He maha ngā tikanga whakamātautau (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) e hāngai ana ki te kaupapa e whakamatautauria ana. He pai te whakamātautau Rockwell T mō te tirotiro i ngā ngongo pakitara māmā mā te tapahi i te ngongo kia roa, me te whakamātautau i te pakitara mai i te diameter o roto kaua ki te diameter o waho.
He rite te tono i tētahi ngongo ki te haere ki tētahi toa hoko waka, ka tono i tētahi waka, taraka rānei. I ēnei rā, mā te maha o ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana, ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whakarite i te waka i roto i ngā momo huarahi - tae o roto, o waho hoki, ngā mōkihi whakapaipai o roto, ngā kōwhiringa whakapaipai o waho, ngā kōwhiringa pūnaha hiko, me tētahi pūnaha oro e tata ana ki te whakataetae ki tētahi pūnaha whakangahau kāinga. Ahakoa ēnei kōwhiringa katoa, tērā pea kāore koe e makona ki tētahi waka paerewa, kāore he whakapaipai.
Ko ngā paipa rino tonu tēnā. He mano tini ngā kōwhiringa, ngā whakaritenga rānei. Haunga ngā ine, kei roto i te whakaritenga ngā āhuatanga matū me ētahi āhuatanga miihini pērā i te kaha tuku iti rawa (MYS), te kaha kume mutunga (UTS), me te roa iti rawa i mua i te pakaru. Heoi, he tokomaha i roto i te umanga—ngā miihini, ngā kaihoko hoko, me ngā kaihanga—e whakamahi ana i ngā whakarāpopototanga umanga kua whakaaetia e hiahia ana kia whakamahia he paipa whakarewa "noa" me te tohu i te āhuatanga kotahi anake: te pakeke.
Whakamātauria te tono waka mā te āhuatanga kotahi ("Me hiahia ahau ki tētahi waka me te tuku aunoa"), ā, kāore koe e haere tawhiti rawa ki te kaihoko. Me whakakī e ia tētahi puka tono me ngā kōwhiringa maha. Ko te paipa te tikanga – kia whiwhi ai i te paipa tika mō te tono, me nui ake ngā mōhiohio e hiahiatia ana e te kaihanga paipa, ehara i te pakeke anake.
Me pēhea te huri o te pakeke hei whakakapi mō ētahi atu āhuatanga miihini? I tīmata pea i te kaihanga paipa. Nā te mea he tere, he ngāwari, ā, he iti te utu o te whakamātautau pakeke, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaihoko ngongo te whakamātautau pakeke hei whakatairite i ngā ngongo e rua. Hei whakahaere i te whakamātautau pakeke, ko tā rātou e hiahia ana he paipa maeneene me te tūnga whakamātautau.
He pai te hononga o te pakeke o te ngongo ki te UTS, ā, hei tikanga whānui, he āwhina ngā ōrau, ngā awhe ōrau rānei ki te whakatau tata i te MYS, nō reira he ngāwari ki te kite me pēhea te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke hei whakakapi mō ētahi atu āhuatanga.
He uaua rawa atu hoki ētahi atu whakamātautau. Ahakoa he meneti noa iho te roa o te whakamātautau pakeke i runga i te mīhini kotahi, ko te MYS, UTS me te whakamātautau roa e hiahia ana ki te whakarite tauira me te haumi nui ki ngā taputapu taiwhanga nui. Hei whakataurite, he hēkona te roa mō te kaiwhakahaere mira ngongo ki te mahi i te whakamātautau pakeke, ā, he hāora te roa mō te tohunga hangarau whakarewa ngaio ki te mahi i te whakamātautau kume. Ehara i te mea uaua ki te mahi i te tirotiro pakeke.
Ehara tēnei i te kī kāore ngā kaihanga paipa hangarau e whakamahi i te whakamātautau pakeke. He tika te kī he pera te nuinga o te tangata, engari nā te mea ka aromatawaihia e rātou te auautanga me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō i runga i ā rātou taputapu whakamātautau katoa, e mōhio ana rātou ki ngā herenga o te whakamātautau. He maha e whakamahi ana i te aromatawai i te pakeke o te ngongo hei wāhanga o te tukanga whakaputa, engari kāore e whakamahia hei ine i ngā āhuatanga o te ngongo. He whakamātautau paahi/kore noa iho tēnei.
He aha koe me mōhio ai ki te MYS, te UTS me te roanga iti rawa? Ka tohu ēnei i te whanonga o te ngongo ina huihuia.
Ko te MYS te kaha iti rawa e puta ai te whakarerekētanga tuturu o te rauemi. Ki te ngana koe ki te piko paku i tētahi waea tika (pērā i te whakairi koti) me te tuku i te pēhanga, ka puta tētahi o ngā mea e rua: ka hoki anō ki tōna āhua taketake (tika) ka piko tonu rānei. Ki te tika tonu, kāore anō koe kia hipa i te MYS. Ki te piko tonu, kua hipa koe i a ia.
Inaianei, whakamahia he pliers hei whakapiri i ngā pito e rua o te waea. Ki te taea e koe te haehae i te waea kia rua ngā wahi, kua hipa koe i tana UTS. Ka nui te taumahatanga ka whakatakotoria e koe ki runga, ā, e rua āu waea hei whakaatu i tō kaha tino kaha. Ki te 5 inihi te roa taketake o te waea, ā, ko ngā roa e rua i muri i te rahunga ka tāpirihia ki te 6 inihi, ka totoro te waea mā te 1 inihi, 20 rānei. Ka inehia te whakamātautau roa tuturu i roto i te 2 inihi o te pūwāhi rahunga, engari ahakoa pēhea - ko te ariā waea kume e whakaatu ana i te UTS.
Me tapahi, me whakakanapa, me whakairo hoki ngā tauira whakaahua maitai mā te whakamahi i tētahi otinga waikawa ngawari (ko te waikawa hauota me te waipiro (nitroethanol) te tikanga) kia kitea ai ngā kakano. Ko te whakanui 100x te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei tirotiro i ngā kakano maitai me te whakatau i te rahi o te kakano.
He whakamātautau te pakeketanga mō te urupare a te rauemi ki te pānga. Whakaarohia te whakatakoto i tētahi paipa poto ki roto i tētahi wīra he kauae niho, ka hurihia te wīra kia kati. Haunga te whakawhāiti i te ngongo, ka waiho hoki e ngā kauae o te wīra he kōhao ki te mata o te ngongo.
Koinei te mahi a te whakamātautau pakeke, engari ehara i te mea tino taratara. He rahi pānga kua whakahaeretia, he pēhanga kua whakahaeretia hoki tēnei whakamātautau. Ka whakapōturitia te mata e ēnei kaha, ka hanga he kōhao, he kōhao rānei. Ko te rahi, te hohonu rānei o te kōhao e whakatau ana i te pakeke o te konganuku.
Mō te aromatawai i te maitai, ko ngā whakamātautau pakeke noa ko Brinell, Vickers, me Rockwell. He tauine motuhake tō ia paipa, ā, he maha ngā tikanga whakamātautau a ētahi, pērā i a Rockwell A, B, me C. Mō ngā paipa maitai, e tohu ana te ASTM Specification A513 i te whakamātautau Rockwell B (e whakarapopototia ana ko HRB, RB rānei). Ka ine te whakamātautau Rockwell B i te rerekētanga o te urunga o te maitai e te pōro maitai 1⁄16-inihi te whānui i waenga i te utaina iti i mua me te utaina tuatahi o te 100 kgf. Ko te hua noa mō te maitai ngawari paerewa ko HRB 60.
E mōhio ana ngā kaipūtaiao rauemi he hononga rārangi te pakeke ki te UTS. Nō reira, ka taea e te pakeke kua hoatu te matapae i te UTS. Waihoki, e mōhio ana ngā kaihanga ngongo he hononga te MYS me te UTS. Mō ngā paipa whakarewa, ko te MYS he 70% ki te 85% o te UTS. Ko te nui tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tukanga hanga o te ngongo. Ko te pakeke o te HRB 60 e pā ana ki te UTS o te 60,000 pauna ia inihi tapawha (PSI) me te MYS o te 80%, ara 48,000 PSI.
Ko te whakatakotoranga paipa e tino kitea ana i roto i te hanga whānui ko te pakeketanga mōrahi. Haunga te rahi, ko te hiahia o te miihini ko te tohu i tētahi paipa ātete hiko kua whakarewaina (ERW) i roto i tētahi awhe mahi pai, ka hua ake pea he pakeketanga mōrahi o te HRB 60 pea i runga i te tuhi wāhanga. Mā tēnei whakatau anake ka hua ake he whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini whakamutunga, tae atu ki te pakeketanga tonu.
Tuatahi, kāore te pakeke o te HRB 60 e whakaatu mai i te nui o te kōrero. Ko te pānui HRB 60 he tau kore-ira. Ko te rauemi i arotakengia ki te HRB 59 he ngawari ake i te rauemi i whakamatautauria ki te HRB 60, ā, he pakeke ake te HRB 61 i te HRB 60, engari e hia te nui? Kāore e taea te ine pēnei i te rōrahi (i inehia i roto i ngā desipere), te taipana (i inehia i roto i ngā pauna-waewae), te tere (i inehia i roto i te tawhiti e pā ana ki te wā), te UTS rānei (i inehia i roto i ngā pauna ia inihi tapawha). Kāore te pānui HRB 60 e whakaatu mai i tetahi mea motuhake ki a tātou. He āhuatanga tēnei o te rauemi, engari ehara i te āhuatanga ā-tinana. Tuarua, kāore te whakamātautau pakeke e pai mō te whakahokinga, te whakaputanga rānei. Ko te aromatawai i ngā wāhi e rua i runga i te tauira whakamātautau, ahakoa he tata ngā wāhi whakamātautau tetahi ki tetahi, he maha ngā wā ka puta he rerekētanga nui i roto i ngā pānui pakeke. Ko te āhua o te whakamātautau te mea e whakararu ana i tēnei take. I muri i te ine i tētahi tūranga, kāore e taea te ine anō i te wā tuarua hei manatoko i ngā hua. Kāore e taea te whakahokinga o te whakamātautau.
Ehara tēnei i te kī he uaua te whakamātautau pakeke. Inaa, he aratohu pai tēnei mō te UTS o tētahi rauemi, ā, he whakamātautau tere, ngāwari hoki ki te mahi. Heoi, me mōhio te hunga katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te tohu, te hoko me te hanga ngongo ki ōna herenga hei tawhā whakamātautau.
Nā te mea kāore i te tino tautuhia te paipa "noa", ina hiahiatia, ka whakawhāitihia e ngā kaihanga paipa ki ngā momo paipa rino me ngā momo paipa e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ASTM A513: 1008 me te 1010. Ahakoa kua whakakorehia ngā momo paipa katoa, kei te tuwhera tonu ngā āheinga mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ēnei momo paipa e rua. Inaa, ko ēnei momo paipa te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o tētahi momo.
Hei tauira, ka kiia he ngohengohe te ngongo mēnā he iti te MYS, ā, he teitei te toronga, ko te tikanga he pai ake tana mahi i roto i te kume, te whakapiko me te whakatakoto i te ngongo e kiia ana he mārō, he teitei te MYS me te toronga iti. He rite tēnei ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te waea ngohengohe me te mārō, pērā i ngā whakairi koti me ngā wiri.
Ko te whakaroa tonu tētahi atu āhuatanga e pā nui ana ki ngā tono paipa nui. Ka taea e ngā ngongo he whakaroa teitei te tu atu ki ngā kaha kume; he pakarukaru ake ngā rauemi he iti te whakaroa, nō reira he ngāwari ake ki te pakaru kino pērā i te ngenge. Heoi, kāore te whakaroa e pā tika ana ki te UTS, koinei anake te āhuatanga miihini e pā tika ana ki te pakeketanga.
He aha i tino rerekē ai ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā ngongo? Tuatahi, he rerekē te hanganga matū. He otinga totoka te rino o te rino me te waro me ētahi atu koranu nui. Hei whakangāwari, ka aro noa tātou ki ngā ōrau waro i konei. Ka whakakapia ētahi o ngā ngota rino e ngā ngota waro, ka hanga i te hanganga karaihe o te maitai. Ko te ASTM 1008 he taumata tuatahi whānui me te ihirangi waro o te 0% ki te 0.10%. He tau tino motuhake te Zero e whakaputa ana i ngā āhuatanga ahurei ina tino iti te ihirangi waro i roto i te maitai. E tohu ana te ASTM 1010 i te ihirangi waro i waenga i te 0.08% me te 0.13%. Kāore ēnei rerekētanga e ahua nui ana, engari he nui hei hanga rerekētanga nui i hea atu.
Tuarua, ka taea te hanga, te hanga rānei i te paipa rino, ā, ka tukatukahia i roto i ngā tukanga hanga rerekē e whitu. E whitu ngā momo o te ASTM A513 e pā ana ki te hanga paipa ERW:
Mena kāore he pānga o te hanganga matū o te maitai me ngā mahi hanga ngongo ki te pakeke o te maitai, he aha te pānga? Ko te whakautu i tēnei pātai ko te tirotiro hohonu i ngā taipitopito. E rua atu ngā pātai e ara ake ana i tēnei pātai: He aha ngā taipitopito, ā, e pēhea te tata?
Ko ngā taipitopito mō ngā kakano e hanga ana i te maitai te whakautu tuatahi. Ina hangaia te maitai i te mira maitai tuatahi, kāore e whakamatao hei poraka nui me te āhuatanga kotahi. I te whakamataotanga o te maitai, ka whakarite ngā ngota o te maitai i roto i ngā tauira auau (he tioata), he rite ki te hanganga o ngā hukarere. I muri i te hanganga o ngā tioata, ka huihui rātou ki ngā rōpū e kiia nei ko ngā kakano. I te whakamatao haere, ka tipu ngā kakano, ka puta puta noa i te rau, i te pereti rānei. Ka mutu te tipu o ngā kakano i te mea ka mimitihia ngā ngota maitai whakamutunga e ngā kakano. Ka puta katoa tēnei i te taumata moroiti nā te mea ko te rahi toharite o te kakano maitai he 64 µ, he 0.0025 inihi rānei te whānui. Ahakoa he rite ia kakano ki tetahi atu, kāore i te rite. He paku rerekē te rahi, te whakatakotoranga me te ihirangi waro. Ko te hononga i waenga i ngā kakano ka kiia ko te rohe kakano. Ina pakaru te maitai, hei tauira nā te ngenge o ngā kapiti, ka pakaru i ngā rohe kakano.
Kia pēhea te tawhiti me titiro koe kia kitea ai ngā kōpura e kitea ana? He nui te whakanui 100x, te tirohanga tangata rānei 100x. Heoi, ko te titiro noa ki te maitai kāore i rongoātia i te 100 ngā wā o te kaha kāore e whakaatu nui. Ka whakaritea te tauira mā te whakakanapa i te tauira me te whakairo i te mata ki te waikawa (te nuinga o te waikawa hauota me te waipiro) e kiia nei ko te nitroethanol etchant.
Ko ngā kakano me ō rātou whatunga o roto e whakatau ana i te kaha pānga, te MYS, te UTS me te roa ka taea e te maitai te tu atu i mua i te hinganga.
Ko ngā mahi hanga rino, pērā i te huri wera me te huri makariri o te rīpene, ka pāngia e te ahotea ki te hanganga o te witi; ki te huri tonu te āhua, ko te tikanga ka whakapōturitia te witi e te ahotea. Ko ētahi atu mahi tukatuka, pērā i te takai i te rino hei koiri, te wetewete, me te whakapōturi i ngā witi rino mā roto i te mira ngongo (hei hanga me te rahi i te ngongo). Mā te tō matao i te ngongo ki runga i te mandrel ka pāngia hoki te rauemi, pērā i ngā mahi hanga pērā i te hanga pito me te piko. Ko ngā huringa o te hanganga witi ka kiia ko te nekenekehanga.
Mā ngā mahi o runga ake nei ka whakaitihia te ngāwari o te maitai, arā, tōna kaha ki te tu atu i te ahotea kume (tōia-tuwhera). Ka pakarukaru te maitai, ko te tikanga he nui ake te tūponotanga ka pakaru mena ka mahi tonu koe ki runga. Ko te whakaroa tētahi wāhanga o te ngāwari (ko te āheitanga pēhi tētahi atu). He mea nui kia mārama ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta te rahunga i te wā o te ahotea kume, ehara i te pēhi. He tino ātete te maitai ki te ahotea kume nā te mea he teitei tōna kaha whakaroa. Heoi, ka ngāwari te hurihanga o te maitai i raro i te ahotea pēhi – he ngāwari – he painga tēnā.
He kaha te kōpeketanga o te raima engari he iti te ngāwari ki te whakataurite ki te raima. He rerekē ēnei āhuatanga ki ērā o te maitai. Koia te take he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia he rebar ki te raima e whakamahia ana mō ngā rori, ngā whare me ngā ara hikoi. Ko te hua he hua e rite ana ki ngā kaha o ngā rauemi e rua: i raro i te taumahatanga, he kaha te maitai, ā, i raro i te pēhanga, he raima.
I te wā e mahi matao ana, i te mea ka heke te ngāwari o te maitai, ka piki ake tōna pakeke. Arā, ka whakapakeke. I runga i te āhuatanga, he painga pea tēnei; heoi, he ngoikoretanga pea nā te mea he rite te pakeke ki te pakarukaru. Arā, i te mea ka pakeke haere te maitai, ka iti ake te ngāwari; nō reira, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka rahua.
Arā, ka pau te kaha o te paipa i ia taahiraa tukanga. Ka pakeke haere i te mahi a te wāhanga, ā, ki te tino pakeke rawa, kāore he hua. Ko te pakeke he pakarukaru, ā, tera pea ka pakaru te ngongo pakarukaru ina whakamahia.
He kōwhiringa kei te kaihanga i tēnei take? Ae, he poto. Ko te whakamahana taua kōwhiringa, ā, ahakoa ehara i te mea makutu, he tata tonu ki te makutu.
Ki te kīanga māmā noa, ka tangohia e te whakamahana ngā pānga katoa o te ahotea tinana ki te konganuku. Ka whakamahanahia e tēnei tukanga te konganuku ki te pāmahana whakaiti ahotea, ki te pāmahana whakahou-whakaata rānei, ā, ka whakakorea ngā nekehanga. I runga i te pāmahana me te wā motuhake i whakamahia i roto i te tukanga whakamahana, ka whakahokia mai e te tukanga tōna ngāwari, tōna ngāwari katoa rānei.
Mā te whakamahana me te whakamatao whakahaere ka whakatairanga i te tipu o te witi. He mea pai tēnei mēnā ko te whāinga he whakaiti i te pakarukaru o te rauemi, engari mā te tipu o te witi kore whakahaere ka taea te whakangawari rawa i te konganuku, ka kore e taea te whakamahi mō tōna whakamahinga. Ko te whakamutu i te tukanga whakamahana he mea tata makutu anō. Mā te tineia i te pāmahana tika me te kaihoko tineia tika i te wā tika ka mutu wawe te tukanga kia whiwhi ai i ngā āhuatanga whakaora o te maitai.
Me whakarērea te whakatakotoranga pakeke? kāore. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga pakeke hei tohutoro i te wā e tohua ana ngā paipa maitai. He mehua whai hua, ko te pakeke tētahi o ngā āhuatanga maha me tohu i te wā e tono ana i ngā rauemi ngongo, ā, me tirotiro i te taenga mai (me tuhi hoki me ia tuku). Ina ko te tirotiro pakeke te paerewa tirotiro, me whai uara tauine me ngā awhe whakahaere e tika ana.
Heoi, ehara i te whakamātautau pono mō te whakauru (te whakaae, te whakahē rānei) i ngā rauemi. Haunga te pakeketanga, me whakamātautau ngā kaihanga i ngā tukunga i ētahi wā hei whakatau i ētahi atu āhuatanga e tika ana, pērā i te MYS, te UTS, te roanga iti rawa rānei, i runga i te whakamahinga o te ngongo.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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