Xa kuyilwa inkqubo yemibhobho yoxinzelelo, injineli etyumbayo iya kuhlala ichaza ukuba imibhobho yenkqubo kufuneka ihambelane nenxalenye enye okanye ezingaphezulu ze-ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Iinjineli zizilandela njani ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zekhowudi xa ziyila iinkqubo zemibhobho?
Okokuqala, injineli kufuneka imisele ukuba loluphi uhlobo loyilo olufanele lukhethwe. Kwiinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwemibhobho, oku akupheleliselwanga kwi-ASME B31 kuphela. Ezinye iikhowudi ezikhutshwe yi-ASME, ANSI, NFPA, okanye eminye imibutho elawulayo zinokulawulwa yindawo yeprojekthi, usetyenziso, njl. Kwi-ASME B31, okwangoku kukho amacandelo asixhenxe ahlukeneyo asebenzayo.
I-ASME B31.1 Iipayipi zoMbane: Eli candelo ligubungela iipayipi kwizikhululo zamandla, kwimizi-mveliso nakwiziko, kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza ngobushushu, nakwiinkqubo zokufudumeza nokupholisa eziphakathi nezesithili. Oku kuquka iipayipi zangaphandle zebhoyila nezingezizo iibhoyila ezisetyenziselwa ukufaka iibhoyila ze-ASME Section I. Eli candelo alisebenzi kwizixhobo ezigutyungelwe yi-ASME Boiler kunye nePressure Vessel Code, iipayipi ezithile zokusasazwa kokufudumeza nokupholisa ngoxinzelelo oluphantsi, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezichazwe kumhlathi 100.1.3 we-ASME B31.1. Imvelaphi ye-ASME B31.1 inokulandelwa emva kwiminyaka yoo-1920, kunye nohlelo lokuqala olusemthethweni olupapashwe ngo-1935. Qaphela ukuba uhlelo lokuqala, kuquka nezihlomelo, lwalungaphantsi kwamaphepha angama-30, kwaye uhlelo lwangoku lunamaphepha angaphezu kwama-300 ubude.
I-ASME B31.3 Process Pipes: Eli candelo ligubungela imibhobho kwiindawo zokucocisa; iikhemikhali, amayeza, amalaphu, amaphepha, ii-semiconductor, kunye nezityalo ezi-cryogenic; kunye nezityalo zokucubungula kunye nee-terminals ezinxulumene nazo. Eli candelo lifana kakhulu ne-ASME B31.1, ingakumbi xa kubalwa ubukhulu bodonga obuncinci bombhobho othe tye. Eli candelo laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye lakhutshwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1959.
Iinkqubo zokuThutha iipayipi ze-ASME B31.4 zoLwalo kunye nodaka: Eli candelo ligubungela imibhobho ethutha ngokuyintloko iimveliso zolwelo phakathi kwezityalo kunye neeterminal, kwaye ngaphakathi kweeterminal, ukupompa, ukulungisa imeko, kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa. Eli candelo laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye lakhutshwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1959.
Iinxalenye zeMibhobho yeFriji ye-ASME B31.5 kunye neTransfer Heat Transfer: Eli candelo ligubungela imibhobho yefriji kunye ne-coolants yesibini. Le nxalenye yayiyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye yakhululwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1962.
Iinkqubo zeMibhobho yoThutho kunye noSasazo lweGesi ze-ASME B31.8: Oku kuquka imibhobho yokuthutha iimveliso zegesi phakathi kwemithombo kunye neeterminals, kubandakanya iicompressors, i-conditioning kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa; kunye nemibhobho yokuqokelela igesi. Eli candelo laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye lakhutshwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1955.
Iinkonzo Zokwakha ze-ASME B31.9 Iipayipi: Eli candelo ligubungela iipayipi ezifumaneka rhoqo kwizakhiwo zoshishino, zezikolo, zorhwebo, nezoluntu; kunye nezindlu ezineeyunithi ezininzi ezingadingi bungakanani, uxinzelelo, kunye nobubanzi bobushushu obugutyungelwe kwi-ASME B31.1. Eli candelo lifana ne-ASME B31.1 kunye ne-B31.3, kodwa alinalo ulondolozo (ingakumbi xa kubalwa ubukhulu bodonga obuncinci) kwaye lineenkcukacha ezimbalwa. Likhawulelwe kuxinzelelo oluphantsi, usetyenziso lobushushu obuphantsi njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-ASME B31.9 isiqendu 900.1.2. Eli candelo lapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1982.
I-ASME B31.12 Iipayipi zeHydrogen kunye neMibhobho: Eli candelo ligubungela iipayipi kwinkonzo yehydrogen yegesi kunye neye-hydrogen engamanzi, kunye neepayipi kwinkonzo yehydrogen yegesi. Eli candelo lapapashwa okokuqala ngo-2008.
Ukuba yeyiphi ikhowudi yoyilo ekufuneka isetyenziswe ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kumniniyo. Intshayelelo kwi-ASME B31 ithi, “Luxanduva lomnini ukukhetha icandelo lekhowudi elisondelelene kakhulu nofakelo olucetywayo lwemibhobho.” Kwezinye iimeko, “amacandelo ekhowudi amaninzi anokusebenza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ofakelo.”
Uhlelo lwe-ASME B31.1 lowama-2012 luza kusebenza njengesalathiso esiphambili seengxoxo ezilandelayo. Injongo yale nqaku kukukhokela injineli etyumbayo kwamanye amanyathelo aphambili ekuyileni inkqubo yemibhobho yoxinzelelo ehambelana ne-ASME B31. Ukulandela izikhokelo ze-ASME B31.1 kubonelela ngomfanekiso olungileyo woyilo lwenkqubo ngokubanzi. Iindlela ezifanayo zoyilo ziyasetyenziswa ukuba i-ASME B31.3 okanye i-B31.9 iyalandelwa. Intsalela ye-ASME B31 isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezincinci, ikakhulu kwiinkqubo ezithile okanye kwizicelo, kwaye ayizukuxoxwa ngakumbi. Nangona amanyathelo aphambili kwinkqubo yoyilo eza kugxininiswa apha, le ngxoxo ayiphelelanga kwaye ikhowudi epheleleyo kufuneka isoloko ibhekiselwa ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo. Zonke iireferensi kwisicatshulwa zibhekisa kwi-ASME B31.1 ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Emva kokukhetha ikhowudi echanekileyo, umyili wenkqubo kufuneka aphinde ahlole naziphi na iimfuno zoyilo oluhambelana nenkqubo. Isiqendu 122 (Icandelo 6) sibonelela ngeemfuno zoyilo ezinxulumene neenkqubo ezifumaneka rhoqo kwizicelo zombane zemibhobho, ezifana nomphunga, amanzi okutya, ukubhula kunye nokubhula, imibhobho yezixhobo, kunye neenkqubo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. I-ASME B31.3 iqulethe iindinyana ezifanayo ne-ASME B31.1, kodwa zineenkcukacha ezimbalwa. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kumhlathi 122 ziquka iimfuno zoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obuthile kwinkqubo, kunye nemida eyahlukeneyo yomthetho echazwe phakathi komzimba webhoyila, imibhobho yangaphandle yebhoyila, kunye nemibhobho yangaphandle engeyiyo yebhoyila eqhagamshelwe kwi-ASME Section I boyila imibhobho. Inkcazo. Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa le mida yebhoyila yedrama.
Umyili wenkqubo kufuneka amisele uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu apho inkqubo iza kusebenza khona kunye neemeko ekufuneka inkqubo iyilwe ukuze ihlangabezane nazo.
Ngokwesiqendu 101.2, uxinzelelo loyilo lwangaphakathi aluyi kuba ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluqhubekayo oluphezulu (MSOP) ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yepayipi, kuquka nesiphumo sentloko engashukumiyo. Imibhobho ephantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphandle kufuneka yenzelwe uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluhlukeneyo olulindelekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza, ukuvalwa okanye uvavanyo. Ukongeza, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ngokwesiqendu 101.4, ukuba ukupholisa ulwelo kunokwenzeka ukuba kunciphise uxinzelelo kumbhobho lube ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lomoya, umbhobho kufuneka wenzelwe ukumelana noxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye amanyathelo athatyathwe ukuphula i-vacuum. Kwiimeko apho ulwandiso lolwelo lunokunyusa uxinzelelo, iinkqubo zepayipi kufuneka zenzelwe ukumelana noxinzelelo olongezelelweyo okanye amanyathelo athatyathwe ukunciphisa uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo.
Ukususela kwiCandelo 101.3.2, ubushushu bentsimbi kuyilo lwemibhobho buya kumela iimeko ezilindelekileyo ezizinzileyo. Ukuze kube lula, ngokubanzi kucingelwa ukuba ubushushu bentsimbi bulingana nobushushu bolwelo. Ukuba uyafuna, ubushushu bentsimbi obuqhelekileyo bungasetyenziswa logama nje ubushushu bodonga lwangaphandle buyaziwa. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe ulwelo olutsalwa ngabatshintshi bobushushu okanye kwizixhobo zokutsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko zobushushu ezimbi kakhulu ziyathathelwa ingqalelo.
Rhoqo, abayili bongeza umda wokhuseleko kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kunye/okanye ubushushu. Ubungakanani bomda buxhomekeke kwisicelo. Kubalulekile nokuqwalasela imida yezinto xa kumiselwa ubushushu boyilo. Ukucacisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu oyilo (angaphezulu kwe-750 F) kunokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ze-alloy endaweni yentsimbi yekhabhoni eqhelekileyo. Amaxabiso oxinzelelo kwiSihlomelo A esiSinyanzelo anikezelwa kuphela kumaqondo obushushu avumelekileyo kwisixhobo ngasinye. Umzekelo, intsimbi yekhabhoni inokubonelela kuphela ngamaxabiso oxinzelelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800 F. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-800 F kunokubangela ukuba umbhobho ube yikhabhoni, okwenza ukuba ube buthathaka ngakumbi kwaye uphulukane. Ukuba usebenza ngaphezu kwe-800 F, umonakalo okhawulezileyo onxulumene nentsimbi yekhabhoni nawo kufuneka uqwalaselwe. Jonga isiqendu 124 ukuze ufumane ingxoxo epheleleyo ngemida yobushushu bezinto.
Ngamanye amaxesha iinjineli zingacacisa uxinzelelo lovavanyo kwinkqubo nganye. Isiqendu 137 sinika isikhokelo malunga novavanyo loxinzelelo. Ngokwesiqhelo, uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic luya kucaciswa ngokuphindwe kayi-1.5 uxinzelelo loyilo; nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lwe-hoop kunye noxinzelelo lwe-longitudinal kwipayipi aluyi kudlula i-90% yamandla okuvelisa izinto ezikwisiqendu 102.3.3 (B) ngexesha lovavanyo loxinzelelo. Kwezinye iinkqubo zepayipi zangaphandle ezingezizo zebhoyila, uvavanyo lokuvuza olusemsebenzini lunokuba yindlela esebenzisekayo yokujonga ukuvuza ngenxa yobunzima bokwahlula iindawo zenkqubo, okanye kuba nje ulungiselelo lwenkqubo luvumela uvavanyo olulula lokuvuza ngexesha lenkonzo yokuqala. Kuyavunywa, oku kuyamkeleka.
Nje ukuba iimeko zoyilo zimiselwe, imibhobho ingachazwa. Into yokuqala ekufuneka igqitywe kukuba zeziphi izinto ekufuneka zisetyenziswe. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, izinto ezahlukeneyo zinemida yobushushu eyahlukileyo. Isiqendu 105 sinika imiqathango eyongezelelweyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zemibhobho. Ukukhethwa kwezinto kuxhomekeke kulwelo lwenkqubo, njenge-nickel alloys kwizicelo zemibhobho yekhemikhali ebolileyo, intsimbi engatyiwayo yokuhambisa umoya ococekileyo wesixhobo, okanye intsimbi yekhabhoni enomxholo ophezulu we-chromium (ongaphezulu kwe-0.1%) ukuthintela ukugqwala okukhawulezileyo kokuhamba. Ukugqwala okukhawulezileyo kokuhamba (i-FAC) yinto yokukhukuliseka/ukugqwala ebonakaliswe ibangela ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kodonga kunye nokusilela kwemibhobho kwezinye zeenkqubo zemibhobho ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukungaphumeleli ukuqwalasela ngokufanelekileyo ukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zepayipi kunokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengango-2007 xa umbhobho wokunciphisa ubushushu kwisikhululo samandla se-IATAN se-KCP&L waqhuma, wabulala abasebenzi ababini waza wenzakalisa kakhulu owesithathu.
I-Equation 7 kunye ne-Equation 9 kumhlathi 104.1.1 zichaza ubukhulu bodonga obufunekayo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu loyilo lwangaphakathi, ngokulandelelana, kumbhobho othe tye ophantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Iinguqu ezikule zibalo ziquka uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo (kwiSihlomelo esiNgqinisiweyo A), ububanzi bangaphandle bombhobho, i-material factor (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 104.1.2 (A)), kunye nazo naziphi na izibonelelo zobukhulu ezongezelelweyo (njengoko kuchaziwe ngezantsi). Ngeenguqu ezininzi kangaka ezibandakanyekayo, ukucacisa izinto ezifanelekileyo zombhobho, ububanzi obuqhelekileyo, kunye nobukhulu bodonga kunokuba yinkqubo ephindaphindayo enokubandakanya isantya solwelo, ukuhla koxinzelelo, kunye neendleko zombhobho kunye nokupompa. Nokuba isicelo sinjani na, ubukhulu bodonga obuncinci obufunekayo kufuneka buqinisekiswe.
Isibonelelo esongezelelweyo sobukhulu singongezwa ukuze kulungiswe izizathu ezahlukeneyo kuquka i-FAC. Izibonelelo zingafuneka ngenxa yokususwa kwemisonto, izithuba, njl.njl. izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza amalungu oomatshini. Ngokwesiqendu 102.4.2, isibonelelo esincinci siya kulingana nobunzulu bomsonto kunye nokunyamezelana komatshini. Isibonelelo singafuneka kwakhona ukubonelela ngamandla ongezelelweyo ukuthintela umonakalo wombhobho, ukudilika, ukugoba okugqithisileyo, okanye ukugoba ngenxa yemithwalo ebekwe ngaphezulu okanye ezinye izizathu ezixutyushwe kwisiqendu 102.4.4. Izibonelelo zingongezwa nakwimalunga adibeneyo adibeneyo (isiqendu 102.4.3) kunye neengqiniba (isiqendu 102.4.5). Okokugqibela, ukunyamezela kunokongezwa ukuze kulungiswe ukugqwala kunye/okanye ukukhukuliseka. Ubukhulu beli sibonelelo buxhomekeke kumyili kwaye buya kuhambelana nobomi obulindelekileyo bombhobho ngokuhambelana nesiqendu 102.4.1.
Isihlomelo IV esinganyanzelekanga sinika isikhokelo malunga nolawulo lokugqwala. Iingubo zokukhusela, ukhuseleko lwe-cathodic, kunye nokwahlulwa kombane (ezifana nee-insulating flanges) zonke ziindlela zokuthintela ukugqwala kwangaphandle kwemibhobho egqunywe okanye engaphantsi komhlaba. Izithinteli zokugqwala okanye ii-liners zinokusetyenziswa ukuthintela ukugqwala kwangaphakathi. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukusebenzisa amanzi ovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic acocekileyo afanelekileyo, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo imibhobho emva kovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic.
Ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho obuncinci okanye ishedyuli efunekayo kwiibalo zangaphambili isenokungabi njalo kuyo yonke i-diameter yombhobho kwaye inokufuna iinkcukacha zeeshedyuli ezahlukeneyo zeedayamitha ezahlukeneyo. Ishedyuli efanelekileyo kunye namaxabiso obubanzi bodonga achazwe kwi-ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Steel Forged Pipe.
Xa kucaciswa izinto zombhobho kwaye kwenziwa izibalo ekuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso aphezulu oxinzelelo avumelekileyo asetyenzisiweyo ekubaleni ahambelana nezinto ezichaziweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umbhobho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-A312 304L uchazwe ngokuchanekileyo njengombhobho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-A312 304, ubukhulu bodonga obunikiweyo bunokungabikho ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu kumaxabiso aphezulu oxinzelelo avumelekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini. Ngokufanayo, indlela yokwenziwa kombhobho kufuneka ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenzisiwe ekubaleni, umbhobho ongenamthungo kufuneka uchazwe. Ngaphandle koko, umenzi/umfakeli unokubonelela ngembhobho edibeneyo enemithungo, enokubangela ukuba ubukhulu bodonga bunganeli ngenxa yamaxabiso aphantsi oxinzelelo avumelekileyo.
Umzekelo, masithi ubushushu boyilo lombhobho yi-300 F kwaye uxinzelelo loyilo yi-1,200 psig.2″ kunye ne-3″. Kuza kusetyenziswa ucingo lwe-carbon steel (A53 Grade B seamless). Misela isicwangciso semibhobho esifanelekileyo ukuze uchaze ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASME B31.1 Equation 9. Okokuqala, iimeko zoyilo zichaziwe:
Okulandelayo, misela amaxabiso aphezulu oxinzelelo avumelekileyo kwi-A53 Grade B kumaqondo obushushu oyilo angentla kwiTheyibhile A-1. Qaphela ukuba ixabiso lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenziswa kuba umbhobho ongenamthungo uchaziwe:
Kufuneka kongezwe nesibonelelo sokutyeba. Kolu setyenziso, i-1/16 intshi. Kucingelwa ukuba kukho isibonelelo sokugqwala. Ukunyamezelana kokusila okwahlukileyo kuya kongezwa kamva.
Ii-intshi ezi-3. Umbhobho uza kucaciswa kuqala. Ukuthatha umbhobho weShedyuli 40 kunye nokunyamezelana kokugaya kwe-12.5%, bala uxinzelelo oluphezulu:
Umbhobho weShedyuli 40 uyanelisa ityhubhu ye-intshi ezi-3 kwiimeko zoyilo ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Okulandelayo, jonga i-intshi ezi-2. Umbhobho usebenzisa izinto ezifanayo:
Ii-intshi ezi-2. Phantsi kweemeko zoyilo ezichazwe apha ngasentla, imibhobho iya kufuna ubukhulu bodonga obukhulu kuneShedyuli 40. Zama ii-intshi ezi-2. Shedyuli 80 Imibhobho:
Nangona ubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi budla ngokuba yinto ethintela uyilo loxinzelelo, kusabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo, izinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye noqhagamshelo olusetyenzisiweyo zifanelekile kwiimeko zoyilo ezichaziweyo.
Njengomgaqo jikelele, ngokuhambelana nesiqendu 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 kunye ne-107, zonke iivalvu, izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto eziqulathe uxinzelelo ezenziwe ngokwemigangatho edweliswe kwiTheyibhile 126.1 ziya kuthathwa njengezifanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo okanye ngaphantsi kwaloo migangatho yovavanyo lobushushu boxinzelelo oluchazwe kwi. Abasebenzisi kufuneka baqaphele ukuba ukuba imigangatho ethile okanye abavelisi banokubeka imida engqongqo ekuphambukeni ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo kunaleyo ichazwe kwi-ASME B31.1, imida engqongqo iya kusebenza.
Kwiindawo zokudibana kwepayipi, kucetyiswa ii-tee, ii-cross, ii-cross, ii-branch welded joints, njl.njl., ezenziwe ngokwemigangatho edweliswe kwiTheyibhile 126.1. Kwezinye iimeko, iindawo zokudibana kwepayipi zinokufuna uqhagamshelo olulodwa lwesebe. Isiqendu 104.3.1 sibonelela ngeemfuno ezongezelelweyo zoqhagamshelo lwesebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho izinto ezaneleyo zombhobho zokumelana noxinzelelo.
Ukuze kube lula uyilo, umyili unokukhetha ukuseta iimeko zoyilo eziphezulu ukuze zihlangabezane nomlinganiselo weflange yodidi oluthile loxinzelelo (umz. iklasi ye-ASME 150, 300, njl.njl.) njengoko kuchaziwe yiklasi yoxinzelelo-ubushushu bezixhobo ezithile ezichazwe kwi-ASME B16.5 Iiflange zepayipi kunye namalungu eflange, okanye imigangatho efanayo edweliswe kwiTheyibhile 126.1. Oku kuyamkeleka logama nje kungakhange kubangele ukwanda okungeyomfuneko kobukhulu bodonga okanye ezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwemibhobho kukuqinisekisa ukuba ubulungisa besakhiwo senkqubo yemibhobho buyagcinwa xa iziphumo zoxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye namandla angaphandle zisetyenziswa. Ubulungisa besakhiwo senkqubo budla ngokungajongwa kwinkqubo yoyilo kwaye, ukuba akwenziwanga kakuhle, bunokuba yenye yezona ndawo zibiza kakhulu zoyilo. Ubulungisa besakhiwo buxoxwa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezimbini, iSiqendu 104.8: Uhlalutyo lweCandelo leMibhobho kunye neSiqendu 119: Ulwandiso kunye nokuGuquka.
Isiqendu 104.8 sidwelisa iifomyula zekhowudi ezisisiseko ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba inkqubo yepayipi idlula na uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lwekhowudi. Ezi zibalo zekhowudi zihlala zibizwa ngokuba yimithwalo eqhubekayo, imithwalo engaqhelekanga, kunye nemithwalo yokufuduka. Umthwalo oqhubekayo sisiphumo soxinzelelo kunye nobunzima kwinkqubo yepayipi. Imithwalo engalindelekanga yimithwalo eqhubekayo kunye nemithwalo yomoya enokwenzeka, imithwalo yenyikima, imithwalo yomhlaba kunye neminye imithwalo yexesha elifutshane. Kucingelwa ukuba umthwalo ngamnye ongalindelekanga osetyenziswayo awuyi kusebenza kweminye imithwalo engalindelekanga ngaxeshanye, ngoko ke umthwalo ngamnye ongalindelekanga uya kuba yimeko yomthwalo owahlukileyo ngexesha lohlalutyo. Imithwalo yokufuduka yimiphumo yokukhula kobushushu, ukufuduka kwezixhobo ngexesha lokusebenza, okanye nawuphi na omnye umthwalo wokufuduka.
Isiqendu 119 sixoxa ngendlela yokusingatha ukwandiswa kwemibhobho kunye nokuguquguquka kwiinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nendlela yokuchonga imithwalo yokusabela. Ukuguquguquka kweenkqubo zemibhobho kudla ngokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuqhagamshelo lwezixhobo, njengoko uninzi loqhagamshelo lwezixhobo lunokumelana kuphela nomlinganiselo omncinci wamandla kunye nomzuzu osetyenziswa kwindawo yoqhagamshelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukukhula kobushushu kwenkqubo yemibhobho kunempembelelo enkulu kumthwalo wokusabela, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulawula ukukhula kobushushu kwinkqubo ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokuguquguquka kwenkqubo yemibhobho nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ixhaswa ngokufanelekileyo, kukuhle ukuxhasa imibhobho yentsimbi ngokuhambelana neTheyibhile 121.5. Ukuba umyili uzama ukuhlangabezana nesithuba esiqhelekileyo senkxaso sale theyibhile, ufezekisa izinto ezintathu: kunciphisa ukuphambuka kobunzima bomzimba, kunciphisa imithwalo eqhubekayo, kwaye kwandisa uxinzelelo olufumanekayo kwimithwalo yokufuduka. Ukuba umyili ubeka inkxaso ngokuhambelana neTheyibhile 121.5, kuya kubangela ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-1/8 intshi yokufuduka kobunzima bomzimba okanye ukuhla phakathi kwenkxaso yetyhubhu. Ukunciphisa ukuphambuka kobunzima bomzimba kunceda ukunciphisa amathuba okufuma kwimibhobho ethwala umphunga okanye igesi. Ukulandela iingcebiso zesithuba kwiTheyibhile 121.5 kukwavumela umyili ukuba anciphise uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo kwimibhobho ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yexabiso eliqhubekayo elivumelekileyo lekhowudi. Ngokwe-Equation 1B, uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lwemithwalo yokufuduka lunxulumene ngokuphambeneyo nemithwalo eqhubekayo. Ke ngoko, ngokunciphisa umthwalo oqhubekayo, ukunyamezela uxinzelelo lokufuduka kunokwandiswa. Isithuba esicetyiswayo senkxaso yemibhobho siboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithwalo yempendulo yenkqubo yepayipi iqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uxinzelelo lwekhowudi luyafezekiswa, indlela eqhelekileyo kukwenza uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwepayipi oluncediswa yikhompyutha lwenkqubo. Kukho iipakethe ezahlukeneyo zesoftware yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwepayipi ezikhoyo, ezifana neBentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, okanye enye yeepakethe ezithengiswayo. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwepayipi oluncediswa yikhompyutha kukuba ivumela umyili ukuba enze imodeli yento elinganiselweyo yenkqubo yepayipi ukuze kube lula ukuqinisekisa kunye nokukwazi ukwenza utshintsho olufunekayo kuqwalaselo. Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa umzekelo wokumodela kunye nokuhlalutya icandelo lepayipi.
Xa beyila inkqubo entsha, abayili benkqubo badla ngokuchaza ukuba zonke iipayipi kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo kufuneka zenziwe, zifakwe i-weld, zidityaniswe, njl.njl. njengoko kufuneka kuyo nayiphi na ikhowudi esetyenzisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye izinto ezilungisiweyo okanye ezinye izicelo, kunokuba luncedo kunjineli otyunjiweyo ukunika isikhokelo kwiindlela ezithile zokwenza izinto, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko V.
Ingxaki eqhelekileyo efunyanwa kwizicelo zokulungisa izinto kukufudumala kwangaphambili kwe-weld (isiqendu 131) kunye nonyango lobushushu emva kokuwelda (isiqendu 132). Phakathi kwezinye izibonelelo, olu nyango lobushushu lusetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo, ukuthintela ukuqhekeka, kunye nokwandisa amandla okuwelda. Izinto ezichaphazela iimfuno zonyango lobushushu ngaphambi kokuwelda kunye nobushushu emva kokuwelda ziquka, kodwa azikhawulelwanga koku, oku kulandelayo: Ukwahlulwa kwenani le-P, ikhemistri yezinto, kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezikwijoyini eza kuwelda. Izinto nganye ezidweliswe kwiSihlomelo esiNqobileyo A zinenombolo ye-P enikiweyo. Ukufudumeza kwangaphambili, isiqendu 131 sibonelela ngobushushu obuncinci ekufuneka isinyithi esisisiseko sifudunyezwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuwelda. Kwi-PWHT, iTheyibhile 132 ibonelela ngobubanzi bobushushu bokubamba kunye nobude bexesha lokubamba indawo yokuwelda. Amanqanaba okufudumeza kunye nokuphola, iindlela zokulinganisa ubushushu, iindlela zokufudumeza, kunye nezinye iinkqubo kufuneka zilandele ngokungqongqo izikhokelo ezichazwe kwikhowudi. Iziphumo ezingalindelekanga kwindawo eweldayo zinokwenzeka ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukufudumeza ngokufanelekileyo.
Enye indawo enokuba yingxaki kwiinkqubo zemibhobho ezixinzelelweyo kukugoba kwemibhobho. Ukugoba kwemibhobho kunokubangela ukuncitshiswa kodonga, okubangela ukungoneli kobukhulu bodonga. Ngokwesiqendu 102.4.5, ikhowudi ivumela ukugoba logama nje ubukhulu bodonga obuncinci buhambelana nefomyula efanayo esetyenziselwa ukubala ubukhulu bodonga obuncinci bombhobho othe tye. Ngokwesiqhelo, isibonelelo songezwa kwingxelo yobukhulu bodonga. Itheyibhile 102.4.5 inika izibonelelo zokunciphisa ukugoba ezicetyiswayo kwiirediyasi ezahlukeneyo zokugoba. Ukugoba kunokufuna unyango lobushushu ngaphambi kokugoba kunye/okanye emva kokugoba. Isiqendu 129 sinika isikhokelo sokwenza iingqiniba.
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokufaka imibhobho yoxinzelelo, kuyimfuneko ukufaka ivalvu yokhuseleko okanye ivalvu yokunceda ukuthintela uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo kwinkqubo. Kwezi zicelo, isiHlomelo II: Imithetho yoYilo loFakelo lweeValve zoKhuseleko sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kakhulu kodwa ngamanye amaxesha esingaziwayo.
Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi II-1.2, iivalvu zokhuseleko zibonakaliswa yintshukumo evulekileyo ngokupheleleyo yenkonzo yegesi okanye yomphunga, ngelixa iivalvu zokhuseleko zivuleka xa kuthelekiswa noxinzelelo olungashukumiyo oluphezulu kwaye zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu inkonzo yolwelo.
Iiyunithi zeevalvu zokhuseleko zibonakaliswa ngokuba ziinkqubo zokukhupha umoya ezivulekileyo okanye ezivaliweyo. Kwindawo evulekileyo yokukhupha umoya, ingqiniba ekuphumeni kwevalvu yokhuseleko idla ngokuphuma iye kumbhobho wokukhupha umoya ukuya emoyeni. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuya kubangela uxinzelelo oluncinci lomqolo. Ukuba uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lomqolo lwenziwe kumbhobho wokukhupha umoya, inxalenye yegesi yokukhupha umoya inokukhutshwa okanye ibuyiselwe umva kwisiphelo sokungena kombhobho wokukhupha umoya. Ubungakanani bombhobho wokukhupha umoya kufuneka bube bukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukubuya komoya. Kwizicelo zomoya ovaliweyo, uxinzelelo luyanda kwindawo yokukhupha umoya ngenxa yoxinzelelo lomoya kumgca wokukhupha umoya, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba amaza oxinzelelo asasazeke. Kwisiqendu II-2.2.2, kucetyiswa ukuba uxinzelelo loyilo lomgca wokukhupha umoya ovaliweyo lube nkulu ngokuphindwe kabini kunoxinzelelo olusebenzayo oluzinzileyo. Imifanekiso 5 kunye no-6 ibonisa ukufakwa kwevalvu yokhuseleko evuliweyo nevaliweyo, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ufakelo lweevalvu zokhuseleko lunokuxhomekeka kumandla ahlukeneyo njengoko kushwankathelwe kumhlathi II-2. La mandla aquka iziphumo zokwandiswa kobushushu, ukusebenzisana kweevalvu ezininzi zokunceda eziphumayo ngaxeshanye, iziphumo zenyikima kunye/okanye ukungcangcazela, kunye neziphumo zoxinzelelo ngexesha leziganeko zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Nangona uxinzelelo loyilo oluya kwindawo yokuphuma yevalvu yokhuseleko lufanele luhambelane noxinzelelo loyilo lombhobho osezantsi, uxinzelelo loyilo kwinkqubo yokukhupha luxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yokukhupha kunye neempawu zevalvu yokhuseleko. Izibalo zibonelelwe kumhlathi II-2.2 wokumisela uxinzelelo kunye nesantya kwingqiniba yokukhupha, ukungena kombhobho wokukhupha, kunye nendawo yokuphuma kombhobho wokukhupha kwiinkqubo zokukhupha ezivulekileyo nezivaliweyo. Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi, amandla okusabela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokukhupha umoya angabalwa kwaye achazwe.
Umzekelo wengxaki yesicelo sokukhupha amanzi avulekileyo unikwe kumhlathi II-7. Ezinye iindlela zikhona zokubala iimpawu zokuhamba kwamanzi kwiinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi kwiivalvu zokukhulula, kwaye umfundi uyalumkiswa ukuba aqinisekise ukuba indlela esetyenzisiweyo igcinwe kakuhle. Enye indlela enjalo ichazwe nguGS Liao kwi-“Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Analysis” epapashwe yi-ASME kwiJenali yoBunjineli boMbane, ngo-Okthobha 1975.
Ivalvu yokunceda kufuneka ibekwe kumgama ophantsi wepayipi ethe tye kude nakuphi na ukugoba. Lo mgama uphantsi uxhomekeke kwinkonzo kunye nejiyometri yenkqubo njengoko kuchaziwe kumhlathi II-5.2.1. Kwiindawo zokufakela iivalvu ezininzi zokunceda, indawo ecetyiswayo yokuqhagamshela isebe levalvu ixhomekeke kwimitha yesebe kunye nepayipi yenkonzo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiNqaku (10)(c) leTheyibhile D-1. Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi II-5.7.1, kunokufuneka ukuqhagamshela iinkxaso zepayipi ezikwiindawo zokukhupha iivalvu zokunceda kwipayipi esebenzayo endaweni yezakhiwo ezikufutshane ukuze kuncitshiswe imiphumo yokwanda kobushushu kunye nokusebenzisana kwenyikima. Isishwankathelo sale miqathango kunye nezinye izinto eziqwalaselweyo kuyilo lweendibano zevalvu zokhuseleko zinokufumaneka kumhlathi II-5.
Ngokucacileyo, akunakwenzeka ukugubungela zonke iimfuno zoyilo lwe-ASME B31 ngaphakathi kweli nqaku. Kodwa nawuphi na unjineli otyunjiweyo obandakanyeka kuyilo lwenkqubo yemibhobho yoxinzelelo kufuneka ubuncinane aqhelane nale khowudi yoyilo. Ngethemba, ngolwazi olungasentla, abafundi baya kufumana i-ASME B31 njengomthombo oxabisekileyo nofikelelekayo.
UMonte K. Engelkemier yinkokheli yeprojekthi kwiStanley Consultants. U-Engelkemier lilungu le-Iowa Engineering Society, i-NSPE, kunye ne-ASME, kwaye usebenza kwiKomiti yeKhowudi yeMibhobho yoMbane ye-B31.1 kunye neKomiti eNcinci. Unamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-12 ekusebenzeni ngobuchule kuyilo lwenkqubo yemibhobho, uyilo, uvavanyo lokuxhasa kunye nohlalutyo loxinzelelo. UMatt Wilkey yiNjineli yoMechanical kwiStanley Consultants. Unamava angaphezu kweminyaka emi-6 obuchwephesha ekuyileni iinkqubo zemibhobho kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo, oomasipala, amaziko kunye nabathengi bemizi-mveliso kwaye lilungu le-ASME kunye ne-Iowa Engineering Society.
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