Maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuyedza (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) ane maitiro akanangana neprojekiti iri kuyedzwa. Iyo Rockwell T test yakakodzera kuongorora machubhu emadziro akareruka nekucheka chubhu nekureba uye kuyedza madziro kubva padhayamita yemukati kwete dhayamita yekunze.
Kuraira machubhu emota kwakafanana nekuenda kuchitoro chemotokari woraira mota kana rori. Nhasi, sarudzo dzakawanda dziripo dzinobvumira vatengi kugadzirisa mota nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana - mavara emukati nekunze, mapakeji emukati, sarudzo dzekugadzira kunze, sarudzo dzepowertrain, uye sisitimu yeaudio inokwikwidzana nesystem yekuvaraidza kumba. Uchifunga nezvesarudzo idzi dzese, ungasagutsikana nemotokari yakajairika, isina zvinhu zvakawanda.
Mapaipi esimbi ndiwo chaiwo. Ane zviuru zvesarudzo kana kuti specifications. Pamusoro pehukuru, specification yacho inonyora makemikari nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seminimum yield strength (MYS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), uye minimum elongation isati yakundikana. Zvisinei, vazhinji vari muindasitiri iyi—mainjiniya, vamiririri vekutenga, nevagadziri—vanoshandisa shorthands dzinogamuchirwa muindasitiri dzinoda kushandiswa kwe "normal" welded pombi uye dzinongoratidza hunhu humwe chete: kuomarara.
Edza kuodha mota nechinhu chimwe chete ("Ndinoda mota ine otomatiki transmission") uye hauzosvika kure nemutengesi. Anofanira kuzadza fomu reodha rine sarudzo dzakawanda. Pombi ndizvozvo chete - kuti awane pombi yakakodzera yekushandisa, mugadziri wepombi anoda ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura kuomarara chete.
Kuomarara kunova sei chinhu chinotsiva zvimwe zvinhu zvemakanika? Pamwe kwakatanga nemugadziri wepombi. Nekuti kuyedza kuomarara kuri nekukurumidza, kuri nyore, uye kunoda michina isingadhuri, vatengesi vemachubhu vanowanzo shandisa kuyedza kuomarara kuenzanisa machubhu maviri. Kuti vaite kuyedza kuomarara, chavanongoda chete kureba kwakatsetseka kwepombi nechigadziko chekuyedza.
Kuomarara kwechubhu kunoenderana zvakanaka neUTS, uye sekutonga, huwandu hwemaperesenti kana huwandu hwemaperesenti hunobatsira pakufungidzira MYS, saka zviri nyore kuona kuti kuyedza kuomarara kunogona sei kuva proxy yakakodzera kune zvimwe zvinhu.
Uyewo, mimwe miedzo yakaoma kunzwisisa. Kunyange zvazvo kuyedza kuomarara kuchitora miniti imwe chete kana kupfuura pamuchina mumwe chete, kuyedza kweMYS, UTS uye kureba kunoda kugadzirira sampuro uye kuisa mari yakawanda mumidziyo mikuru yemurabhoritari. Sekuenzanisa, zvinotora masekondi mashoma kuti mushandi wechubhu mill aite bvunzo yekuomarara uye maawa kuti nyanzvi yesimbi iite bvunzo yekusimbaradza. Hazvina kuoma kuita ongororo yekuomarara.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti vagadziri vemapombi vane mainjiniya havashandisi bvunzo dzekusimbisa. Zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti vanhu vazhinji vanoishandisa, asi nekuti vanoita bvunzo dzekudzokorora uye dzekudzokorora pamidziyo yavo yese yekuedza, vanoziva zvakanaka nezvemiganhu yebvunzo. Vazhinji vanoshandisa bvunzo dzekuongorora kuomarara kwepombi sechikamu chekugadzirwa, asi havaishandisi kuyera hunhu hwepombi. Uku kungori bvunzo yekupasa/kukundikana.
Sei uchifanira kuziva nezve MYS, UTS uye minimum elongation? Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chubhu ichaita sei kana yaungana.
MYS ndiyo simba diki rinokonzeresa kuchinja kwechigadzirwa zvachose. Kana ukaedza kukotamisa waya yakatwasuka (senge chivharo chejasi) zvishoma wobvisa kumanikidzwa, chimwe chezvinhu zviviri chichaitika: ichadzokera pachimiro chayo chepakutanga (yakatwasuka) kana kuti icharamba yakakotama. Kana ichiri yakatwasuka, hausati wapfuura MYS. Kana ichiri yakakotama, waipfuura.
Zvino, shandisa pliers kuti ubatanidze mativi ese ewaya. Kana ukakwanisa kubvarura waya kuita zvidimbu zviviri, unenge wapfuura UTS yayo. Unoisa simba rakawanda pairi uye une waya mbiri dzinoratidza kushanda nesimba kwako kunopfuura kwevamwe. Kana kureba kwewaya yekutanga kuri 5 inches, uye kureba kuviri mushure mekukundikana kukawedzera kusvika 6 inches, waya inotambanudzwa ne 1 inch, kana 20%. Kuyedzwa kwe elongation chaiyo kunoyerwa mukati mema 2 inches kubva pakutadza, asi chero chii zvacho - pfungwa ye pull wire inoratidza UTS.
Sampuro dzesimbi dzinofanirwa kuchekwa, kukweshwa, uye kuchekwa uchishandisa mhinduro ine acidity shoma (kazhinji nitric acid nealcohol (nitroethanol)) kuti tsanga dzionekwe. 100x magnification inowanzo shandiswa kuongorora tsanga dzesimbi uye kuona saizi yetsanga.
Kuoma kwechinhu kuyedza kuti chinhu chinopindura sei kana charova. Fungidzira kuisa pombi pfupi muvharo rine shaya dzakakombama wobva wavharavharo racho. Pamusoro pekupfavisa pombi, shaya dzevharo dzinosiyawo maburi pamusoro pevharo.
Ndiwo mashandiro anoita bvunzo yekuomarara, asi haina kuomarara. Iyi bvunzo ine saizi yekuomarara inodzorwa uye kumanikidzwa kunodzorwa. Masimba aya anochinja chimiro chepamusoro, zvichiita kuti pave nekudzika kana kuti kudzika. Saizi kana kudzika kwekudzikira kunosarudza kuomarara kwesimbi.
Pakuongorora simbi, bvunzo dzekusimbisa hunyoro dzinozivikanwa ndedzeBrinell, Vickers, naRockwell. Imwe neimwe ine chiyero chayo, uye mimwe ine nzira dzakawanda dzekuyedza, dzakadai seRockwell A, B, naC. Pamapaipi esimbi, ASTM Specification A513 inotaura nezveRockwell B test (yakapfupikiswa seHRB kana RB). Iyo Rockwell B test inoyera mutsauko wekupinda kwesimbi nebhora resimbi rine dhayamita ye 1⁄16-inch pakati pe preload diki uye mutoro wekutanga we 100 kgf. Mugumisiro wakajairika wesimbi yakapfava yakajairwa iHRB 60.
Nyanzvi dzesainzi dzezvinhu dzinoziva kuti kuomarara kwakabatana neUTS. Saka, kuomarara kwakapihwa kunogona kufanotaura UTS. Saizvozvo, vagadziri vemachubhu vanoziva kuti MYS neUTS zvakabatana. Kune pombi dzakasungirirwa, MYS inowanzova 70% kusvika 85% yeUTS. Huwandu chaihwo hunoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzira chubhu. Kuomarara kweHRB 60 kunoenderana neUTS ye60,000 pounds pa square inch (PSI) uye MYS ye80%, kana 48,000 PSI.
Chinonyanya kutaurwa nezvemapaipi mukugadzirwa kwakajairika kuomarara. Pamusoro pehukuru, mainjiniya aive nehanya nekusarudza pombi yemagetsi inodzivirirwa nekudzivirira kupisa (ERW) yakasungirirwa mukati menzvimbo yakanaka yekushanda, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuomarara kwakanyanya kweHRB 60 pamufananidzo wezvikamu. Sarudzo iyi chete inotungamira kune akasiyana-siyana emhando dzekupedzisira dzemakanika, kusanganisira kuomarara pachako.
Chekutanga, kuomarara kweHRB 60 hakutauri zvakawanda. Kuverenga kweHRB 60 inhamba isina chiyero. Zvinhu zvakaongororwa neHRB 59 zvakapfava pane zvakaedzwa neHRB 60, uye HRB 61 yakaoma kupfuura HRB 60, asi zvakadii? Hazvigone kuyerwa sehuwandu (hwakayerwa muma decibels), torque (yakayerwa muma pound-feet), velocity (yakayerwa kure nenguva), kana UTS (yakayerwa muma pounds pa sikweya inch). Kuverenga HRB 60 hakutauri chero chinhu chaicho. Ichi chimiro chezvinhu, asi kwete chimiro chemuviri. Chechipiri, kuyedzwa kwekuomarara hakuna kukodzera kudzokorora kana kuberekazve. Kuongorora nzvimbo mbiri pane sampuli yekuyedza, kunyangwe nzvimbo dzekuyedza dziri pedyo, zvinowanzo konzera mutsauko mukuru mukuverengwa kwekuomarara. Kuwedzera dambudziko iri ndiko rudzi rwebvunzo. Mushure mekunge nzvimbo yayerwa, haigone kuyerwa kechipiri kuti uone mhedzisiro. Kudzokorora kwekuyedza hakugoneki.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti kuyedza kuomarara hakuna kunaka. Kutaura zvazviri, inopa gwara rakanaka reUTS yezvinhu, uye bvunzo iri nyore uye inokurumidza kuitwa. Zvisinei, munhu wese anobatanidzwa mukusarudza, kutenga nekugadzira machubhu anofanira kuziva nezvemiganhu yawo senzira yekuyedza.
Nekuti pombi "dzakajairika" hadzina kunyatsotsanangurwa, kana zvichidikanwa, vagadziri vemapombi vanowanzoideredza kusvika kumhando mbiri dzemapaipi esimbi anonyanya kushandiswa uye mapaipi anotsanangurwa muASTM A513: 1008 na1010. Kunyangwe mushure mekubvisa dzimwe mhando dzese dzemachubhu, mikana maererano nehunhu hwemachubhu emhando mbiri idzi yakavhurika zvakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, mhando dzemachubhu idzi dzine huwandu hwakakura hwehunhu hwemachubhu emhando ipi zvayo.
Semuenzaniso, chubhu inotsanangurwa seyakapfava kana MYS yakaderera uye kureba kwayo kwakakwira, zvinoreva kuti inoshanda zviri nani mukudhonza, kutsauka uye kuiswa pane chubhu inotsanangurwa seyakaoma, ine MYS yakakwira uye kureba kwayo kwakaderera. Izvi zvakafanana nemusiyano uripo pakati pewaya yakapfava neyakaoma, senge machira ejasi uye mabhora.
Kureba pachako chimwe chinhu chine simba guru pakushandiswa kwemapombi akakosha. Machubhu ane kureba kwakanyanya anogona kutsungirira simba rekudhonza; zvinhu zvine kureba kushoma zvinopfava uye nekudaro zviri nyore kutadza kushanda zvakanaka semuchina wekuneta. Zvisinei, kureba hakuna chekuita zvakananga neUTS, inova ndiyo yega mhando yemuchina ine chekuita nekuomarara.
Sei hunhu hwemakanika hwemachubhu huchisiyana zvakanyanya? Chekutanga, kuumbwa kwemakemikari kwakasiyana. Simbi imhinduro yakasimba yesimbi nekabhoni nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha. Kuti zvive nyore, tichangobata nezvikamu zvekabhoni pano. Maatomu ekabhoni anotsiva mamwe maatomu esimbi, zvichigadzira chimiro chekristaro chesimbi. ASTM 1008 igiredhi rekutanga rinosanganisira zvese zvine kabhoni kubva pa0% kusvika 0.10%. Zero inhamba yakakosha kwazvo inogadzira hunhu hwakasiyana kana kabhoni iri musimbi iri yakaderera zvakanyanya. ASTM 1010 inotsanangura huwandu hwekabhoni huri pakati pe0.08% ne0.13%. Misiyano iyi hairatidzike seyakakura, asi yakakura zvakakwana kuita mutsauko mukuru kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Chechipiri, pombi yesimbi inogona kugadzirwa kana kugadzirwa uye yozogadziriswa nenzira nomwe dzakasiyana dzekugadzira. ASTM A513 ine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwepombi yeERW inonyora mhando nomwe:
Kana kuumbwa kwemakemikari esimbi nematanho ekugadzira chubhu kusina simba pakuoma kwesimbi, chii chinonzi? Kupindura mubvunzo uyu zvinoreva kuongorora zvakadzama. Mubvunzo uyu unomutsa mimwe mibvunzo miviri: Ndezvipi zvinhu, uye zvakaswedera pedyo zvakadii?
Tsanangudzo pamusoro petsanga dzinoumba simbi ndiyo mhinduro yekutanga. Kana simbi yagadzirwa pachigadziko chesimbi chikuru, haitonhori kuita bhokisi guru rine chinhu chimwe chete. Sezvo simbi ichitonhorera, mamorekuru esimbi anoronga mukuita mapatani anodzokororwa (makristaro), zvakafanana nekugadzirwa kwechando. Mushure mekunge makristaro aumbwa, anoungana kuita mapoka anonzi tsanga. Sezvo kutonhora kuri kufambira mberi, tsanga dzinokura uye dzinoumbwa mukati mepepa kana plate. Tsanga dzinomira kukura sezvo mamorekuru esimbi ekupedzisira anotorwa netsanga. Zvese izvi zvinoitika padanho re microscopic nekuti tsanga yesimbi yepakati inenge 64 µ kana 0.0025 inches yakafara. Kunyange zvazvo tsanga yega yega yakafanana neinotevera, haina kufanana. Dzinosiyana zvishoma muhukuru, kurongeka uye huwandu hwekabhoni. Kubatana pakati petsanga kunonzi muganhu wetsanga. Kana simbi ikakundikana, semuenzaniso nekuda kwekuneta, inowanzokundikana pamiganhu yetsanga.
Unofanira kutarisa kusvika papi kuti uone tsanga dzinoonekwa? Kukura ka100, kana kuti kuona kwevanhu ka100, kwakakwana. Zvisinei, kungotarisa simbi isina kugadziriswa ka100 simba hariratidzi zvakawanda. Muenzaniso unogadzirwa nekupukuta muenzaniso uye kutema pamusoro neasidhi (kazhinji nitric acid nealcohol) inonzi nitroethanol etchant.
Ndiwo maburi nejira rawo remukati rinoona simba rekukanda, MYS, UTS uye kureba kunogona kutsungirira simbi isati yakundikana.
Matanho ekugadzira simbi, akadai sekumonera strip inopisa uye inotonhora, anoisa kushushikana muchimiro chezviyo; kana zvikachinja chimiro zvachose, izvi zvinoreva kuti kushushikana kunokanganisa zviyo. Mamwe matanho ekugadzirisa, akadai sekumonera simbi kuita macoil, kuisunungura, uye kuchinjisa zviyo zvesimbi kuburikidza nemuchina wekugadzira chubhu (kuumba nekukura kwechubhu). Kudhonza chubhu iri pamandri kunoisawo kumanikidzwa pachinhu chacho, pamwe chete nematanho ekugadzira akadai sekuumba nekukombama. Kuchinja kwechimiro chezviyo kunonzi dislocations.
Matanho ari pamusoro apa anoderedza simba resimbi, iro riri kugona kwayo kutsungirira kushushikana kwesimbi. Simbi inova isina kusimba, zvinoreva kuti inogona kutyoka kana ukaramba uchishanda pairi. Kureba kwesimbi chimwe chezvinhu zvinoita kuti ishande zvakanaka (kudzvanya chimwe chinhu). Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kukundikana kunowanzoitika panguva yekumanikidzwa kwesimbi, kwete kudzvanywa. Simbi inodzivirira kumanikidzwa kwesimbi nekuda kwekureba kwayo kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, simbi inoshanduka nyore nyore kana yamanikidzwa - inova ductile - inova mukana.
Konkriti ine simba rekudzvanya rakawanda asi ductility yakaderera kana ichienzaniswa nekonkriti. Hunhu uhwu hwakasiyana nehwesimbi. Ndosaka konkriti inoshandiswa pamigwagwa, zvivakwa uye nzira dzekufamba netsoka inowanzoiswa masimbi esimbi. Mugumisiro wacho chigadzirwa chine simba rezvinhu zviviri: kana yamanikidzwa, simbi yakasimba, uye kana yamanikidzwa, konkriti.
Munguva yekushanda muchitonhora, sezvo ductility yesimbi ichiderera, kuoma kwayo kunowedzera. Nemamwe mashoko, ichaoma. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, izvi zvinogona kuva bhenefiti; zvisinei, zvingave zvisina kunaka sezvo kuomarara kwakaenzana nekuomarara. Kureva kuti, sezvo simbi ichioma, inova isina kusimba; saka, inogona kukundikana.
Nemamwe mashoko, danho rega rega rekuita rinoshandisa kupfava kwepombi. Zvinowedzera kuoma sezvo chikamu chichishanda, uye kana chakanyanya kuoma hazvibatsiri. Kuoma kwacho kupfava, uye chubhu inopfava inogona kukundikana kana ikashandiswa.
Mugadziri ane sarudzo here munyaya iyi? Muchidimbu, hongu. Sarudzo iyoyo inonyungudutsa, uye kunyange isiri yemashiripiti, iri pedyo nemashiripiti sezvaungawana.
Mukutaura kwevanhuwo zvavo, annealing inobvisa zvese zvinokonzerwa nekushushikana kwemuviri pasimbi. Maitiro aya anopisa simbi kusvika pakupisa kwekushushikana kana kuti pakupisazve, nokudaro ichibvisa kupatsanuka kwayo. Zvichienderana nekupisa kwakatarwa nenguva inoshandiswa mu annealing, maitiro aya anodzorera zvimwe kana zvese zvayakaita.
Kunyudza uye kutonhora kunodzorwa kunokurudzira kukura kwezviyo. Izvi zvinobatsira kana chinangwa chiri chekuderedza kuputsika kwechinhu chacho, asi kukura kwezviyo kusingadzorwi kunogona kunyorovesa simbi zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti isakwanise kushandiswa sezvainoda. Kumisa maitiro ekunyudza chimwe chinhu chinonakidza. Kudzima patembiricha yakakodzera uchishandisa chinhu chakakodzera chekudzima panguva yakakodzera kunoita kuti maitiro acho amire nekukurumidza kuti simbi iwane hunhu hwekudzoreredza.
Tinofanira kurega here kutsanangurwa kwekuomarara? Kwete. Hunhu hwekuomarara hunokosha zvikuru senzvimbo yekutarisa pakusarudza mapaipi esimbi. Chiyero chinobatsira, kuomarara ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakati wandei zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa pakuraira zvinhu zvechubhu uye kuongororwa pakugamuchirwa (uye zvinofanirwa kunyorwa pamwe chete nekutumirwa kwega kwega). Kana kuongororwa kwekuomarara kuri chiyero chekuongorora, chinofanira kunge chine zviyero zvakakodzera uye nzvimbo dzekudzora.
Zvisinei, haisi bvunzo chaiyo yechinhu chinokodzera (chinogamuchira kana kuramba). Pamusoro pekuoma, vagadziri vanofanira kuyedza dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvinotumirwa kuti vaone zvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera, zvakaita seMYS, UTS, kana kurebesa zvishoma, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwechubhu.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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