza mu gihe wongera WOB no kugera ku ruhande. WOB yongerewe ituma byoroha gucukura impande ndende cyangwa ngufi kuri ROP yo hejuru.
Urugero rwa Texas y'Amajyepfo. Amariba arenga 20.000 y'ubutayu yacukuwe mu mirima y'amabuye ya Eagle Ford. Ikinamico imaze imyaka irenga icumi ikora, kandi umubare w'amazi meza azakenera P&A uri kwiyongera. Ikinamico imaze imyaka irenga icumi ikora, kandi umubare w'amazi meza azakenera P&A uri kwiyongera. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количест малорентабельных скв zaин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Iki gikorwa kimaze imyaka irenga icumi gikora kandi umubare w'amazi yo mu nkengero zikenera P&A urimo kwiyongera.P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количестра краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Iki gikorwa kimaze imyaka irenga icumi gikoreshwa kandi umubare w'ibigega byo ku ruhande bisaba P&A urimo kwiyongera.Amariba yose agenewe gukora Eagle Ford Shale azanyura muri Austin Chalk, ikigega kizwi cyane cyakoze ingano y’ibikomoka kuri karubone mu bucuruzi mu myaka myinshi ishize. Hashyizweho ibikorwa remezo kugira ngo haboneke andi mabati ashobora gushyirwa ku isoko.
Gucukura ingwa muri Austin bifitanye isano rikomeye no gupfusha ubusa. Ingano za karuboniferous ziravunika, kandi igihombo kinini gishoboka iyo umuntu anyuze mu kwambuka imvune nini. Icyondo gishingiye kuri peteroli gikunze gukoreshwa mu gucukura, bityo ikiguzi cy'indobo z'icyondo gishingiye kuri peteroli cyatakaye gishobora kuba igice kinini cy'ikiguzi cy'iriba. Ikibazo si ikiguzi cy'amazi yo gucukura yatakaye gusa, ahubwo ni n'impinduka mu biciro by'iriba, ibyo nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gutegura ingengo y'imari y'umwaka; mu kugabanya itandukaniro ry'ibiciro by'amazi yo gucukura, abakora bashobora gukoresha imari yabo neza.
Amazi yo gucukura ashobora gukoreshwa ni amazi yoroshye adafite ibinure ashobora kugenzura umuvuduko w’amazi amanuka mu mwobo hamwe n’ibinure. Urugero, umuti wa KCL w’amazi wa 4% urimo xanthan gum nk’umuyoboro wo gufunga n’ibinyampeke kugira ngo ugenzure kuyungurura byaba byiza. Uburemere bw’amazi ni hagati ya 8.6-9.0 pounds kuri galoni imwe kandi igitutu cy’inyongera gikenewe kugira ngo igitutu cy’amazi gikorwe cyane kizashyirwa kuri valve yo gufunga.
Iyo habayeho igihombo, gucukura bishobora gukomeza, niba igihombo cyemerwa, gufunga bishobora gufungurwa kugira ngo umuvuduko uzenguruka wegereze umuvuduko w’amazi ku gipimo cy’amazi, cyangwa gufunga bishobora no gufungwa igihe runaka kugeza igihe igihombo gikosowe. Mu bijyanye no kugenzura umuvuduko, uburyo bworoshye bwo gucukura imiyoboro izunguruka ni bwiza cyane kuruta uburyo busanzwe bwo gucukura.
Indi ngamba ishobora kandi gusuzumwa mu gihe cyo gucukura hakoreshejwe imiyoboro izunguruka ni uguhindura uburyo bwo gucukura butaringaniye igihe hamaze kwambuka imvune nyinshi, ibyo bigakemura ikibazo cyo kuva amazi kandi bigatuma imvune zikomeza gukora neza. Ibi bivuze ko niba imvune zidahuye, iriba rishobora kuzura mu buryo busanzwe ku giciro gito. Ariko, niba imvune zambutse, imiterere irinzwe kwangirika kandi umusaruro ushobora kwiyongera binyuze mu gucukura budakurikije amategeko. Hamwe n'ibikoresho bikwiye n'imiterere y'inzira, metero zirenga 2.000 zishobora kugendwa muri Austin Chalka.
rusange. Iyi ngingo isobanura ibitekerezo n'ibyo umuntu agomba kwitaho mu gihe ategura ibikorwa byo kongera gucukura ku giciro gito hakoreshejwe CT drilling. Buri porogaramu izaba itandukanye gato, kandi iyi nkuru ikubiyemo ibintu by'ingenzi. Ikoranabuhanga rya CTD ryarakuze, ariko porogaramu zagenewe ibice bibiri byihariye byashyigikiraga ikoranabuhanga mu myaka yaryo ya mbere. Ikoranabuhanga rya CTD ubu rishobora gukoreshwa hatabayeho kwiyemeza amafaranga y'ibikorwa by'igihe kirekire.
ubushobozi bw'agaciro. Hari amariba amagana n'amagana azagomba gufungwa, ariko haracyari ingano y'ubucuruzi ya peteroli na gazi inyuma y'umuyoboro. CTD itanga uburyo bwo gutinda kurekura no gucunga ububiko bw'amazi hakoreshejwe amafaranga make. Ingoma zishobora kandi kugezwa ku isoko mu gihe gito cyane, bigatuma abakora akazi babasha kubyaza umusaruro ibiciro biri hejuru mu byumweru aho kuba mu mezi, kandi nta masezerano y'igihe kirekire.
Kunoza imikorere y’inganda bifitiye akamaro inganda zose, haba mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, kunoza ibidukikije cyangwa kunoza imikorere. Gushyira imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi mu buryo buzinze byagize uruhare mu kugabanya ibiciro mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’isi, none ubu inganda zirimo guhinduka, zishobora gutanga inyungu zimwe ku rwego rwagutse.